Experimental Post-test Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) EXTRACT ON THE HISTOPATOLOGICAL LUNG OF BALB/C MICE WITH NICOTINE EXPOSURE

Abstract Background: Nicotine is a major aspect of smoking. Nicotine cause damage to the lungs because the oxidative stress caused triggers an inflammatory response and lung damage to the alveoli. Garlic extract as an antioxidant agent so that it can against oxidative stress caused by nicotine exposure.Objective: This study is to proving the effect of multilevel dose of garlic extract on lung histopathology of BALB/c mice exposed to nicotine by inhalationMethods: The study used an experimental post test only control group design which was carried out for 24 days. Mice were given an adaptation period of 7 days followed by a treatment period of 14 days. On the last day, the lungs will be terminated and taken for histopathological tests. Mice were divided into 4 groups, namely a Healthy Control Group that was only given standard feed, a Negative Control Group that was given exposure to nicotine by inhalation at a dose of 10 mg/KgBW, treatment group 1 was given garlic extract 300 mg/KgBW orally and exposed to nicotine inhalation with a dose of 10 mg/KgBW, and treatment group 2 who were given garlic extract 500 mg/KgBW orally and exposed to nicotine by inhalation at a dose of 10 mg/KgBW. Histopathological preparations were made on each sample with Hematoxylin-Eosin paint which was then observed microscopically and assessed for severity of damage using scoring criteria.Results: Based on microscopic observations, the degree of lung damage is grouped into normal, mild, moderate, and severe degrees. The results in each group are in the following groups: Healthy Control Group : 73%,27%,0%,0% ; C(-) :0%,0%,33%,67% ; T1 : 0%,33%,67%,0% ; T2 : 0%,100%,0%,0%. The Kruskal Wallis test was performed to obtain significant differences, followed by the Mann Whitnney test which compared the treatment groups which showed significant results.Conclusion: By Giving garlic extract can reduce the degree of microscopic damage of mice lung due to nicotin inhalation exposure.

PENGARUH MEDIA KOMIK CERITA ANAK TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS NARASI SISWA KELAS V SDN 1 KEDIRI SELATAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021

The problem raised in this study is the influence of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for fifth grade students at SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year. The aim is to determine the effect of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for fifth grade students at SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year. The results of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. The concept used in this research is the media of children's story comics and writing skills. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive study, the data sampling technique is the Simple Random Sampling technique (aims to take several samples from several populations). The data collection technique used a written test. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the T test with the help of SPSS version 25. The results showed that the lowest value of the experimental pretest was 37 while the highest was 54 and the lowest was for the control class 39 and the highest was 48, then for the experimental posttest, the lowest value was 76 and the highest score was 85. , for the posttest control class the lowest score is 80 and the highest is 92. This shows that there is an influence of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for the fifth grade students of SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year.

PENGARUH MEDIA KOMIK CERITA ANAK TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS NARASI SISWA KELAS V SDN 1 KEDIRI SELATAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021

The problem raised in this study is the influence of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for fifth grade students at SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year. The aim is to determine the effect of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for fifth grade students at SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year. The results of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. The concept used in this research is the media of children's story comics and writing skills. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive study, the data sampling technique is the Simple Random Sampling technique (aims to take several samples from several populations). The data collection technique used a written test. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the T test with the help of SPSS version 25. The results showed that the lowest value of the experimental pretest was 37 while the highest was 54 and the lowest was for the control class 39 and the highest was 48, then for the experimental posttest, the lowest value was 76 and the highest score was 85. , for the posttest control class the lowest score is 80 and the highest is 92. This shows that there is an influence of children's story comics media on the ability to write narrative texts for the fifth grade students of SDN 1 Kediri Selatan in the 2020/2021 school year.

The effect of combination probiotic lactobacillus brevis and leuconostoc mesenteroides on tgf-β and il-12 expression in ileum

