Export Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

EUROPEAN UNION-UKRAINE AGRICULTURAL TRADE DURING THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE

The article analyzes the consequences of the Russian armed invasion of Ukraine, initiated in February 2022, for the EU’s trade policy towards this country and for the changes in mutual foreign trade in agri-food goods due to its temporary, exceptional liberalization, with particular emphasis on the imports of these products into the EU. The study uses the political economy approach (including interest group theory) to explain the premises of the EU’s specific trade policy towards Ukraine and the crisis in mutual trade relations between Ukraine and its neighboring countries, caused by the excessive inflow of Ukrainian grain into their territories. Large agri-food corporations are identified as potential interest groups monopolizing economic power, influencing the use of agricultural land, the export of agricultural products, and Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy. The measures of temporary liberalization of trade in agricultural products applied by the EU to Ukraine in response to the war situation resulted in a significant increase in their imports into the EU, while in the case of Poland its share in the volume of EU imports of sensitive products (wheat, maize, rapeseed and sunflower) in the 14 months since the beginning of the war was several to over a dozen times higher than in the 11 months preceding Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

The impact of the agricultural digital economy on China's agricultural export growth: Examining mechanisms from supply‐ and demand‐side path perspectives

AbstractThe deep integration of the agricultural digital economy and foreign trade is an important driving force for promoting high–quality economic development. Based on a theoretical analysis of the impact mechanisms of the agricultural digital economy on agricultural exports, this study empirically examines the impact and mechanism of the agricultural digital economy on agricultural exports using Chinese agricultural export data from 2011 to 2016. The relevant findings are threefold. (1) The agricultural digital economy significantly enhances the growth of China's agricultural exports, and the result remains robust after a series of robustness tests. (2) The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the agricultural digital economy has a greater role in promoting exports from quality frontier firms, primary agricultural products and exports to developed countries. (3) The mechanism analysis demonstrates that the agricultural digital economy promotes exports of agricultural products on the supply side most strongly through quality–enhancing and the information cost effects, improving product quality and reducing information expenditure to achieve export growth. On the demand side, domestic demand traction and external–demand creation effects exert a local market effect and stimulate import market demand to promote export growth. [EconLit Citations: F746.12].

Agricultural Trade Effects of China’s Free Trade Zone Strategy: A Multidimensional Heterogeneity Perspective

The purpose of this work is to investigate the varied effects of China’s free trade zone (FTZ) strategy on agricultural trade and its underlying mechanisms. This work utilizes the propensity score matching–staggered difference-in-differences (PSM–Staggered DID) approach and synthetic control method (SCM) as its analysis methods. This study analyzes trade volume data between China and various countries alongside diverse economic indicators spanning from 1995 to 2020. The data sources include CEPII_BACI, the China Free Trade Zone Services website, the Penn World Tables, and the CEPII database. The novelty of this work lies in exploring the multidimensional heterogeneity of agricultural product trade effects in FTZs and their underlying mechanisms and extending the application of causal inference methods to the assessment of FTZs’ trade effects. Empirical analysis indicates that the establishment of FTZs with partner countries has contributed to the growth of China’s agricultural trade. The effects of agricultural trade resulting from China’s FTZ strategy exhibit multidimensional heterogeneity in the aspects of agreement terms, years, product categories, and network positions. Specifically, when it comes to the agreement terms, FTZs negotiated by China with broader scope, deeper terms, and stronger constraints have a more significant impact on agricultural trade due to the establishment of FTZs; in terms of years, the agricultural trade effects have gradually expanded over time; in terms of product categories, China has expanded its imports of primary agricultural products and semiprocessed agricultural products from partner countries, thus augmenting its exports of horticultural agricultural products and processed agricultural products. In terms of network positions, China, as a hub country, has greater agricultural trade effects than partner countries after the establishment of the FTZs. Finally, the paper proposes policy recommendations for optimizing the implementation strategy of FTZs.

