Export List Research Articles

The Role of Medicinal Plants in the Development of Afghanistan's Economy and Trade

Securing a favorable place in the global trade market and achieving sustainable economic growth are among the objectives of developing countries. A country's commercial status has significantly improved as a result of increased exports and improved economic conditions brought about by the growth of its domestic output. Medicinal plants (MPs) are a significant and productive part of the economies of the majority of countries, including Afghanistan. Afghanistan has an exceptional capacity for the production and export of MPs and herbal medications because of its unique geopolitical situation and climate. Because of their varied temperatures and geographic locations, the many provinces in the country offer considerable possibilities for the investment, commerce, and cultivation of these species. In addition to receiving basic healthcare, they may create jobs, stop the loss of the green flora so that certain significant wild species can be domesticated, and protect the environment with careful planning in this area. This article's goal is to review the contribution that MPs have made to the country's commerce and economic growth. Based on the results, it can be said that MPs have a multifaceted function in the expansion and growth of the Afghanistan's economy and commerce, and taking this into account, it is possible to understand the significance of these products on the list of significant exports from the Country. MPs are viewed as a potential link between biodiversity preservation, accessible healthcare, and sustainable economic growth.

РОЗВИТОК ЕКСПОРТНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АПК В КОНТЕКСТІ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ ПРОБЛЕМИ

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the development of the export potential of agro-industrial enterprises in the context of the systemic paradigm of its management. In the work, the trends of the export potential of Ukraine regarding agricultural products are determined. It is justified that due to the leadership positions in the export list of agricultural products, the issues of development, formation, management and reproduction of the export potential of domestic agro-industrial enterprises are very relevant. The authors systematized the approaches to determining the essence of the "export potential of the enterprise", based on the results of which the quintessence of the scientific concept regarding the essence of the studied category was determined. The quintessence of scientific provisions made it possible to form the author's definition of the category "export potential of the enterprise". The article substantiates that the development of the enterprise's export potential occurs under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. A conceptual model of the management system of the export potential of an agro-industrial complex enterprise was formed, an important stage of which is its assessment. The existing approaches to the assessment of the level of export potential were studied, with the determination of their advantages and disadvantages. A scientific-methodical approach to the assessment of the enterprise's export potential with the determination of the integral indicator of the enterprise's export potential has been formed. It is proposed to identify the level of the integral indicator of the enterprise's export potential using a scale developed on the basis of the Harrington scale. Conclusions were made about the necessity of approbation of the developed scientific and methodical method for assessing the export potential of the enterprise for domestic agro-industrial enterprises. Keywords: potential, export potential, export, agro-industrial enterprise, agro-industrial complex, assessment, management concept, scientific and methodological approach to assessment.

Impacto do El Niño oscilação sul (ENOS) e da El Niña no mercado da soja brasileira

Os eventos climáticos extremos associados ao fenômeno atmosférico-oceânico conhecido como El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) possuem impactos socioeconômicos significativos nas diferentes regiões brasileiras. No Nordeste brasileiro, observam-se em anos de El Niño, perdas agrícolas resultantes de fortes secas, levando-se a redução da renda das atividades rurais. Por outro lado, a região Sul é atingida por fortes enchentes que causam perdas humanas, de infraestrutura e comprometimento da produção agrícola. Em anos de La Niña, as secas que atingem a região Sul provocam quebras de safra, gerando forte pressão sobre o preço dos alimentos, enquanto no Nordeste há um maior volume de chuvas. A cadeia produtiva da soja destaca-se no agronegócio brasileiro, seja pelo valor da produção, quanto por ocupar o primeiro lugar na pauta de exportação agrícola. Haja vista, o Brasil grande produtor mundial qualquer mudança na quantidade ofertada ocasionaria diversos efeitos no mercado internacional de soja. Neste contexto, esse artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico dos eventos climáticos associados ao ENOS na produção, exportação e no preço real da soja em grãos brasileira. A base de dados utilizada consiste em dados mensais de setembro de 2006 a junho de 2019, totalizando 154 observações. Na construção do modelo, utilizou-se a técnica de Vetores Autoregressivos estruturais (VAR estrutural), com isso, foi possível estimar as funções impulso resposta e a decomposição da variância das variáveis consideradas. Os resultados mostraram que o El Niño (ou seja, choques positivos para o ENOS) é benéfico para produção e exportação e diminui o preço real da soja em grãos. Pelo contrário, o La Niña (ou seja, choques negativos para o ENOS) deprime a produção e exportação e aumenta o preço real. No entanto, o impacto geral das mudanças ocorridas pelo fenômeno ENOS é pequeno, tanto a curto e médio prazos, as alterações na demanda internacional são mais relevantes do que os choques do lado da oferta na explicação da dinâmica do mercado da soja brasileira. Por fim, as ações políticas ao fenômeno estudado devem ser elaboradas considerando as causas desses choques. Palavras-chave: Brasil. Var estrutural. El Niño. La Niña. Meio Ambiente.