Background: Asthma is a disease of the respiratory tract in the form of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is one of them characterized by the remodeling of the airways mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β. In addition there are also several immune cells that play a role such as macrophages, dendritic, neutrophils as producers of IL-12. The presence of the gut-lung axis allows the spread of inflammatory cytokines from the lungs to the intestines and vice versa. Lactobacillus brevis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides have the potential to modulate the immune system through its colonization of the gut. The study aimed to look at the effect of probiotics combined Lactobacillus brevis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides on the expression of TGF-β and IL-12 in the asthma model mouse ileum. Method: This experimental post-test only control group design study used 18 Sprague-Dawley mice. The mice were divided into 3 groups at random: control group (KI), asthma treatment (KII), asthma treatment with a combination of Lactobacillus brevis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (KIII). Sensitization of asthma with OVA through intraperitoneal injection on days 0 and 14 and through inhalation on days 21 -63. Administration of combination probiotics per oral per day on days 21-63 after inhalation of OVA. The ileum network was taken on the 64th day and measured the expression of TGF-βand IL-12 with immunohistochemical methods and analyzed the percentage proportion of TGF-βand IL-12. Data analysis were conducted by One way ANOVA test and continued post hoc tests. Results: The percentage calculation of the proportion of TGF-βin thecontrol group (KI), asthma group (KII), and the combination group of L.brevis and L.mesenteroides (KIII) is 22.4 ± 15.27; 1.6 ± 2.12; 19.4 ± 6.65. While the percentage calculation of il-12 proportion in each group consecutively were 24.3 ± 19.67; 64.63 ± 9.90; 51 ± 16.62. One way ANOVA Test results on the percentage proportion of TGF-βhave a p value of 0.013 (p<0.05) which means there is a significant difference in the entire group. Furthermore, the Post Hoc Games-Howell test was conducted and obtained a p value of 0.003 (p<0.05) between the asthma group (KII) and the combination group of L.brevis and L.mesenteroides (KIII) which means there are significant differences between the two groups. One way ANOVA Test results on the percentage proportion of IL-12 have a p value of 0.011 (p<0.05) which means there is a significant difference in the entire group. Furthermore, the Post Hoc LSD test was conducted and obtained a p value of 0.001 (p<0.05) between the control group Post Hoc analyses was conducted and obtained a p value of 0.002 (p<0.05) with number of errors was 11.353 between the control group (KI) and asthma group (KII) which means there are significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The probiotic administration of lactobacillus brevis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides had no effect on the expression of TGF-β and had no effect on il-12 expression in the asthma model mouse ileum. It is necessary to do research on mice with asthma using combinations with other bacteria in order to get maximum effect. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 175-183

Innovating Animation Teaching System: An Experimental Survey on the Integration of Design Thinking and Creative Methods for Animation Education in China

This paper discusses outcomes from an experimental survey on the integration of Design Thinking (DT) and Creative Methods (CM) for animation education in Chinese universities. The survey was conducted on 62 college students at two different universities, namely, Kunming University in Yunnan and Hunan University of Science and Engineering in Hunan. Two experimental stages, pretest and posttest experiments, were adopted in the completion of the survey. In understanding the teaching effect of DT and CM, an analysis was performed based on six parameters: Familiarity, Performance, Ability, Time, Reference, and Attitude. The analytical findings thus become a basis for the development of an integrated Animation Teaching System as a pedagogical approach in animation education.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Education on Emotional Cognitive Regulation, Eating Style and Body Mass Index in Obese Adolescent Students Female

Background and Aim: Obesity in children and adolescents has gradually become a major public health problem in many developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group mindfulness training on the cognitive-emotional regulation, eating style, and body mass index of obese female adolescents with body mass indexes above 30. Methods: In order to achieve this goal, we used a statistical sample consisting of obese teenage girls in a high school in Boroujerd city in 2021.Research design consists of a pre-test, post-test experiment with a control group of 40 people (20 experimental and 20 control).Every week for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was conducted, and a post-test was administered to both experimental and control groups.A Garnefski cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire and a Dutch eating style questionnaire were used for this study. The statistical analysis was based on multivariate analysis of covariance.Statisticians used multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: There was a significant difference in mean scores of emotional cognitive regulation between the experimental and control groups, including an enormous difference in weight loss in eating style and body mass (P <0.01). Conclusion: The results indicated, mindfulness therapy was able to improve cognitive-emotional regulation and eating style in obese girls by 64% and 74% respectively

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation on Expression of B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the Bladder Epithelium of Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke.

