Experimental Post-test Research Articles

Effect of Simvastatin Administration on ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) Level in Wistar Rat's Femur Fracture

Metabolism of the bone healing process can be monitored by Bone formation marker, such as alkaline phosphate (ALP). Simvastatin is known to increase bone marker formation in the repair phase, but its effects on the ALP level have not been known yet. This study aimed to determine the effect of oral simvastatin administration on the expression of ALP level in femur fracture healing in a rat model of femur fracture. The research method was experimental post-test only using 18 Rattus norvegicus rats which were divided into 3 groups, namely the control group for femur fracture (Control), femoral fracture group and giving simvastatin 0.36 mg/day for 2 weeks (Treatment I), and femur fracture group and administration of simvastatin 0.36 mg/day for 4 weeks (Treatment II). ALP levels were measured at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The results showed an increase in ALP levels in the simvastatin treatment group compared to the control group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the administration of simvastatin increased ALP levels in rat femoral fractures.

ENHANCING THE PROBLEM-SOLVING AND CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS USING THE MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATION APPROACH

The interest in understanding what is involved in doing mathematical investigations brought together several researchers and classroom teachers. In this paper, the proponent decided to set up a project to experiment with tasks involving students exploring and investigating mathematical ideas, concepts, and processes. The work includes producing, experimenting, and evaluating such tasks and studying the competencies needed for using them successfully in the mathematics classroom. This study aimed to describe the attitude and performance of the students when exposed to investigative tasks. It is also driven to compare the performance of the control and experimental groups in relation to the implementation of the intervention and to see whether their attitude towards math investigation matters in the students' problem-solving and critical thinking skills. 
 The findings showed that on the attitudes, the experimental group has a very favorable attitude toward the process of doing the investigation in spite of its complexity particularly in giving proof. The data obtained claimed that the control group did meet the expectations for both tests while the experimental post-test presented a very satisfactory performance indicating that their exposure to investigations taught them to explore and provide absolute mathematical reasoning. A significant difference was found in the performance of the two groups making the experimental group better than the control group as reaffirmed in the effect size of large. Further, students’ attitudes on the implementation of math investigation are described as a predictor of successful problem solving and improving the critical thinking skills of the students.

A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Audio-Visual Education on Anxiety among patients undergoing Coronary Angiography at selected hospital, Coimbatore

Coronary angiography is the most widely used interventional and diagnostic procedure for coronary artery disease. The patient experiences the pre-procedural anxiety prior to coronary angiography. The main aim of the study was to identify the effectiveness of audio-visual education on anxiety among patients undergoing coronary angiography. Quasi experimental posttest only control group design was adopted in the study. By using Non probability purposive sampling technique 60 participants were selected and 30 were assigned to the experimental and control group respectively. The demographic variables, clinical variables were collected from the patients undergoing coronary angiography. Audio- Visual Education was provided to the patients in the experimental group for 15 minutes. Routine nursing care was provided to patients in the control group. After audio-visual education, Post-test was conducted by using the State anxiety inventory scale for both experimental and control group. It was identified that the calculated mean level of anxiety in the experimental and control group was 34.3 and 61.2 respectively with the mean difference of 26.9. Likewise the standard deviation of the experimental and control group was 10.9 and 7.9 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 10.79 was greater than the table value of 1.96 at 0.001 level of significance. Hence, it was concluded that Audio-visual education is an effective method in reducing the anxiety among patients undergoing coronary angiography.

The Influence of the Guided Inquiry Learning Model on the Critical Thinking Skills of Fifth-Grade Students in Social Studies Subjects

The success of social studies learning is strongly influenced by the ability of teachers to provide critical thinking skill in the learning process activities. This research aimed to (1) determine the influence of the guided inquiry learning model on fifth-grade students' critical thinking skills in social studies subjects and (2) find out whether there are differences in fifth-grade students' critical thinking skills after applying the guided inquiry learning model and the direct instruction model. The research method applied quasi-experimental. The research design was a nonequivalent control group design. Data collection techniques used both test and non-test. The results highlighted the influence of guided inquiry learning models on fifth-grade of the State Elementary School of Taman Baru 2 students' critical thinking skills and differences in students' critical thinking skills before and after applying the guided inquiry learning model. Moreover, the post-test mean was more significant than the pre-test, 83.89 49.47. The paired samples t-test also revealed that the sig. value of pair 1 was 0.000 0.05, and the sig. value of pair 2 was 0.000 0.05. Further, the mean experimental post-test was higher than the control post-test, 83.89 71.89. The independent samples t-test also obtained the sig. value (2-tailed) of 0.002 0.05. Hence, learning was more successful or influential through the guided inquiry learning model on the critical thinking skills of fifth-grade students in social studies subjects.