War in Ukraine: Impact on global agri-food trade

The conditions and trends of the global agri-food market are elastic to crises and conflicts involving major market players, which threatens food security by blocking sustainable international trade opportunities due to the destruction of production capacity and value chains, as well as supply channels to consumer countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific features and consequences of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict on world agricultural trade and food security at the national and global levels. The scientific conclusions are the result of the application of economic and statistical (time series, index, and factor analysis) and dialectical (induction and deduction, analysis, and synthesis) methods of scientific cognition. It was found that the universal features of wars include the ability to influence the global economy, create new geopolitical and economic uncertainty, rapidly increase prices for critical resources (energy), and ensure destabilisation of global value chains. As a result, the disruption of sustainable trade flows caused by military conflicts is an important source of changes in the global economy and the situation of individual countries and regions. It was proved that military operations on the territory of Ukraine led to restrictions in agriculture and forced adaptation of agribusiness to the factors of critical vulnerability. There are trends towards a reduction in production and the breakdown of conventional supply chains for agri-food products due to the destruction of the logistics infrastructure, which, together with a reduction in exports of agricultural products and fertilisers from Russia, has led to a rise in world food prices. As a result, the “price” of the Russian-Ukrainian war for the global economy is being formed, with growing hunger and poverty, as well as the environmental footprint of military operations. The practical significance of the findings of this study lies in the possibility of their application in strategic planning and substantiation of the areas of post-war reconstruction of the national economy in general and its agricultural sector specifically, as well as the restoration and strengthening of Ukraine’s role in global food chains and combating hunger

The Russia-Ukraine war decreases food affordability but could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has the potential to exacerbate food insecurity around the world, as both countries are major exporters of grains and other agricultural products. In this model-based scenario study, medium-term effects of the war are quantified on agricultural production, trade flows, market prices, food security, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The scenarios assess the possible consequences of macro-economic and agricultural production impacts in Ukraine, trade sanctions against Russia, and conflict-related energy price developments for global trade, food security, and greenhouse gas emissions. From a food security perspective, we conclude that there is enough food on the global level, but higher food and energy prices cause problems for low-income populations, spending a large part of their income on staple foods. Agricultural production and area expansion in parts of the world other than Ukraine and Russia could pose a risk to biodiversity and lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions related to land. However, total greenhouse gas emissions might decrease as lower emissions from less use of fossil energy due to higher energy and fertilizer prices in the whole economy dominate additional emissions resulting from land use change.

THE ROLE OF UKRAINE IN THE FORMATION OF WORLD FOOD SECURITY

The authors considered the role of Ukraine in the formation of world food security. It was established that the export of agricultural products is a priority component of the national economy. It is studied how the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of sovereign independent Ukraine affects the export of Ukrainian food. The state of Ukrainian food exports based on the results of the 2021/2022 marketing year and 2022/2023 marketing year was considered. The specifics of Ukrainian export of food and agricultural goods are analyzed. The export potential of Ukraine has been proven in the conditions of protracted military aggression and large-scale Russian missile attacks on the entire territory of Ukraine, which have continued continuously for more than one year. The authors considered current operational economic indicators and analyzed the dynamics of their decline compared to pre-war data. The reasons for the decrease in grain supplies have been established. Forecasts of various experts regarding exports for the near future were studied. The authors presented relevant data and graphical models for a more accessible understanding of the problem. The general impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on world food security is substantiated. In the work, the authors emphasized the importance of Ukrainian food supplies at the international level.

ЕКСПОРТ АГРОПРОДУКЦІЇ ЗА ВИДАМИ ТРАНСПОРТУ

In the conditions of martial law, the importance of export of agricultural products is increasing, as Ukraine remains an agrarian country and guarantees the food security of the world. Therefore, the research of various aspects of agribusiness remains relevant. The article used a set of different methods of scientific knowledge, namely logical, descriptive, system-structural and others. An essential-conceptual analysis of the term “logistics” was carried out based on approaches to considering this concept at the macro- and micro-levels. The expediency of using a general approach to the definition of the term “logistics” is substantiated, as it covers a wider range of content. The significant role of innovations, technologies and information flows for improving the quality of logistics systems is noted. The definition of the term “agrologistics” has been formed, which takes into account the specifics of the agro-industrial complex. One of the special characteristics of logistics in agriculture, unlike other industries, is that the efficiency of logistics systems of agribusiness entities depends on the degree of continuity of management, organization and flow control processes and the level of digitization of these processes, as well as on the development of logistics infrastructure. The export of agricultural products by means of transport is outlined, with an analysis of the factors and conditions for choosing sea, rail or road transport. The conditions of international trade according to Incoterms are described. Detailed requirements and rules based on EXW (Ex Works), CPT (Freight/Carriage Paid Before), FCA (Free Carrier), DDU (Delivery Duty Free), DAF (Delivery to Border), FOB (Free on Board) and they are distributed by types of transport. The current state of export of agricultural products by types of transport in Ukraine is assessed, the important role of sea transport in agribusiness is determined. The main tasks facing agro-enterprises to improve the state of agro-logistics and boost exports have been formulated. Transport costs make up the largest share of export costs, therefore, the establishment of agro-logistics policy, the search for new strategies and solutions can give an impetus to the development of agricultural business entities of Ukraine. A conclusion was made about opportunities and threats for the further development of agribusiness in Ukraine.

