Viburnum Opulus Research Articles

Morphological, biochemical, and bioactive characterization of naturally grownEuropean cranberrybush genotypes

Turkey has very rich potential in terms of wild edible fruit species, especially berries that grow naturally in different parts of the country as population or scattered shrubs. One of the most important wild edible fruits found in Turkey's flora is the European cranberrybush (EC). All EC plants are found as wild in nature and there are no commercial EC orchards in the country. In this study, a total of 22 seed propagated EC genotypes that naturally grown in the Akkışla district of Kayseri province located in the middle part of Turkey were assessed in terms of their morphological (fruit dimensions, fruit weight, the number of fruit per cluster, and cluster weight) and biochemical (soluble solids content, pH, and organic acids), bioactive (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity) content in order to determine the superior ones. Fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, cluster weight, and the number of fruit per cluster of 22 EC genotypes varied from 8.66 to 11.19 mm, 9.08 to 11.11 mm, 0.27 to 0.80 g, 8.50 to 55.20 g, and 23.00 to 81.40, respectively. Malic acid was the dominant organic acid in fruits of all investigated EC genotypes (12.177 g L-1 average of 22 genotypes), followed by citric acid (1.605 g L-1), oxalic acid (0.776g L-1), and ascorbic acid (65.18 mg 100 mL-1), respectively. In terms of phenolic acids, a stable order could not be determined, while chlorogenic acid has come to the fore in fruits of 17 genotypes as main phenolic acid, while gallic acid was the highest in fruits of 4 genotypes and protocatechuic acid was the highest in the remained 1 genotype and average values of 22 EC genotypes of these phenolic acids were 27.05 mg L-1, 23.50 mg L-1, and 16.50 mg L-1, respectively. Results indicated that seed propagated EC genotypes have variable morphological, biochemical, and bioactive traits that could be important to select cultivar candidates for future use at cultivation conditions. It is also important that characterization of 22 EC genotypes will add value for EC germplasm enhancement in Turkey.

Assessment of cranberry bush on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

This research aimed to study the effects of different doses Viburnum opulus L. (VO) powder extracts at different times on human breast cancer and breast epithelial cell lines. The cytotoxic effect evalueted by using MTT method and apoptosis induction annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Comet assay was used to detect the genotoxic effect by calculating the percentage of the tail length in the DNA of both cell groups. P1 class glutathione-S-transferase (GSTP1) expression level which hasprotective feature in drug resistance metabolism was studied by immunocytochemistry method and GSTP1 and total GSTA1 metabolic protein level spectrophotometer method. This study shows that DNA damage, intracellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis have increased due to the antioxidant properties of VO powder extract.GSTP1 activities by using ethacrynic acid as substrate were found statistically significant differences between all of the groups with oneway Annova test (** P <0.01).GSTP1 overexpressed in MCF-7 control cells and expression levels decreased in the MCF-7 groups that treatment with VO powder extract at different concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 µg/µL for 24, 48 and 72 h. This study provided the information that VO powder extract may be suitable for drug therapy efficacy at the molecular level.

The flora of pine forests of the vicinity of Hrafske village (Vovchansk District, Kharkiv Region)

The article presents the results of a study of the flora of pine forests in the vicinities of the villages Hrafske, Verkhnia Pysarivka, and Symonivka of the Vovchansk District of the Kharkiv Region. The flora of the investigated area includes at least 120 species of vascular plants of 47 families, five classes, and four divisions. The richest in the flora are the families Asteraceae (22 species; 18.3%), Poaceae (13 species; 10.8%), and Caryophyllaceae (10 species; 8.3%) that are characteristic of the pine forests of the Kharkiv Region. The presence of Crassulaceae (5 species; 4.2%) at the fifth position in the spectrum of dominating families is due to anthropogenic impact on the vegetation of the study area. Analysis of the flora ecological structure by three main abiotic factors (soil water regime, total salt regime, and light) has shown the typical conditions of the valley forests of the Kharkiv Region with a predominance of mesophytic and submesophytic (84 species; 70%), semieutrophic (64 species; 52.9%) and subheliophytic (88 species; 72.7%) groups of plants. In the coenotic structure of the flora of studied forests, the forest (38 species; 31.4%) and ruderal (37 species; 30.6%) fractions were the leading ones, while the third position was occupied by the psammophytic species (22; 18.2%). A high number of weeds in the flora composition is explained by urbanization. Fractional analysis of the flora has shown a predominance of native species (90; 75%), mainly apophytes (47; 39.2%), adapted to growing in disturbed habitats. The adventive fraction includes 30 species (25%), among which kenophytes and xenophytes predominate. Localities of three rare species (Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuch, Jurinea charkoviensis Klok., and Viburnum opulus (L.) Opiz.) were identified, which indicated conservation value of the study area. An index of the flora synanthropization (64.5%) is quite high due to ruderal species adapted to disturbed habitats. The studied valley forests are under anthropic pressure caused by nearby settlements via littering and deforestation, which results in flora impoverishment and the spread of alien plant species. Therefore, the forests in question require further monitoring.