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Flip Book Terhadap Motivasi, Kemandirian, dan Hasil Belajar Biologi Peserta Didik SMA Pulau Barrang Lompo Makassar

AbstractThis research is a quasi experimental posttest only control group design and pretest–posttest non equivalent control group design which aims to determine the differences in motivation, independence, and learning outcomes of students. The sample of this study was selected in survei and selected class XI MIPA 1 as the experimental class and XI MIPA 2 as the control class. Data collection techniques through the provision of questionnaires to measure motivation and learning independence and the provision of multiple choice tests to measure biology learning outcomes. The data analysis technique used is descriptive and inferential statistical analysis with t-test. The results showed that (1) learning motivation through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar students were on average in the high category and the medium category. (2) Learning independence through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar students are on average in the high category and the medium category. (3) Learning outcomes through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for students at Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar are on average in the high category and the medium category. (4) There are differences in learning motivation through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for students at Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar. (5) There are differences in learning independence through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for students at Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar. (6) There are differences in learning outcomes through flip book learning media and textbook learning media for students at Barrang Lompo Island High School Makassar.

“Evaluate the Effectiveness of Perineal Care on Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing among Postpartum Women”

Introduction: Over 85% of women having a vaginal birth suffers perineal trauma. The rate of episiotomy was determined as 93.3% in primipara women and as 30.2% in multipara women. One of the most important aspects of perineal care is checking for signs of infection. Most women have some degree of discomfort during the first few postpartum days. One of the common causes of discomfort is episiotomy. These include swelling, lesions, rashes, sores and boils. Proper care of perineum after childbirth is very important in order to avoid infection and speed healing of rectal and pelvic muscles. The Objectives are 1. To assess the episiotomy wound healing and pain among post partum women in experimental and control group . 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of perineal care among post partum women 3. To compare the Episiotomy pain and wound healing among post partum women between experimental and control group.4. To determine the association between Episiotomy pain level and wound healing among postpartum women with their demographic variable.Material & Methods: The Quasi Experimental post-test only control group design was adopted. With 60 postpartum women’s were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique. The prior consent was taken. Tool for data collection for Assessment of Episiotomy wound healing by REEDA scale and Numerical pain rating Scale for Episiotomy Pain.Results: The Results of the study revealed that statistically significant reduction in the level of perineal pain at 6, 24, & 48 hours and three days postpartum between the two groupsA highly statistical significant difference between groups in relation to the interference of pain with walking, sitting, and urination at 24 & 48 hours, and at three days postpartum. Reduction in the REEDA scores of wound healing in experimental group as compared to control group. The current study concluded that, women who received perineal care on episiotomy pain and wound healing during postpartum period have, lower the level of postpartum episiotomy pain scores, decrease pain related to perineal episiotomy which interfere with women’s daily activities postpartum, such as walking, sitting, urination and defecation, and better wound healing progress. On the light of the study findings it is recommended that self perineal pain instruction can be introduced to the women antenatal and then it can be used postnatal, the nursing students should be taught the importance of relieving episiotomy pain and enhancing wound healing in postnatal mothers, and there is a need for extensive and intensive research in this area.