IMPACT OF SOME GROWTH STIMULANTS IN COOPERATION WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF DUTCH FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL. SPP. VULGARE) PLANT

Fennel is an important medicinal, and aromatic plant occupied the first in the list of Egyptian exports of herbs and spices. Dutch fennel is described by a large percentage of anethole and a lower percentage of estragole than the Egyptian fennel, therefore, it is used as an antidote to some viral diseases. The present research aims to investigate the influence of various growth stimulants (amino acids, brassinolide, humic acid, salicylic acid, seaweeds extract and tap water as control) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as well as their combinations on vegetative growth, productivity and some chemical constituents of Dutch fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. spp. vulgare). This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory at the Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., Egypt, during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The greatest significant values of all studied parameters were gained by the combined treatment of seaweed extract at 2 ml/l with superior for the inoculum mycorrhizal fungi in 1st and 2nd seasons. The largest seeds oil percentage (2.22 and 2.24) was recorded by the combined treatment between seaweed extract combined with inoculum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The chemical constituents of Dutch fennel essential oil about ten components, the master components of essential oil constituents trans-anethole, estragole, and myrcene. In general, it could be recommended that the combinations of seaweed extract at 2 ml/l and inoculum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be achieved the greatest growth, productivity and chemical constituents of Dutch fennel.

La intensidad tecnológica de exportaciones bienes creativos: una comparación entre Brasil y Argentina entre 2003 y 2012

El comercio entre las naciones se ha diferenciado como el creciente flujo global añadió bienes y servicios creativos. Las exportaciones provenían estas industrias no están necesariamente imbuidos de intensidad tecnológica. En este sentido, el propósito de este artículo es presentar un análisis de clasificación de la evidencia de las exportaciones de los diferentes sectores creativos e intensidad de tecnología, haciendo uso de los datos publicados por la UNCTAD, entre Brasil y Argentina. La metodología de investigación se caracteriza por ser cuantitativa aplicada y la naturaleza cualitativa. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de mejorar la inclusión de los sectores más dinámicos en la lista de exportación con productos creativos con mayor valor añadido, lo que contribuye a una mayor generación de ingresos, el fortalecimiento de la capacidad local.

Predictive Model with Square-Root Variance Stabilizing Transformation for Nigeria Crude Oil Export to America

In the last few decades, crude oil has claimed the topmost position in Nigerian export list, constituting a very fundamental change in the structure of Nigerian international trade. In this study, secondary data on monthly crude oil export to the United States was obtained from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) database. Using the Box-Jenkins (ARIMA) methodology, the results showed that Seasonal ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (1, 0, 1)₁₂ model had the least information criteria after the data was Square-Root transformed and non-seasonally first differenced in order to achieve series stationarity. The diagnostic tests on the selected model residuals revealed the residuals are normally distributed uncorrelated random shocks.

UMA AVALIAÇÃO DA SIMILARIDADE E DA SOFISTICAÇÃO DAS EXPORTAÇÕES DOS PAÍSES DO CONE SUL

O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma análise evolutiva da estrutura das exportações dos países do Cone Sul (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai) no período entre 2000 e 2011. Para tanto, são utilizados índices de similaridade e de sofisticação das exportações que permitem avaliar a especialização das exportações, baseados no fato de que bens similares que cada dois países exportam para determinado mercado podem ser considerados competidores nesse mercado. Os resultados mostram que os indicadores de similaridade não avançaram no período estudado, enquanto os de sofisticação evoluíram abaixo da média mundial. De uma maneira geral, os países apresentaram uma pauta de exportações muito dependente dos produtos primários e agrícolas, para os quais eles já têm vantagem competitiva nos mercados internacionais. A mudança na estrutura da cesta de exportações apresentou crescimento menor do que a média dos demais países, indicando que os países do Cone Sul têm tido dificuldades em especializar-se nos produtos com conteúdo de renda elevado.