Anatomy of Competition in the Global Agricultural Market: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis

With the concept of sustainability that emerged in the twentieth century, discussions on agricultural production methods continue. Agriculture maintains its position of strategic importance for all countries in general. The fact that it is directly related to people’s nutrition is the key factor that makes the sector important. The significance of agriculture has required countries to compete. The volume of global agricultural production exceeded 5 trillion US dollars on average for 2021-2022, increasing by about 19% over the last decade. This study analyses the competitiveness of the top ten leading countries and Türkiye and Uzbekistan in global agricultural trade. Vollrath’s Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA) was calculated using competitiveness analysis. The data of 24 food and agricultural product groups for 2013-2022 were used in the index calculations. The analysis showed that China and Germany had a comparative disadvantage in exports of agricultural products, while the US, the Netherlands, Brazil, France, Spain, Canada, Italy, Belgium, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan had a comparative advantage. Brazil, the Netherlands, and Spain had the highest competitive advantage. Increasing efficiency, productivity, and quality as well as reducing costs are considered important issues in enhancing the competitiveness of countries.

Artificial Intelligence Based Renewable Energy Solutions to Enhance Sustainability of Ecuador

Ecuador's economy is primarily based on exports of oil, agricultural products and tourism. The country has faced economic challenges, including high levels of external debt and reliance on oil revenues. In recent years, Ecuador been investing in renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric power and solar energy, to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. AI-based renewable energy solutions can help enhance the sustainability of Ecuador.

АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ТОВАРАМИ УКРАЇНИ З КРАЇНАМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ

The article is devoted to the study of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) with the identification of priority partners for the purpose of diversification and activation of foreign trade cooperation. It was emphasized that the foreign trade of Ukraine is dominated by trade in goods, where a negative trade balance is formed, in particular, in trade with EU countries. In order to determine the key consumers of domestic goods among the EU-27 countries, an ABC analysis was conducted based on the volume of goods exported to them by Ukraine in 2016–2021. The distribution of EU countries into groups was carried out as follows: group A – countries that account for a significant volume of exports of goods by Ukraine (about 80% of the total volume); group B – countries with an average level of export supplies of goods from Ukraine (about 15%); group C – countries with a small volume of exports of goods from Ukraine (about 5%). ABC-analysis is complemented by XYZ-analysis, which allows to analyze and forecast the stability of export of goods to EU countries. Based on the results of the ABC-XYZ analysis, a conclusion was made regarding the expediency of supporting the volume and dynamics of trade cooperation with key EU partner countries in the export of goods – Poland, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Romania, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, and the need to intensify efforts to increasing the export of goods to countries that in the medium term have the potential to become attractive markets for the consumption of domestic products – France, Bulgaria, Belgium, Lithuania, and to a lesser extent – Denmark, Greece and Latvia. At the same time, it is noted that the vast majority of these countries are highly developed economies of the European Union, and trade in goods with them for Ukraine is disparate. Therefore, it is important to continue cooperation with the EU regarding the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, recognition of the equivalence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures for opening markets, and simplifying the export of food and agricultural products. It is also necessary to increase efforts to gradually open public procurement markets. The further liberalization of transport with the EU, the conclusion of agreements in the field of road, inland water and railway transport are also important.

ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ЭКСПОРТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

One of the most important strategic directions of the state is the growth of the volume of agricultural products and food and the formation of a national export policy. Currently, the development of export activities in the agricultural sector of the economy is becoming one of the conditions for increasing the level of sustainability and stability of its economic growth. This is due to the fact that food around the world is an indicator of wellbeing, regardless of nation. Food is becoming practically the main strategic product. It, regardless of the socio-economic development of the state, becomes an effective means of confrontation between countries. It should be noted that the main role in the world market for food and agricultural raw materials is played by economically developed countries, which solve the food problem in their own interests. At the same time, despite the great agrarian potential, the competitive advantages of the state are manifested, as a rule, in the raw materials market of agri-food products, which becomes one of the main obstacles to the development of exports of agricultural products of any state. In addition, the low level of competitiveness of agricultural raw materials reduces the efficiency of their export supplies. A high level of competitiveness of agricultural products, raw materials and food can be achieved both by stimulating exports and through technical and technological modernization of agroindustrial products. It is also necessary to develop an export infrastructure, the task of which is to promote domestic products to the foreign market of agricultural products, raw materials and food. It is possible to increase the production of highly competitive, high-quality products intended for export only if there is an effective national export policy, which should be based on factors influencing the strategic directions of export of agri-food products.