Penetapan rendemen dan kandungan kimia ekstrak daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) berdasarkan perbedaan metode pengeringan

Katuk leaves contain chemicals in the form of alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, glycosides and flavonoids, so they are widely used as antioxidants. One factor can affect in chemical content and yield extract is the drying method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different drying methods on yield and chemical content of katuk leaf extract. This research method was experimental Posttest Only Design. Katuk leaves were dried using wind, oven, sun and continued by maceration with ethanol 96% as solvent. The macerate was filtered and air-dried to thick extract which was calculated yield and tested chemical content form of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Yield data analysis was carried out using One Way ANOVA test. The average yield value of katuk leaf extract in the wind-dry drying method was 11.86±0.23%, the sun was 12.26±0.70%, the oven was 13.64±0.74%. One Way ANOVA test showed significant differences in wind and oven drying, sun and oven drying. Phytochemical screening of each drying showed the presence of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. The conclusion of this study was that the drying method affects the yield of katuk leaf extract but has no effect on chemical content.

Anti-cancer properties of Caulerpa racemosa by altering expression of Bcl-2, BAX, cleaved caspase 3 and apoptosis in HeLa cancer cell culture.

The main cause of cervical cancer is infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Loss of apoptotic control allows cancer cells to survive longer and allows time for mutation accumulation thereby increasing the ability to invade during tumor development. Treatment options for cervical cancer today are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Toxicity to normal cells, adverse side effects, and drug resistance are the main barriers to the use of chemotherapy. Among marine organisms such as bacteria, fungi, actinobacteria, and seaweed have been used for the treatment of cancer. Caulerpa has bioactive metabolites, namely alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins and its bioactivity has been reported against many diseases including cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of C. racemosa on HeLa cervical cancer cells. The study used a true experimental post-test only control group design to determine the effect of C. racemosa extract on HeLa cancer cells. C. racemosa extract was given in doses of 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, and 0 μg/mL as controls. Quantitative measurement of apoptosis was measured using flowcytometry and the expression of Bcl-2, BAX, and cleaved-caspase 3 as pro and anti-apoptotic proteins was measured using immunofluorescence. Trypan blue exclusion test was performed to measure cell viability. C. racemosa extract significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and cleaved caspase-3 compared to controls. Annexin V-PI analysis showed the induction of apoptosis in treated cells and decreased HeLa cell viability at 24 hours and 48 hours post-treatment (p-value <0.05). C. racemosa extract has potential as an anti-cancer with pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity on HeLa cancer cells and can be explored further as a cervical cancer therapy.

Indonesian Propolis Inhibit Proinflammatory Cytokines, Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Anthrax Animal Model

BACKGROUND: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, whose endospores stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote oxidative stress. Propolis, a natural resource that can be found in Indonesia, has been proven to have anti-apoptotic and antioxidant role which might be a potential adjuvant therapy for anthrax treatment. Hence in this study we aimed to investigate effect of propolis as an anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant in anthrax rats model by examining the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, caspase-3, and malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively.METHODS: This was an experimental post-test only study with 40 male rats weighed 180-200 g that were induced by anthrax spores injected subcutaneously. The rats were divided into one control positive group and four intervention groups that were administered with 200 mg/kgBW propolis extract for 7 to 14 days. The levels of serum TNF-α, caspase-3, and MDA were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analyzed with bivariate analysis.RESULTS: TNF-α, caspase-3, and MDA level were found lower in anthrax rats model given ethanol extract of propolis than the control group. The lowest concentration of TNF-α value was found in group administered with propolis extract 200 mg/kgBW for 7 days before the anthrax induction (6.136±0.205 pg/mL). The results were similar to the MDA serum and caspase-3 which were the lowest when the propolis was administered 7 days earlier (1.893±0.188 nmol/mL and 2.040±0.067 ng/mL). There was significant difference in the TNF-α, caspase-3, and MDA serum levels (p≤0.001) compared to control group.CONCLUSION: Propolis has anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects which can be used as complementary therapy in anthrax infection.KEYWORDS: propolis, anthrax, anti-apoptotic, antioxidants

Influences of virtual reality on design creativity and design thinking

This study explores the influences of virtual reality (VR) on creative design performance and design thinking processes. In this pretest−posttest experiment, nonequivalent groups of 180 seventh-grade students from a junior high school in Taipei were enrolled as research participants. For interior design lesson activities, the experimental and control groups were taught using VR applications and multimedia lectures, respectively, after which their creative design performance and design thinking processes were assessed and compared. The main conclusions are as follows: VR has a significant and positive influence on the creative design process (particularly the design and planning, testing and modification, and thinking and sharing stages), but it did not influence the data collection stage; VR has moderate effects on the functional integrity, technical requirements, sophistication and esthetics, and originality and novelty of creative design outcomes; and VR users have comprehensive design thinking processes that transition smoothly from empathy to problem definition, creative ideation, prototyping, and testing and verification. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in empathy.