Bladder carcinoma is the 10th most common cancer in the world with an incidence about 3% of all cancers. The risk factor for smoking is found in 81% of all cases of bladder carcinoma. One of the protein groups associated with bladder urothelial carcinoma is B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) contained in cigarette smoke would increase the proliferation of cancer cells through increased the expression of Bcl-2. The expression of Bcl-2 could be suppressed in the presence of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has role in reducing the risk of cancer development which is reported in several studies, and then stimulate cell apoptosis. To determine the effect of CLA supplementation on Bcl-2 expression in the bladder of rats which is exposed to cigarette smoke. The study is an experimental study with true experimental posttest only control group design on Wistar rats. Sample was divided into 2 case groups: 0.5% of diet (125 mg) CLA supplementation in group A, 1% of diet (250 mg) CLA in group B; and 2 control groups: group without CLA supplementation (group C) as positive control and without cigarette smoke exposure (group D) as negative control. The study takes 60 days of exposure and then Bcl-2 expression on bladder epithelial was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining. The results descriptively showed that rats in group C has an average Bcl-2 expression of 25.8±7.33%, while rats in group D has an average Bcl-2 expression 14.1±7.73% which means cigarette smoke exposure has been shown to increase the expression of Bcl-2 by 45.35% (p=0.019) in the bladder mucosa of experimental animals. Group B obtained an average Bcl-2 expression was 14.2±9.6% and has a significant difference when compared to group C, it shows that the addition of 1% CLA would reduce the expression of Bcl-2 by 44.96% (p=0.032). However, for group A, group with 0.5% diet of CLA supplementation did not showed decrease of Bcl-2 expression when compared to the group C (p=0.37). Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) supplementation 1% of diet can reduce Bcl-2 expression in bladder epithelium of wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke.

Modified Dietetic Skim And Cotton Sheet Oil Dan Susu Formula 75 Terhadap Berat Badan Anak Balita Gizi Kurang


 Children under five are a group that is prone to malnutrition because they are still experiencing a growth cycle, a development that requires more nutrients than other age groups. The impact of nutritional deficiencies; low body resistance, the body is susceptible to infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of giving modified dietetic skim and cotton sheet oil (MODISCO) and Formula-75 milk to increase body weight of malnourished children in Puskesmas Waigete, Sikka Regency. The type of research used is Quasy experimental pretest and posttest design. The population of this research was 181 underweight children with malnutrition. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The sample of this study was 24 underweight children with malnutrition, divided into 2 (two), namely group A was given MODISCO intervention and group B was given Formula-75 milk. The intervention was given once a day for 1 month at a dose of 150 kcal / kgbb / day for MODISCO and 1000 ml per day for 75 formula milk. Data analysis used Paired t-Test and Independent Samples Test. Paired T-Test analysis, groups A and B obtained P-value (0.000) <0.05, it was concluded that there was an increase in body weight after being given MODISCO and Formula-75 milk. Based on the analysis of the Independent Samples Test, groups A and B obtained a P-value (0.876)> 0.05, it was concluded that there was no difference in body weight for under-nourished toddlers who were given MODISCO and Formula-75 milk. There is no difference in body weight of malnourished underweight children in group A and group B, so it is concluded that MODISCO and Formula-75 milk can increase the weight of malnourished children underweight. The results of this study are an additional intervention to increase the weight of children under malnutrition.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP INVESTIGATION-BASED DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL WITH THE HELP OF CONCRETE OBJECTS ON STUDENT'S SCIENTIFIC THINKING ABILITY

This study aims to describe the effectiveness of discovery learning model based on group investigation with concrete objects on students' scientific thinking skills. The type of research used in this case is an experiment with true experimental design and posttest only control design. This research was conducted to 60 students of class VIII SMPN 1 Jetis Ponorogo. This study used multiple choice tests and questionnaires as data collection instruments. The student test data were analyzed quantitatively using the two-tailed and one-tailed t-test. Based on the results of the two-tailed t test, the value of 0.011 <alpha was obtained, which means that there are differences in the scientific thinking ability of the experimental and control classes. Then from the results of the one-tailed t test, the value of 0.006 <alpha is obtained, which means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted so can be concluded that the scientific thinking ability of experimental class students which use discovery learning and group investigation with concrete objects is better than the control class. This research can be used as a reference for educators in implementing active learning with discovery learning and group investigation models that can improve students' scientific thinking skill.

PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL DENGAN APLIKASI 3D PAGEFLIP PROFESSIONAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA KELAS 5 SEKOLAH DASAR

This study aims to: Determine the improvement of E-Module with the 3D PageFlip Professional application to improve learning outcomes in science learning in grade 5 elementary schools. This type of research is a Research and Development with a non-randomized subject experimental method pre-test post-test control group design. With respondents, the number of students of SDN Gugus Sunan Muria, Demak District was 280 students. This study uses a quantitative approach. The results of this study indicate the highest value obtained in the control group is 84 and the lowest value is 55 with an average of 67.The highest score obtained in the experimental group is 93 and the lowest score is 67 with an average value of 80 indicating that the average value of the experimental group is greater than the control group experienced a significant difference. The data from the t test shows that t count t table, namely 26.041 1.6503 and the N-Gain value is in the high category and the interpretation is very effective. Based on this research it is requested that to improve student learning outcomes using e-modules by using the 3D Pageflip professional application.