Determination of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content and Antimicrobial Properties in Different Solvent Extracts of Viburnum opulus L. (Gilaburu) in Afyonkarahisar

This study determined the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of the Viburnum opulus (V. opulus) plant. V. opulus (Gilaburu) was collected from Ahırdağı northern slope, Kırka Town, Afyonkarahisar region, and its leaves, branches, and fruit parts were dried and powdered at room temperature. The total phenolic content was compared with the gallic acid standard, the total flavonoid content with the quercetin standard, and the iron chelating effect with the EDTA standard. All extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphyllococcus aureus, and Candida glabrata strains by the agar well diffusion method. Gilaburu is widely used in Turkey, especially in alternative medicine. It has been determined that the fruit part of the plant has better antimicrobial properties, and the amount of phenolic compounds increases in more polar solvents. In conclusion, the use of Gilaburu as a medicinal drug can be achieved with new research on bioactive substances, especially in fruit extract.

Bioactivity, volatile profile, and physicochemical properties of set‐type yogurt enriched with European cranberrybush ( Viburnum opulus L.) juice during storage

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using European cranberrybush (EC; Viburnum opulus L.) juice at three different concentrations (4%, 8%, 12%) on the quality attributes and shelf life (28 days, 4°C) of the yogurts. The addition of EC juice to yogurts promoted a significant increase in all bioactive components of the yogurts. Thirty-seven volatiles were identified as acids, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, esters, and alcohols. According to texture results, yogurts acted less firmly and consistently based on rising in EC juice concentration. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy results showed that with the addition of EC juice yogurt has a less compact network structure and bigger pores. The principal component analysis revealed that yogurts were distributed at least three quadrants of the score plot at each storage day and also in the preference map the samples were located in different percentages. Novelty impact statement This was the first study proving that European cranberrybush (V. opulus L.) is a promising alternative for increasing the bioactive properties of yogurt. The addition of European cranberrybush juice in yogurt also changed the volatile compound profile of the yogurt, in this regard thirty-seven volatiles were identified with ketones and acids predominating. The European cranberrybush juice addition to the yogurt led to different sensory characteristics, the control yogurt and EJ4 sample were located in the preference map where 80%–100% of the consumers would be satisfied.

STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ACTIVITY IN CONCENTRATED EXTRACTS OF CRANBERRY (VACCINIUM OXYCOCCUS), SEA BUCKTHORN (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.), BLACKBERRY (RUBUS FRUTICOSUS), VIBURNUM (VIBURNUM OPULUS L) AND MOUNTAIN ASH (SORBUS AUCUPARIA L.

Extracts and their concentrates can be considered as a source of biologically active ingredients of food products and as food additives to increase the consumption of useful substances of berries. The benefits gained from their use lead to the development of advanced technologies that can allow them to be extracted from the feedstock without significantly compromising the biological activity from the feedstock. In this paper, we studied the content of antioxidants and their activity in concentrated extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium Oxycoccus), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), viburnum (Viburnum opulus L.) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) berries. For all extracts, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins, antioxidant activity according to the DPPH method and iron-reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) were determined. Concentrated extracts of viburnum contain the largest amount of phenolic compounds (9.3±0.3 mol HA/l), flavonoids (1.96±0.08 mol K/l) and anthocyanins (0.26±0.02 mol CG/l) among the studied extracts. There is also a high total content of phenolic substances and flavonoids in blackberry and rowan extracts (5.7 mol HA/l, 1.33 mol K/l and 4.7 mol HA/l, 192 mol K / l, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the extract of viburnum berries showed a directly proportional dependence on the content of biologically active compounds in it: DPPH-method-2.4 mg / ml; FRAP-method-39.99 mmol Fe2+ / kg. Also, high levels were found in concentrated extracts of blackberries, sea buckthorn and mountain ash. It is the extracts of viburnum, blackberry and mountain ash that are recommended to be used in the production of food products to enrich them with biologically active substances and give them antioxidant properties. Cranberry and sea buckthorn extracts can be used in combination with other extracts.