Interstate agreements and their impact on the export of agricultural products of ukraine

Interstate agreements and their impact on the export of agricultural products of ukraine

АНАЛІЗ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ АПК УКРАЇНИ ТА КРАЇН СВІТУ В УМОВАХ ІНДУСТРІЇ 4.0

The article is devoted to the international competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and the countries of the world that are its largest competitors: Brazil, China, India, Turkey and the United States. The purpose of the article is to determine the advantages and problems of international competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex in comparison with the largest competing countries in the context of technological development and implementation of Industry 4.0. The results obtained can be used in the creation of a a concept for improving the international competitiveness of Ukraine's agro-industrial complex. To achieve this goal, the research was conducted using the following methods: comparative analysis, economic and statistical methods, namely, the method of processing a dynamic series to identify a trend, graphical and tabular methods to visualize the observed data and research results. The analysis of time series for 2003-2022 showed that among the countries studied, Ukraine has the largest share of agricultural exports in GDP by a significant margin. The assessment of the dynamics of the foreign trade balance showed that Brazil, Ukraine and India are significant players as net exporters of agricultural products on the international market, while countries such as the United States and China are becoming increasingly dependent on agricultural imports, acting as net importers. The analysis of the structure of agricultural exports showed that Brazil, China, and India have the highest diversification of agricultural exports. As for the value of exports, Brazil and the United States are in the lead. It is established that in terms of the relative indicator, namely the share of exports of agro-industrial goods, Brazil, India and Ukraine prevail. The author notes a significant potential for increasing the international competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, strengthening Ukraine's position in the global agricultural segment, which can serve as an indicator of the efficiency and competitiveness of the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex.

Agricultural policy reforms in Uzbekistan to increase the export share

This article underscores the persistent and sustained initiatives undertaken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to augment the export of agricultural products. Positioned as the primary architects of policies, state organizations play an exclusive role in formulating strategies that not only analyze global trends but also consider market dynamics. This comprehensive approach is geared toward adapting and implementing both new and existing policy reforms in the agricultural market and production sector. The emphasis on continuous analysis of market dynamics reflects a commitment to staying abreast of changes in global demand, supply, and trade patterns. This ongoing assessment enables timely adjustments to policies, ensuring they remain responsive to the evolving landscape of the international agricultural market. The article suggests that the Republic of Uzbekistan recognizes the pivotal role of the agricultural sector in its economic growth and is actively working through its state organizations to position itself strategically in the global market. By adopting adaptive policies and reforms, the competitiveness of its agricultural products and foster sustained growth in agricultural exports.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА НАПРЯМКИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ЛОГІСТИКИ ОЛІЙНИХ КУЛЬТУР УКРАЇНИ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ

Since the middle of 2020, global prices for oilseeds and grain crops have started to rise as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.Russia's unprovoked and unjustified aggression against Ukraine increased prices even more.Due to the war, Ukraine, one of the leading exporters of agricultural products, experienced exports significant decrease, by almost 30 %.At the current stage, the production and export of oil crops is not only the basis for the development of the economy of Ukraine, but also ensures and maintains global food security at an appropriate level. Provided that a full-scale russian invasion continues beyond 2024, the global food crisis will worsen, challenging many countries, especially those that rely on food imports, namely the Middle East and North Africa.Coupled with rising energy costs, developing countries have been pushed to the brink of debt default more and more people are on the brink of starvation.On July 22, 2022, the United Nations, Turkey and Ukraine agreed on the Black Sea Grain Initiative.The agreement allowed the resumption of exports from Ukraine of grain, other food products and fertilizers through a safe maritime humanitarian corridor from three key Ukrainian ports: Chornomorsk, Odesa and Pivdennyi, to the rest of the world.The aim of the paper is to study the problems of the oil crops’ logistics in Ukraine at the current stage and to determine the main directions for its improvement. The paper deals with the dynamics of sunflower production and productivity in Ukraine, analyzes the current state and dynamics of the export of oil crops.Special attention was paid to the import dependence of some countries of the world on Ukrainian oil.The impact of the Black Sea Grain Initiative on global oilseed export logistics is determined. Directions for improving the logistics of oilseed crops in Ukraine through the reorientation of the main export routes to the river ports of the Danube are proposed.Measures have been determined to increase cargo transshipment capacity and increase the draft of ships on certain sections of the Danube route, which will enable Ukrainian exporters of oilseeds to work with a sufficient level of profit.Keywords: export logistics, export of oil crops, Black Sea grain initiative, Danube river ports.