The Effectiveness of Mind Mapping Phonetic Symbol Media to Eliminate The Confusion of Pronunciation

Pronunciation was one of difficult skill, it made many people confused. This research aimed to determine a solution by using mind mapping phonetic symbol media to eliminate the confusion of pronunciation. The content of mind mapping showed the part of phonetic symbol to study the sound of words. It has helped the understanding of some difference sounds. This research used quantitative true-experimental method by pre-posttest control group design. The tests carried out are validity, reliability, descriptive analysis, and t-test. Subject of this research is 30, it was divided 15 students for experiment group and 15 control group. The sample was taken by using random sampling and applied Slovin formula. While, the data was obtained by using reading test. The value of descriptive analysis there was a raising value which can be seen from mean post-test experiment group 72 it was higher than control group 36.6. And also, the quarrel of normal gain between experiment group and control group showed 75%&gt;28.57%, 3 students from experiment group than a student of control group. Furthermore, the value of t-test was there was an influence to eliminate the confusion of pronunciation by using mind mapping phonetic symbol, it can be seen from the trials that have been tested in SPSS obtaining a t-count value of 8,290 &gt; 1,7, it can be said that H0 is rejected and Ha accepted which it means that There is an influence of mind mapping phonetic symbol media (X) to eliminate the confusion of pronunciation (Y).

Virtual reality on level of pain during Venipuncture among preschool children

Hospitalization is stressful condition for children of all age groups. Venipuncture is one of the common painful procedures performed in hospital. Inserting intravenous catheter is one of the most painful and frequent acts for children in hospitals, most children express this method as the most stressful and violent course of treatment. The present study attempts to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality on pain during venipuncture among preschool age children at selected hospital in Chennai. METHODOLOGY The research design used in this study was experimental post test only design and it was conducted in the paediatric general ward at Aiswarya hospital, Chennai. Samples were selected based on sample selection criteria, 60 samples were selected with lottery method with 30 experimental and 30 control group. The gadget virtual reality was administered for the experimental group, and the control group routine hospital care during the venipuncture the level of pain was assessed by using FLACC scale. RESULTS The findings revealed, The mean score value of level of pain for control group was 6.47 with standard deviation of 0.78 (3.17 ± 0.27) and the experimental group was 3.30 with 1.29 (3.30 ± 1.29) .

Effectiveness of Audio-Visual Education on Physiological parameters among patients undergoing Coronary Angiography

Audio-visual education have a positive impact on stabilize the physiological parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate. The main aim of the study was to identify the effectiveness of audio-visual education on physiological parameters among patients undergoing coronary angiography. Quasi experimental posttest only control group design was adopted in the study. By using Non probability purposive sampling technique 60 study participants were selected and 30 were assigned to the experimental and control group respectively. The demographic variables, health history was collected from the patients undergoing coronary angiography. Audio- Visual Education was provided to the patients in the experimental group for 15 minutes. Routine nursing care was provided to patients in the control group. The vital signs 30 minutes before and after the intervention in both groups were measured. The experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in the heart rate and blood pressure after the Audio-visual education compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Hence, it was concluded that using Audio-visual education before coronary angiography can effectively maximize the patients outcome. The results of this study confirms the usefulness of prior to an invasive coronary angiography procedure.

Increased Neuron Specific Enolase in a Hypoxic Ischemia Rat Model

Introduction: Acute brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia, either due to stroke or ischemic hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), represents a major neurological cause of death and disability worldwide. Neuronal cell injury has been shown to correlate with a significant increase in neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in in vitro studies. This study aims to measure NSE levels in the blood serum of rats with HIE. Methods: This study used an experimental post-test design in which occlusion of the right common carotid artery (CCA) was performed on Wistar rats, which were then placed in a hypoxic chamber and reperfused after 60 minutes (treatment group). Neurological scores were collected over the first 24 hours. After 48 hours, experimental animals were sacrificed and their serum NSE levels were measured using ELISA. Statistical analysis using a T-test was performed for independent samples. Results: A total of 16 male rats were included in the study. Neurological scores indicated that all HIE group rats experienced hemiparesis to varying degrees. NSE levels in the treatment group were significantly higher than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The mean NSE level in the treatment group was higher than that in the other group. Conclusion: Consistent with in vitro studies, we found that NSE was higher in the HIE rat model than in controls. These data support future studies to assess the fitness of serum NSE as a biomarker of brain damage.