EXPORTAÇÕES, BALANÇA COMERCIAL E TAXA DE CÂMBIO NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE DO PERÍODO 2000-2012

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento da balança comercial brasileira no período de 2000 a 2012. Procura-se compreender os fatores principais que contribuíram de forma positiva para a evolução do saldo: o crescimento dos preços, a demanda externa das commodities e o crescimento da economia mundial. A análise dos resultados destaca o desempenho das exportações do país em um contexto de taxa de câmbio flexível, frente a movimentos de apreciação e depreciação da moeda doméstica durante o período de estudo. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que as empresas exportadoras brasileiras parecem ser beneficiadas por períodos de apreciação cambial. Além disso, demonstrou-se que a pauta exportadora do país está cada vez mais concentrada em produtos básicos, o que pode ser prejudicial ao seu dinamismo no futuro.

The Strategies of Competitive Advantages of Thai Polymer Industrial to the Asian Economics Communities (AEC) Countries

This study is the competitive advantage strategies of Thai Polymer Industry to The Asian Economic Community the plastic industry also has an important role in bringing the foreign currency into Thailand. As can be seen from the plastic industry of Thailand’s total exports, there are worth more than one billion baht per year, be in one of the top 10 list of exports in this country. Moreover, the plastic industry is the linkage between the petrochemical industry which not only is the material for plastic pellets’ production but also can be continued to the production of various plastic products with a variety of industries.The objective of study is to make sure that the result of this study can be used for defining and planning on industrial polymers trade and production for ASIAN community market. Second, to know the success of polymers competitiveness strategy and use it as a case study. Third, to analyze effectiveness of polymers industries on international competitiveness that there is any factor can be strongly effect than others. And fourth to analyze the factors that are contributed the success of international business in ASIA.The result found that the strategic management process has the relationship with the competitive advantage according to Correlation Coefficient from high to low. The analytical of environmental scanning in business has the high correlation level (r=0.982, p-value The Structural Equation Model (SEM) found that the latent variables of success factors have the impact weight score on observe variables of competitive advantage at 1.42, competency at 0.90, business alliance at 0.65, innovation at 0.82, free trade at 0.97, international prestige equally to 1.00, development of marketing at 1.30 and distribution channel at 1.30 accordingly.The analytical of constructive model on direct and indirect effect found that latent variables of entrepreneur characteristics have the direct effect on strategic management process at 0.903, success factor at 0.744, the competitive advantage at 0.877 with a significant level at 0.001. While the latent variable of strategic management process has the direct effect on success factor at 0.171, the competitive advantage at 0.713 with a significant level at 0.001. Moreover, the latent variable of logistic and supply chain activities has the direct effect on success factor at 1.883, competitive advantage at 3.061 with a significant level at 0.001. Finally, success factor has the direct effect on competitive advantage at 0.916 with a significant level at 0.001.

Passport to Development? Local Perceptions of the Outcomes of Post-Socialist Tourism Policy and Growth in Nicaragua

Enduring decades of dictatorship under the Somoza dynasty, several highly destructive natural disasters, a major “unnatural” disaster in the form of revolutionary conflict, and a subsequent civil war have all taken a serious toll on Nicaraguan society. Today overall poverty is second highest in the hemisphere, with 80% of the population surviving on less than US $2 a day. Crippling debt contributes to a desperate need for foreign exchange, and with an attractive tax incentive package promoting external investment, the government is turning to tourism as its passport to development. After a virtual absence in the 1980s, tourism quickly skyrocketed to the top of Nicaragua's export list in less than a decade and has remained there since 2000. Yet after more than a decade of open-door policy to foreign investors, the wealth distribution remained the second most unequal on the planet. This paper briefly describes Nicaragua's history of dictators, disasters, and delayed development, and how this relates to the nature of tourism development taking place there. Through exhaustive review of development research, government agency documents, personal work experience as an assistant ecolodge administrator, and ethnographic research with rural residents involved in the tourism industry just north of the Costa Rican border, it is concluded that tourism is not delivering on the assumed promise of economic development. By placing well-heeled travelers in a carefully controlled idyllic setting where they are presented with bargain real estate speculation and investment opportunities along the country's Pacific coast, tourism as it is currently developing in southwestern Nicaragua appears to be exacerbating inequalities by allowing greater accumulation of capital among both wealthy Nicaraguan elites and a growing number of foreign/ex-patriot investors, while furthering impoverishment of rural residents through increasing costs of living, land displacement, and legal marginalization.