Machine learning approach for predicting the antifungal effect of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) fruit extracts on Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased potato tubers

This work addresses the mathematical model building to detect the diameter of the inhibition zone of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) extract against eight different Fusarium strains isolated from diseased potato tubers. Gilaburu extracts were obtained with acetone, ethanol or methanol. The isolated Fusarium strains were: F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum, F. graminearum, F. coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F. auneaceum and F. culmorum. In general, it was observed that ethanolic extracts showed highest antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated with machine learning (ML) methods. Several ML methods (classification and regression trees (CART), support vector machines (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (k−NN), artificial neural network (ANN), ensemble algorithms (EA), AdaBoost (AB) algorithm, gradient boosting (GBM) algorithm, random forests (RF) bagging algorithm and extra trees (ET)) were applied and compared for modeling fungal growth. From this research, it is clear that ML methods have the lowest error level. As a result, ML methods are reliable, fast, and cheap tools for predicting the antifungal activity of gilaburu extracts. These encouraging results will attract more research efforts to implement ML into the field of food microbiology instead of traditional methods.

An Investigation into the Use of an Herbal Labor Induction Tincture Containing Black Cohosh, Cramp Bark, Partridgeberry, and Motherwort on Contractile Responses Produced from Isolated Strips of Mouse Uterine Tissues

An Investigation into the Use of an Herbal Labor Induction Tincture Containing Black Cohosh, Cramp Bark, Partridgeberry, and Motherwort on Contractile Responses Produced from Isolated Strips of Mouse Uterine Tissues

Gilaburu extract (Viburnum opulus Linnaeus) is as effective as Tamsulosin in medical expulsive therapy of distal ureteral calculi.

To compare the extract of Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus Linnaeus) and Tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy (MET) in patients with distal ureteral calculi of 10mm or less. Data of 86 patients were prospectively collected. The patients were divided into two groups. In the first group, Viburnum opulus 1000mg peroral 3×2 and diclofenac 50mg peroral on-demand (n=43), in the second group Tamsulosin 0.4mg peroral 1×1 and diclofenac 50mg peroral on-demand (n=43) was given for MET in patients with distal ureteral calculi. Stone expulsion rates, time until expulsion, additional analgesic requirement, need for emergency admission, need for additional treatment were evaluated. In addition, subgroup analyses of ≤5 and 5-10mm were also performed. There was no difference between the groups in terms of stone expulsion rates and time until the expulsion in all stones. Additional analgesic requirement and need for emergency admission were found to be lower in the Viburnum opulus group (37.2% vs 65.1%, P=.017 and 11.6% vs 34.8%, P=.02, respectively). In subgroup analyses, while stone expulsion rates were similar in subgroups, it was found shorter in the time until expulsion, lower additional analgesic requirement and need for emergency admission in V. opulus group than Tamsulosin group in 5-10mm stone size subgroup (7.1±4.2 vs 11.8±5.2, P=.005, 32.2% vs 77.7%, P=.001 and 12.9% vs 40.7%, respectively). V. opulus can be used effectively and safely for the treatment of MET in distal ureteral calculi.

Description of the Guelder Rose Fruit in Terms of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Compounds

The Viburnum opulus (guelder rose) fruit is a Polish native fruit that grows across almost the entire territory of the country, except for the Tatra Mountains. The fruits are rich in nutrients and biologically active compounds, however, they are rarely used for food production or as a dietary ingredient. This study assessed this fruit for dry matter (17.3% ± 0.7), extract (13% ± 0.53), titratable acidity (1.78 g/100 g ± 0.48), pectin (1.10% ± 0.97), vitamin C (47.79 mg/100 g ± 1.02), the amount of sugar identified as fructose (6.85 g/100 g ± 0.67), antioxidant activity, ABTS (14.64 ± 0.61 μM Trolox/100 g), FRAP (211.14 ± 1.04 µM Trolox/100 g) and total polyphenolic content TPC (1695.88 ± 0.86 mg GAE/100 g). The analysis of phenolic identification was performed using the ACQUITY Ultra Performance LC (UPLC) system with the binary solvent manager and PDA detector.