The Effects of WhatsApp and Telegram on Student Engagement: An Analysis from the Mixed-Methods Approach

One of the most studied variables in virtual online education is engagement because it contributes to retention and academic performance. Several studies show that the didactic design of the virtual course, the role of the teacher, interactivity, interaction, time spent in the virtual environment, and the use of digital social networks increase engagement. However, there is a lack of research that compares which of the two digital social networks, WhatsApp or Telegram, promotes higher levels of engagement. This study’s objective is to analyze the effect of the educational use of Telegram on student engagement. An experiment (pretest and posttest with a control group) is designed using a mixed-methods approach based on a convergent or concurrent triangulation design. The study populations (coincides with the sample) are those enrolled (n = 229) in the six editions of a virtual postgraduate course. The techniques used for data analysis were scatter plots, content analysis of teachers’ narratives, and statistical methods. The triangulation of the quantitative and qualitative results confirms that the educational use of digital social networks promotes engagement in all experimental groups (use of the virtual learning environment and Telegram) obtaining greater significant differences than in the control groups. It is concluded that the use of the following Telegram functionalities, chat groups, peer assessments, support for various types of online interaction, the exchange of digital media, and the design of surveys contributed, under the guidance of teachers, is to increase the student’s engagement.

An Appraisal of Cognitive Skills Acquired Through a Culinary Program While Using the Instructional Methods of In Vivo and Video Modelling

The study focuses on what helps improve learning for people with intellectual disabilities. Participants participated in a research project that consisted in a cooking programme that is a part of the independent living programme. During this study, the participants conducted five different cooking sessions to learn about cooking. The participants were informed that they will also be assessed formatively for cognitive skills that are learnt through the lifespan of the cooking programme. The cooking component is a part of the overall programme that prepares people with intellectual disabilities for future employment, some of whom also choose the hospitality sector. For this study, the chosen focused on independent living skills. The study set out to conduct a pretest-posttest type of experimental study where learners underwent a five-part cooking programme via the instructional methods of in vivo and video modelling. The participants were then asked to complete the task at home by themselves with the use of the video that had been recorded in class. Participants were also asked to present their work at the following session. After each recipe was completed, the participants were asked to reflect on their cooking journey via a form that was filled in online. As with pretest and posttest experiments, the participants were assessed before the experiment and were asked to fill in a similar form questioning them about whether their cognitive skills improved over the course of the five sessions by the end of the project. The results showed that there are a number of aids and barriers when completing tasks. Furthermore, having a personal instructor and the use of video were the preferred forms of learning among this study group. Following visual instructions was also perceived to ameliorate the learning experience of people with intellectual disabilities. Another aspect of learning that emerged was learning that occurred through the use of the different senses. Seeing and listening to the videos with the possibility of fuller control as to when to start, stop or repeat the video also helped. Tasting and smelling the food gave more control too because the results were more tangible.

The role of implicit theories about climate change malleability in the prediction of pro-environmental behavioral intentions

Understanding the variables that influence pro-environmental intentions is key to promoting pro-environmental actions. In this research, we analyze how the sense of responsibility toward climate change and implicit theories about climate change (ITCC) interact to condition individual pro-environmental intention. A total of 48 psychology students with a mean age of 19 years were randomly divided into two experimental groups and participated in a pretest–posttest experiment. The experimental manipulation consisted of reading a news extract regarding scientific research: one group was given information stating that climate change is still reversible, instilling incremental ITCC; the other group was given the opposite information, instilling static ITCC. The results of the one-way ANOVA (F = 4.206, p < .05) showed that people with incremental ITCC presented a greater intention to behave in a pro-environmental way than did individuals with static ITCC. Moreover, the moderating analysis showed that ITCC act as a moderating variable in the relationship between the sense of responsibility and pro-environmental behavioral intentions. The sense of responsibility predicted pro-environmental behavioral intentions when individuals held incremental ITCC (p < .01) but not when they held static ITCC (p = .901). This research emphasized the relevance of promoting incremental ITCC interventions in the environmental education field, as the sense of responsibility toward climate change is deterministic but not in itself enough to acquire the intention to behave in a pro-environmental way.