Effectiveness of Ginger Candy on Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls of a Nursing College at Vadodara

Background of Study: Adolescence period for a girl is a time of physical and mental preparation for a safe mother. Dysmenorrhea is a painful menstrual cycle. It is characterized as painful pelvic pain that begins shortly before or early in the menstruation and lasts 1 to 3 days. Anxiety and fatigue were ongoing problems for girls with dysmenorrhea. There are a variety of options for treating dysmenorrhea that include a medical and non-medical approach. Ginger is a drug that is found to have a relaxation effect on muscle disorders which is why it can play a positive role in dysmenorrhea.
 Materials and Methods: The present study aims to assess the effect of Ginger Candy on dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls at College of Nursing, Parul University, Vadodara. Quasi experimental study design was adopted for the study. A total of 60 samples (30 in experimental group and 30 in control group) were selected using Non probability purposive sampling. The tool consists of socio-demographic variable, menstrual variables and Numerical pain rating scale to assess dysmenorrhea pain. Study participants were explained about the risks and benefits of the study and assured that anonymity and confidentiality will be maintained. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Pre-test level of dysmenorrhea was assessed, Ginger candy was administered to participants in experimental group (morning and evening for first two days of menstruation). Post-test was conducted to assess dysmenorrhea pain using numeric pain rating scale. The data was arranged and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 Results: Present study results showed that in experimental group pre-test majority 21(70%) of adolescent girls had severe dysmenorrhea whereas in post-test majority 18(60%) had mild dysmenorrhea. In control group pre-test majority 19(63.3%) had severe dysmenorrhea while in post-test majority 23(76.7%) had moderate dysmenorrhea. Findings revealed that in experimental group post-test mean pain score was 3.37±1.189 and in control group post-test mean score was 5.07±1.202 with mean difference of 1.70 with obtained t value (t=5.509, df=58, p=0.001) was significant at p<0.05 level. There was no significant association found between dysmenorrhea and selected demographic variables of adolescent girls.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha curcas Linn) PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main bacterium in nosocomial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that is resistant to almost all of antibiotics. As a result of these resistance cases, it is necessary to find the alternative products derived from natural ingredients antibacterial agents, one of which is Jatropha leaves. Objective, the objective of this study was to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves at concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80% against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Method, This study used experimental posttest only control group design with disc diffusion method used concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80%. Positive control using ciprofloxacin antibiotics and negative control using 96% ethanol. Results, of the study obtained the average diameter of inhibitory zones at concentrations of 20, 40, 60%, and 80% respectively were 11.5 mm, 18.3 mm, 19.5 mm, and 20.7 mm. Respectively the analysis of Least Significant Difference test, it was found that there were significant differences in inhibition zones in each extract concentration. Conclusion, the conclusion of this study is that the ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves has antibacterial activity against the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: Jatropha leaves, extract, antibacterial activity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

EFFECT OF HYDROGEL PROVISION OF SHED AND PRP COMBINANTION ON OSTEOCLAST DECREASING IN THE ALVEOLAR BONE OF MALE WISTAR RAT (IN VIVO)

Background: The process of orthodontic bone resorption and remodelling occur simultaneously. Areas under continuous stress experience nutritional deficiencies and hypoxia, which results in cell death and cause alveolar bone resorption. The increase in osteoclasts is associated with the inflammatory process because it is accompanied by an increase in inflammatory mediators. The combination of SHED and PRP can induce regeneration of the alveolar bone of teeth and can inhibit the bone resorption process thereby suppressing the inflammatory process. Method: This research method was experimental post-test only control group design, with a total sample of 32 individuals treated with PRP gel, SHED gel, a combination of PRP and SHED, and povidone iodine with a duration of 14 days. Wedge application to the interdental teeth to produce the effect of orthodontic movement. Analysis of the one way ANOVA hypothesis test found that there was a significant difference in the reduction of osteoclasts in each experimental group (P <0.05). Result: It can be concluded that the mean osteoclast reduction in the PRP group was 359±107.3, SHED 392±170.5, the combination of PRP and SHED 480±151.3, povidone iodine 480±151.3. Conclusion: There is an effect of the combination of SHED and PRP on the reduction of osteoclasts in the alveolar bone of male Wistar rat.