A Derivation of Potential Korean Exports to Africa

The aim of the paper is to derive potential Korean exports to major African countries. Park (2001) adopted conventional RCA and MCA techniques to evaluate the relative performance of Korean exports to draw up a list of recommendable exports to Africa. We improve Park's results in two ways; first, we develop a new indicator reflecting the characteristics of the African market, which was ignored in the former analysis, and second, we derive the RCA and MCA values of Chinese and Japanese exports to Africa and compare them with those of Korean products. The final list of Korea's potential exports to the African market is carefully derived and we find that competing with Japanese exports rather than Chinese ones is a more appropriate strategy for amending Korea's record of underperforming exports to Africa.

A Derivation of Potential Korean Exports to Africa

The aim of the paper is to derive potential Korean exports to major African countries. Park (2001) adopted conventional RCA and MCA techniques to evaluate the relative performance of Korean exports to draw up a list of recommendable exports to Africa. We improve Park's results in two ways; first, we develop a new indicator reflecting the characteristics of the African market, which was ignored in the former analysis, and second, we derive the RCA and MCA values of Chinese and Japanese exports to Africa and compare them with those of Korean products. The final list of Korea's potential exports to the African market is carefully derived and we find that competing with Japanese exports rather than Chinese ones is a more appropriate strategy for amending Korea's record of underperforming exports to Africa.

Exports of Attic Protogeometric pottery and their identification by non-analytical means

This paper draws attention to the potential for recognizing exported Attic Protogeometric pottery by macroscopic characteristics of its fabric, whose salient features are described. The utility of these criteria are tested on a group of pottery from Asine in the Argolis whose Attic origin was not recognized in the original publication. A brief survey of the distribution of exported Attic Protogeometric pottery shows it to occur mainly in the southern Aegean, with notable concentrations at Lefkandi, Aigina, Asine and Knossos. A list of exports is appended to this survey.

Real exchange rates and manufactured exports: A study of India's potential exports to the U.S.A.

This article presents an empirical analysis of India's exports of manufactured items to the U.S.A. It has a two fold objective of (a) identifying items at the SITC 3-digit level of disaggregation which could be considered potential exports from India to the U.S. and (b) econometrically estimating the role of real exchange rates in exploiting India's export potential in these markets. In the list of potential exports we find both simple labor intensive manufactures (traditional and non-traditional) as well as technologically sophisticated products. For most of the items in both categories, India's real exchange rate appears to be a significant determinant of market share. The article, therefore, concludes that within the framework of its new economic policy with a clear thrust on getting the exchange rate right, India can expect to improve its export performance to a considerable extent.

Japan's success in electronics. A challenge for Europe beyond 1992

Audio appeared on the Japanese export list in the 1960s and video in the 1970s; in the 1980s it was ICs, and in the 90s it is information technology, consisting of computers and communications. Each product is used as a building block for the next one. Europe is now trying to achieve a certain equilibrium in its trade with Japan and also a technological equilibrium is sought. The problems that will face Europe after 1992 are also discussed.