Зовнішньоекономічна діяльність підприємств: сучасні виклики та перспективи розвитку

The aim of the article is to study the current state of foreign economic activity of Ukraine, to determine the prospects for development, taking into account the political and economic situation in the country. The article characterizes the current state of foreign trade. According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the general indicators of foreign trade in goods in 2018–2024 are analyzed as follows: the total value of imported and exported goods, the volume of export-import operations, the commodity structure of foreign trade, and the geographical structure of foreign trade in goods. The main problems inherent in the economy of Ukraine are allocated, including: the continuation of the general slowdown in the growth rate of the world economy and the establishment of restrictive measures on Ukrainian exports of agricultural products used by the countries of the European Union. The main features and prospects for the development of the international trade market are defined, namely: improvement of the regulatory framework, updating the Association Agreement with the EU; ensuring predictable and stable terms of international trade; ensuring the possibility of transporting goods by railway; ensuring the competence of the economic entities engaged in foreign economic activity; increasing the procurement of licenses for the latest technologies; increasing the competitiveness of domestic manufacturing enterprises; improving the quality of Ukrainian goods and services; simplification of customs control. The most promising directions of foreign trade for Ukraine have been allocated, such as: the agricultural sector; IT sector; light industry and fashion; transport and logistics. It is emphasized that there is a general trend of prevalence of imports over exports throughout the study period, which justifies the expediency of establishing relations with existing partner countries and expanding and strengthening foreign cooperation in the field of trade.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЕКСПОРТНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АПК В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

This article discusses the topical problem of creating the export potential of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in the context of European integration processes. The authors analyzed the main factors influencing the formation of export potential, including legislative, economic, technical and other aspects. In particular, the influence of European integration processes on the terms of foreign trade and export activities of agricultural enterprises is considered. The article also highlights the aspects of the formation of export potential in the context of European integration. Today, the agro-industrial complex is one of the largest and most important sectors of the Ukrainian economy. It is here that the bulk of food resources and almost three-quarters of retail turnover are formed. In addition, agro-industrial enterprises have a significant contribution to the development of the industry and the country's economy as a whole. The agricultural sector of Ukraine is also one of the key elements of the economic systems of many countries with market economies. The development of the export potential of agricultural products is a guarantee of economic growth as a whole, which includes, among other things, staff training and qualitative changes in the marketing system. The prospects for the successful formation of the export potential of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine in the conditions of European integration are that agricultural enterprises should focus on improving the quality of their products and compliance with international standards. This will allow them to take their place in international markets and compete with other countries. In addition, increasing the range of products will allow agricultural enterprises to optimize their competitiveness on foreign markets and reduce the risk of changes in export conditions. Improvement of transport links, customs procedures and storage conditions will ensure efficient and quick export of agricultural products.

Research on the Impact of Digital Economy on China’s Agricultural Product Export Trade

Research on the Impact of Digital Economy on China’s Agricultural Product Export Trade

Agricultural products export strategy: Expanding reach through diversification

The study comprehensively examines the diversification of asparagus exports from Peru, concentrating its analysis on the strategic diversification of markets and companies as pivotal for fostering sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. Utilizing a descriptive and non-experimental quantitative methodology, the research analyzed export data spanning from 2018 to 2023. This analysis was performed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) (Arbulú Ballesteros et al., 2024), a tool designed to measure market concentration levels (Montes Ninaquispe, Pantaleón Santa María, Arbulú Ballesteros, et al., 2023). The findings reveal a significant ongoing dependence on the American market, highlighting it as the primary export destination. However, there is a noticeable trend towards greater diversification among export destinations and the companies involved in these processes. The study notes a progressive decline in market concentration, which suggests a shift towards a more competitive and diversified export environment. Conclusions drawn from the research underscore the critical need to develop strategies that not only diversify markets but also enhance overall competitiveness within the sector. Recommendations from the study stress the importance of tapping into emerging markets, creating value-added products, adopting advanced technologies, and supporting the inception of new businesses. Additionally, it advocates for the promotion of business development across various regions to mitigate risks and encourage more balanced and sustainable economic growth.

Managing the production of agricultural export products in the context of sustainable development

The relevance of the research undertaken in this article is determined by the fact that recently the concept of sustainable development has changed significantly, and from an auxiliary element ensuring the implementation of production processes, it has become a powerful tool for organizing and conducting production activities in agriculture. Grain production management, based on the use of the concept of sustainable development, is the most important direction for optimizing the production system in any developed country. The presented article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the organization and management of agricultural production in the transition to sustainable development. The necessity of using the concept of sustainable development as a basic condition for the successful development of environmentally friendly agricultural production is substantiated. The perspective directions of interaction of participants in the agricultural production system during the transition to sustainable development are considered. A system of measures adapted to the conditions of environmental management is proposed, contributing to the successful functioning of agricultural production, taking into account the basic principles of sustainable development.