Breast feeding self-efficacy among postnatal mothers with two different breast feeding positions

Introduction: Human milk is the only recommended and complete food for newborn. The benefits of breast feeding are incalculable. It is the unique food for the healthy growth and development of infants. Positioning of the baby is very important while feeding. Correct positioning is crucial for effective breast feeding. This Study was undertaken to compare the breastfeeding self-efficacy among postnatal mother with cradle and football position. Methodology: A quasi experimental post-test only design was adopted to study the breastfeeding self-efficacy among postnatal mothers with cradle and football position. 87 postnatal mothers were enrolled on the first postnatal day using convenience sampling. The subjects were assisted in feeding their newborns in cradle hold position during morning feeds and to adopt football position during nursing in the afternoon time. This pattern of feeding was continued for three days and breastfeeding self-efficacy was assessed on the third day for both positions using breastfeeding self-efficacy scale. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Result: The mean and median for breastfeeding self-efficacy for cradle position were 54.69 ±4.61and 56 respectively which were found higher than the mean (31.69±3.29) and median (31) for football position. The difference observed in the breastfeeding self-efficacy was found statistically significant (p<0.001) Conclusion: Cradle hold position was found to be effective in terms of breastfeeding self efficacy as compared to football position.

PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AS A FACILITATOR OF STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION

The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent the Problem-Based Learning method improved reading comprehension during the second year of MA Muhajirin As'adiyah Kampiri. This study employed a pre-experimental approach to attain its goal. The researcher employed a cluster random sampling technique with a sample of 24 students from classes XII-A. The pre-test and post-test were used to collect data. Problem-Based Learning was used to teach the experimental class. The data was analyzed using the education data analysis formula. The pre-test and post-test results revealed a considerable improvement. It was demonstrated by the fact that the mean score of the students' experimental post-test (77.9) was greater than the mean score of the students' pre-test (41.8), and the post-test T-test value was 0.02, which was less than (α) = 0.05. The treatment causes an improvement in kids' reading comprehension. Problem-Based Learning improves students' thinking skills and encourages them to use their abilities to read literature. So that students participating in Problem-Based Learning could easily understand the texts. As a result, it is concluded that implementing problem-based learning improves students' reading comprehension throughout their second year of MA Muhajirin As'adiyah Kampiri.

The Effect of Using Storytelling Method By Video Towards Students’ Speaking Skill at The Eighth Grade Students of MTs An-Nur Kemayoran Central Jakarta in Academic Year 2021/2022

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of using storytelling method to improve students' speaking skill. Storytelling as the entire context of a moment when oral narration of stories in verse or in prose, is performed or led by one person before a live audience. The scope of this research focuses on analyzing the effect of using storytelling method by video toward students’ speaking skill. This research took quantitative approach, while the method used experimental with pre-test and post-test experimental class and control class design. The instrument used was achievement test. The subjects of this study were selected using random sampling. The results of the analysis of the pre- test and post-test experiments using the storytelling method showed an Sig (2-tailed) of 0.00 from the decision that if Sig (2-tailed) < 0.05 then the data was significant, meaning that the hypothesis was accepted. And if the result of Asymp Sig (2-Tailed) > 0.05 then the hypothesis is rejected. On the other word, there is any significant effect of Storytelling towards Students’ Speaking Skill.

The Effect of an Educational Curriculum Using the Hanging Ball Device in Learning the Skills of the Smash Serve and the Smash Hit in Volleyball

The aim of the research: The educational curriculum has been prepared by using a ball hanging device, the research under, covers the impact of using that device during (serves and spike) skills in Volleyball and compares it with the coach’s program. The researcher showed the significant difference between pre-test and post-test experiments for the educational curriculum. The researcher dissects the similar study that is relative to the new study like the concept of training skill learning. The researcher has used the experimental approach for its relevance to the nature of research. While using the two-group experimental design, one of them is experimental group and the other is control group. the program has been applied on a young volleyball team (Hawler sport club) (2017-2018). The subjects consist of 20 players divided by two groups (experimental and control) randomly each group consists of 10 players. After these steps the researcher was able to find Homogeneity and equivalence in the research subjects. In addition to using the tools and training equipment with research devices while working on the research; several tests took place, some concerning physical ability and some concerning motion. Then the researcher applied the main program for a duration of 6 weeks that consisted of three educational units per week. Each educational unit took a period of 90 minutes. Then the concluding experiment took place. In the end with the help of these experiments the researcher came up with these results. The researcher concluded the following: - The effect of the teaching program with the usage of the ball hanging device to learn skills such as (serve and spike) are positive for beginner players in Volleyball. - The results of the experimental group who carried out the teaching program by using the ball hanging device, came out superior over the control group in both (serve and spike) skills. -The researcher’s best recommendation and advice is while different branches of Physical education applying the educational curriculum they should consider using educational materials. Also, execute researches such as this one in, for different ages, and for both genders.