Reverse engineering of an anatomically equivalent nerve conduit.

Reconstruction of peripheral nervous tissue remains challenging in critical-sized defects due to the lack of Büngner bands from the proximal to the distal nerve ends. Conventional nerve guides fail to bridge the large-sized defect owing to the formation of a thin fibrin cable. Hence, in the present study, an attempt was made to reverse engineer the intricate epi-, peri- and endo-neurial tissues using Fused Deposition Modeling based 3D printing. Bovine serum albumin protein nanoflowers (NF) exhibiting Viburnum opulus 'Roseum' morphology were ingrained into 3D printed constructs without affecting its secondary structure to enhance the axonal guidance from proximal to distal ends of denuded nerve ends. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed the uniform distribution of protein NF in 3D printed constructs. The PC-12 cells cultured on protein ingrained 3D printed scaffolds demonstrated cytocompatibility, improved cell adhesion and extended neuronal projections with significantly higher intensities of NF-200 and tubulin expressions. Further suture-free fixation designed in the current 3D printed construct aids facile implantation of printed conduits to the transected nerve ends. Hence the protein ingrained 3D printed construct would be a promising substitute to treat longer peripheral nerve defects as its structural equivalence of endo- and perineurial organization along with the ingrained protein NF promote the neuronal extension towards the distal ends by minimizing axonal dispersion.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds from 14 landscape woody species: Tree species selection in the construction of urban greenspace with forest healthcare effects

Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) is an important part of forest healthcare effect, while it has not received enough attention in urban greenspace construction. Consequently, the aim of this study was to analyze BVOC emission rates and compositions released from leaves and flowers of landscape species in urban greenspace and to make suggestions for species selection and planting configuration in urban greenspace construction. BVOC emissions were collected and analyzed using dynamic flow enclosure technique with GC-MS in summer months (for leaf) and spring months (for flower) from 14 woody landscape species in northern China, which are 2 coniferous species (Pinus tabuliformis and Sabina vulgaris) and 12 broad-leaved species (Viburnum opulus, Kolkwitzia amabilis, Philadelphus pekinensis, Lonicera maackii, Cercis chinensis, Deutzia parviflora, Berberis thunbergia, Kerria japonica, Rosa xanthina, Syringa oblata, Syringa reticulata, and Cerasus serrulata). We found leaf emission rates of coniferous species were more than 20 μg∙g−1Dw∙h−1 and mainly consisted of monoterpenes, while that of sampled broad-leaved species were less than 10 μg∙g−1Dw∙h−1 and mainly consisted of fatty acid derivatives. Most broad-leaved species had relatively high emission rates of flowers, ranging from 15 to 115 μg∙g−1Dw∙h−1. Flower emissions of Syringa oblata and Syringa reticulata contained large amounts of aldehydes, and that of other broad-leaved species mainly contained terpenes, alcohols, and esters. We suggest the species with leaves that release large amounts of monoterpenes, and species with flowers that release large amounts of fragrant compounds are classified as healthcare species, while species with a dense crown and low emission rates of pungent compounds are classified as space-creation species. Based on this, planners could design urban greenspace with healthcare effects, and develop multi-functional, innovative, and sustainable urban greenspaces.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Evaluation of Some Medicinal Chinese Plant Extracts against Tribolium castaneum