Assess the effectiveness of cartoon animation video on pain reduction during surgical dressing among children: A Pilot Study

Children’s are constantly on the move, exploring their world with exuberance, curiosity and a seemingly endless source of energy. A child’s capacity for learning in this stage is enormous. Preschool-age children learn and develop from every experience, relationship, and adventure they encounter. Being brought to the hospital causes fear and anxiety in 3 to 6 years old children. Quantitative research study Quasi experimental post-test only control group design was used. Total 40 Children was selected by using of purposive sampling method in which 20 Children for experimental group and 20 Children for control group from selected hospitals of Jabalpur city. The motive of this study was to assess the reduction of pain during surgical dressing of pre-school children. In this study cartoon animation video refers to a recording of moving pictures and sound that is made from a computer graphics such as Tom and Jerry, Shinchan, Doraemon, and Chhota Bheem, which will be shown to children on 2nd and 3rd day of surgical dressing. In this study pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience feel by children during surgical dressing which would be assessed by FLACC pain scale. The FLACC scale or Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale is a measurement used to assess pain for children between the ages of 2 months and 7 years or individuals that are unable to communicate their pain. The scale is scored in a range of 1–15. The scale has five criteria, which are each assigned a score of 1, 2, 3. Interpreting the pain score: Total score was 15, Minimum score-5, Maximum score-15, 1-5= Mild Pain, 6-10= Moderate pain, 11-15= severe Pain. Overall findings indicate that there is need to reduce pain during surgical dressing of preschool children in surgical wards of selected hospitals.

Online Program to Enhance Teacher Learning to Develop Students' Information Literacy Skills

“Online Program to Enhance Teacher Learning to Develop Students' Information Literacy Skills” is an expected result from the implementation of Research and Development under the following concept: “It begins with teacher learning development. Teachers then incorporate the learning outcomes into student development.” Firstly, as a result of implementing the R1&amp;D1 to R4&amp;D4 process, six sets of Teacher Learning Manuals and one Teacher Workshop Manual for Implementing the Learning Outcomes in Student Development were created. Secondly, in the R5&amp;D5 phase, the manuals were evaluated with 157 teachers and 2,613 students using a one-group pre-test/post-test experimental model in schools affiliated with the Office of the Basic Education Commission. The experimental results revealed that the teachers' scores on the post-experimental test had met the standard of 90/90, and that the mean scores had been statistically significantly higher than the pre-experimental test. Furthermore, the findings in implementing the teacher’s learning outcomes in student development illustrated that their post-experimental mean score in the Information Literacy Skills assessment had been statistically significantly higher than the pre-experimental score. Taken together, these findings confirmed that the developed online program had been proven to be effective according to the established research hypothesis. Moreover, the study results also demonstrated that the developed online program could be distributed to schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission.

Effects of Amnion Lyophilization Sterile Radiation on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Cluster of Differentiation 34 in Nonunion Fractures

One of the causes of nonunion is inadequate vascularization due to severe injury mechanisms that cause defective bone healing factors. Therefore, in non-union fractures, a trigger is needed for the growth factors to work properly. This study aimed to determine the effects of ALSR on VEGF and CD-34 in non-union fractures. This study used an experimental post-test only control group design that involved white rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. The VEGF expression was assessed by anti-VEGF staining, which was done by cutting paraffin blocks into a thickness of 5 μm, then the blocks were deparaffinized in xylol and rehydrated with alcohol. The results of the analysis are displayed with their mean ranks between control groups and treatment groups. It was found that CD-34 expression was high in the ALSR group. This shows the occurrence of angiogenesis and the regeneration in the case of non-union fractures in this study.