The Effect of Trehalose in Inhibiting Liver Damage via The Il-6 Pathway in Old Mice

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules linked by a 1–1 glycosidic bond. Trehalose can play a role in organ detoxification, antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing lipid peroxidation and reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-, IL-1β, Il-6, thereby inhibiting liver damage. Because of its role, this study aims to determine the effect of trehalose administration on liver damage through the IL-6 expression pathway with experimental post-test design with control group design. This research was conducted using samples of old rats, namely Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). The old rats used were 21 male species which were then divided into 3 groups, namely the old control group, the old rat group that was given sucrose, and the old rat group that was given trehalose. Then observed for 8 weeks, namely in March - May 2021 at the Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University Makassar. The results obtained from the 3 groups showed a significant value that the administration of trehalose sugar in elderly mice had an effect on reducing the inflammatory factor IL-6 because it activated autophagy in macrophages thereby reducing cytokine production and vascular inflammation so as to be able to restore all aging mice to a level like observed in young mice. It is also known that aged rat liver, which is characterized by ER UPR activation and inflammatory signaling, decreases nicotinamide and UDP-N-acetyl-hexosamines, and reduces proteasome activity. Therefore, trehalose can be an effective therapeutic strategy against age-related disorders of proteostasis in the liver.

The Impact of Deductive, Inductive and Mixed Methods of Instruction on EFL Students’ Public Speaking Skill (A Case of Georgian Higher Educational Institution)

The paper aims to assess EFL students’ abilities to master public speaking skills at higher educational levels when applying different teaching approaches: inductive, deductive, and mixed (inductive & deductive) ones. Public speaking samples, namely TED talk videos, were used for observation and inspection during the teaching procedure, accompanied by various public speaking tasks and assessment rubrics that students participated in. The fortyseven video-taped public speaking performances, which were prepared and delivered by the participants, were analyzed and scored with the help of Public Speaking Competence Rubric (PSCR). The speeches were assessed by the researcher and some other expert and non-expert raters, as well as students themselves to maintain objectivity and avoid any kind of bias. Students were all informed about and taught the criteria that the PSCR involves during the studying procedure. The experiment was based on students representing B2 level of English language according to Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and it was carried out at one of the private HEIs in Tbilisi, Georgia. Statistical data were collected through pre, while and postexperimental tests in terms of public speaking performance and later analyzed in the SPSS program. According to the research results, TED Talk video samples have a positive impact on EFL students’ public speaking skills quality when accompanied by mixed (inductive and deductive) methodological teaching approaches. Particularly they improved their gesturing and posture, the majority of them overcame the stage fright (standing and speaking in front of an audience), their speeches became more organized.

EFEK EKSTRAK TANAMAN ASHITABA PADA KADAR SERUM ALKALIN FOSFATASE (ALP) PADA TIKUS YANG TERPAPAR LUKA BAKAR

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels increases in burn tissue damage. Several bioactive compounds found in Ashitaba, are expected to reduce serum ALP levels and enhance the process of wound healing. This study aims to prove that administration of oral Ashitaba extract can reduce serum ALP levels in rats exposed to burn trauma. This study uses true experimental post-test control group design with a total of 20 Sprague dawley rats as samples. All samples were inflicted with 2nd degree burn wound and divided into 2 groups, treatment group (Ashitaba extract 300 mg/KgBW) and control group. Blood serum were analyzed for ALP levels on the 2nd, 8th and 14th days. Kinetic-IFCC method was used to find serum ALP levels. Data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney Test, paired T-test amd independence T-test. Scalded wound size was measured macroscopically over the course of 21 days to find contracture rate. In conclusion, Ashitaba extract is not proven to significantly reduce the serum ALP levels, increase contracture rate and enhance burn wound healing process. However, there was slight increase in contracture rate in treatment group as compared to control group. In addition, there was a lower ALP levels in treatment group as compared to control group in day 8.