Application of botanical pesticides is a new trend in pest control nowadays as an environmentally safe alternative measures for synthetic chemicals. Hence, this study was aimed to analyze the phytochemical constituents of four medicinal Chinese plants, namely Lonicera maackii, Platycladus orientalis, Viburnum opulus, and Crataegus pinnatifida, and to investigate the insecticidal potentialities of leaves extracts of these plants against Tribolium castaneum. The research was carried out under laboratory conditions, at the Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi University, China. Ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of the plant leaves were tested at different concentrations (5, 2.5, and 1.25% w/v). Yields of extracting materials, mortality and repellent effects were the important parameters evaluated. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoid, and terpenoids in C. pinnatifida, but the other plants contain some of these compounds. The highest ethyl acetate extract concentration (5%) of V. opulus and C. pinnatifida obtained the best mortality means (5.00±0.41 and 4.75±0.25a, respectively), compared to the other treatments, but without significant differences from the middle concentration (2.5%) of both extracts. In repellency test, L. maackii methanol achieved the highest repellency percentage (91.38%). The findings proved that ethyl acetate extract of V. opulus and C. pinnatifida are the best insecticidal treatment, whereas methanol extract of L. maackii is the best repellent effect, against T. castaneum. These three plants require additional studies to be assessed as a component in pest management of store pests.

The Effect of Simulated In Vitro Digestion on Biological Activity of Viburnum opulus Fruit Juices.

In the present study, an in vitro digestion method has been used to assay the influence of the physiological conditions in the mouth, stomach, and intestine on the stability and activity in different cell models of the main phenolic compounds from Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ), phenolic-rich juice (PJ), and the bioavailable fractions (DFJ and DPJ). The data obtained indicate that the V. opulus samples achieved after in vitro digestion had an influence on cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. The bioavailable fraction of both digested juices stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid accumulation by L6 myoblasts and HepG2 hepatocytes. Both DFJ and DPJ reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Simultaneously, DFJ and DPJ enhanced oxidative stress in MIN6 cells and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). UPLC–MS analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in hydroxycinnamic acids. In particular, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased drastically; its content in the bioavailable fraction was almost 7 times and 30 times lower than in the FJ and PJ, respectively. Our results suggested that although the phenolic compounds of V. opulus juices undergo transformation during digestion, they are still potent antioxidant agents with biological activity.

Screening of different fruit extracts from Viburnum opulus L. as inhibitors of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and antioxidants: a comparative evaluation

Screening of different fruit extracts from Viburnum opulus L. as inhibitors of key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and antioxidants: a comparative evaluation

Pathogenicity and Host Range of Pythium kashmirense-A Soil-Borne Oomycete Recently Discovered in the UK.

During a survey of oomycetes in ornamental plants carried out at the University of Aberdeen in 2014–2015, Pythium kashmirense was isolated from a specimen of Viburnum plicatum ‘Lanarth’, the first report of this oomycete in the UK (and in Europe). Pathogenicity of a Py. kashmirense isolate was examined using a range of plant species. Inoculations were carried out under controlled conditions in the absence of other Pythium and Phytophthora species, on Glycine max (soya bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Lupinus angustifolius (blue lupin), Cucumis sativa (cucumber) and Viburnum opulus. The majority of inoculations caused pre-emergence damping-off, as well as seed rot and root rot. In the in vitro assays, germination rates (%) of soya bean and blue lupin seeds were less than 50%; in the in vivo inoculations on plants, over 50% of soya bean, blue lupin and common bean plants died; in contrast, cucumber plants showed lower susceptibility in pathogenicity tests, with an approximately 80% germination rate in in vitro tests, and 25% dead plants in the in planta inoculations. Inoculations carried out on root systems of Viburnum opulus caused severe necrosis and root rot. Little research was previously conducted on pathogenicity of Py. kashmirense and its relationship with losses in crop yield and quality. The present study showed varying virulence on the different plant species tested after inoculation with Py. kashmirense. Despite the lack of clear host specialization, infection by Py. kashmirense decreased seedling survival and health of plants in a range of important agricultural and ornamental plant species.