Trade Flows in South Asia

Trade Flows in South Asia

Gold Mining in the Nicaragua Rain Forest

1955of Pacific Coast Geographers49 GOLD MINING IN THE NICARAGUA RAIN FOREST* J. J. Parsons Univ. of California, Berkeley In no country of the New World does gold and gold mining play so prominent a role in the national economy as it does in the Central American Republic of Nicaragua. If the USSR's production is excluded, Nicaragua's annual bullion output of 260,000 ounces in recent years has accounted for better than one per cent of the world's gold production. Among the Latin American* republics only Mexico and Colombia surpass it,- on a per capita basis Nicaragua (1950 population, 1,057,000) stands easily at the head of the list. With the world's gold-mining industry in the doldrums gold was nevertheless the leading export from Nicaragua every year but one between 1938 and 1949. Recently , in the face of soaring coffee prices, it has dropped to second place on the country's export list. In 1953 reported bullion shipments were valued at $8.7 million (U. S.) or nearly $8 per capita. Colonial Nicaragua had no mines of importance. In the latter part of the 19th century several vein mines were brought into production in the drier and more populous western half of the country. The manager of one of these was the Englishman Thomas Belt, author of A Naturalist in Nicaragua, one of the real classics of natural history and geography. At least three of these vein mines still operate today, an easy few hours drive from Managua. Two of them (El Limon, La India) are owned by a Canadian company (Noranda Mines, Ltd.), while Belt's old Javali mine in Chontales is in the hands of local Nicaraguan capital. Together they account for about one-third of Nicaragua's gold production. *The writer visited Nicaragua in the spring of 1953 in connection with field studies supported by the Office of Naval Research. He also acknowledges the hospitality and assistance of his friend Stuart McCullough, manager of the Neptune Gold Mining Company of Bonanza. 50 Yearbook of The Association Vol. 17 Gracia» a Dios 1 , 9i milesPuerto Cabe PIS PIS DISTRL ~w -^ cutía IAIUZMINES/^ r y Cutcuma Alamicambra tes» 0 40«0 MILES nxapolka Bluefteldj Fig. 1. Mining districts and main transportation routes of northeastern Nicaragua. 19SSof Pacific Coast Geographers51 The larger share of Nicaragua's gold comes from mines located in the rain-drenched hills 180 miles east of Managua and 90 miles from the Atlantic coast at the headwaters of tributaries of the Rió Coco and the Rió Prinzapolca (Figure 1). These mines were discovered in 1889-90 by castilla rubber collectors moving up the navigable rivers from the Miskito Coast. In Latin America the good mines are almost always antiguas, but there is no indication that the existence of gold here had been known either to the Indians or to the early Spaniards. The reason is not difficult to see. The rain forest of eastern Nicaragua is one of the least accessible and least known areas of tropical America. Its only roads are the rivers, which are fed by an annual rainfall which ranges from 100 to 150 inches. Along the Caribbean coast and extending northward into Honduras there is an extensive quartz gravel plain which is covered with pine savanna, perhaps the rainiest area of such size anywhere on earth which is a grassland. The boundary between savanna and forest (the "bush lines") lies roughly half way between the coast and the mines. The Pis Pis District and La Luz There are no placers of consequence in eastern Nicaragua. The gold most commonly occurs in veins that were intruded into the Tertiary andésite lavas which cover much of the central interior of the country. The Pis Pis District is characterized by a complex pattern of roughly parallel auriferous quartz ledges and stringers which stand up a ridges against the softer, deeply weathered country rock. The geologic pattern has been likened to that of California's Mother Lode region. At La Luz the ore is disseminated through an extensive limestone mass, a part of a larger limestone island which was left uncovered by the lavas. Two major companies today account...

The Port of Tientsin and Its Problems

V' ' HE harbour and the upper reaches of the Haiho rapidly silted up and the port was closed to sea-going vessels by the middle of June. From the latest (I933) report of the Maritime Customs to the earliest, the navigational problems of the port of Tientsin have called for attention. For Tientsin is an important port, the leading port of North China; with only two southern ports, Shanghai and Hongkong, surpassing it in value of either their foreign trade or their total trade.' The greatness of the port lies, in fact, in the sources whence the navigational difficulties arise; for Tientsin, 35 miles from the head of the Gulf of Chihli, offers the nearest sea outlet for the North China plain with its abundant harvests and its silt-laden rivers. The more important waterways of North China, excluding the Hwang Ho but including the Grand Canal, focus on Its tributary territory stretches out to the Mongolian plateau and included part of Manchuria until the present alienation of the province of Jehol, an event likely to have a permanent effect on the prosperity of Tientsin. Under stress of military disturbances in recent years, part of the trade from the northern part of the area has been diverted from It is estimated that the port lost four-fifths of its normal wool trade in I926 for this reason. Influences have been active, too, in an endeavor to divert Mongolian products from the KalganTientsin route to that of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The area from which most of the trade of Tientsin comes is about equal in size to the United States east of the Mississippi River. From its early days as a treaty port raw cotton has figured as a principal export of Tientsin, and it still continues to head the export list. Wool, another important staple, had dropped to fourth place by I931, but it gained in 1933 and nearly offset the loss in cotton in that year. Wool comes chiefly from Kansu and Mongolia. Other important exports are hides and skins, also in large part from Mongolia; eggs and egg products, beans, tobacco, and walnuts from the plain; bristles from northern Hopei and Manchuria; and carpets and rugs manufactured in Tientsin.2 The commercial status of Tientsin gives it advantages in the trend from the household type of manufacturing to the factory, and already the city has important rayon and cotton-weaving establishments as well as carpet factories.3 A careful analysis of the import trade in cotton piece goods is