Drinks based on milk whey using fruit syrup from wild plants

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in whey drinks. It is possible to expand the range of whey drinks and regulate their nutritional value due to the wide use of a variety of fillers. Non-traditional local plant materials can be used as fillers. The products of processing (powders, juices, syrups) of fruits and berries are more and more widely used. The value of wild fruits, along with a pleasant taste, is determined by the content of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other biologically active substances that play an important role in human nutrition, regulate metabolic processes, and affect the functions of individual organs. The aim of the research is to study the effect of fruit syrups on the nutritional value of whey drinks. The fruits of the following wild plants are consid- ered as the objects: common viburnum (Viburnum opulus), cinnamon rosehip (Rosa cinnamomeal), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). The choice of raspberries, rose hips and viburnum as raw materials for enriching drinks is due to the high content of biologically active substances, such as vitamins C, B, E, a fairly large raw material base, environmental friendliness, and availability. The article considers the results of the use of fruit syrups obtained from rose hips, viburnum and raspberries in the preparation of whey drinks. The influence of the dosage of fruit syrups (5 %, 10 % and 15 %) on the organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of whey drinks has been established. The optimal dosages of syrups from fruits of wild plants in the preparation of whey drinks have been determined. Rosehip, viburnum and raspberry syrups have a high nutritional value, which will enrich whey drinks and give them a functional focus.

Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity Assessment of European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L). Fruit Extract

Abstract Objectives The intake of the high dose of polyphenols might cause adverse health effects on humans, in such cases, toxicological testing may be required to ensure safe levels of intake. In the present study, acute and subacute oral toxicity studies of polyphenol-rich European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) (ECB) fruit extract were evaluated to ensure the safe use of this extract. Methods In acute toxicity, freshly prepared ECB extract dissolved in distilled water was administrated to Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg and signs of toxicity and mortality was observed. In subacute toxicity, Balb-c mice were administrated orally at 500 (low dose) and 2000 mg/kg (high dose) of ECB extract for 28 days and their mortality, clinical signs and, body weight were recorded on a daily and weekly basis, respectively. At the end of 28 days, while blood samples from each animal were taken for hematological and biochemical analysis, vital organs were taken for histopathological examination. Results In acute toxicity study, ECB extract showed no toxicological signs observed on behavioral change and body weight of rats after 14 days indicating that the lethal dose (LD50) of the ECB fruit extract might be higher than 2000 mg/kg. No death and no abnormal clinical signs were also recorded in subacute toxicity study. However, the increment in body weight of administrated high dose of ECB extract animals were significantly lower than control (P &amp;gt; 0.05). High dose of ECB fruit extract induced the level of in some hematological parameters. Even amylase and lipase values were lower than normal ranges at high dose animals, other biochemical parameters results were not significantly different from the controls. In histopathological examination, the total histopathological scores ECB extract administrated mice at both doses were showed normal histological features in many tissues compared to control. However, administrated with a high dose of ECB extract showed significant changes in kidney, liver, and adipose tissue that were alterations (edema, infiltration, and bleeding) compared to control. Conclusions These findings indicated that polyphenol-rich ECB extract might show a toxic effect at a high dose (2000 mg/kg) and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ECB extract was 500 mg/kg ECB fruit juice. Funding Sources This study was supported by Yeditepe University.

Extraction method affects seed oil yield, composition, and antioxidant properties of European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus)

European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus) seed oil is generating considerable interest in terms of rich nutrient composition and health benefits. Seed oil can be used in food, medicine as well as in cosmetics. Previous work has only focused on lipid content and composition by a conventional method. Our knowledge of V. opulus seed oil extraction and characteristics are largely based on very limited data. This paper presents a new approach on the impact of extraction techniques on oil yield, oil composition, antioxidant properties, and phenolic content of V. opulus seed oil. Physicochemical analyses, Fourier transfer infrared analysis (FTIR), and thermal behavior of oil extracts obtained through these techniques were also evaluated. The oil yield is optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) design. The maximum oil yield was found as 77.7 % ultrasonic power, 5 g/100 mL solid/solvent ratio, and 10 min extraction time for ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE). Besides, the highest yield of 7.35 %, was observed at the microwave power of 460, solid to solvent ratio of 10 g/100 mL and extraction time of 5 min for microwave-assisted extraction (MWAE). The strength of the FTIR band at 1743 cm−1 indicated that the total lipid content was found to be higher in MWAE compared with other extraction types. The extraction type did not alter the fatty acid composition and oil quality significantly but increased the oil yield. MWAE and USAE could be used as an alternative green extraction technique with increased oil yield without oil deterioration.

Retention of polyphenols and vitamin C in cranberrybush purée (Viburnum opulus) by means of non-thermal treatments

The effects of high pressure processing (HPP; 200–600 MPa for 5 or 15 min) and pulsed electric field (PEF; 3 kV/cm, 5–15 kJ/kg) treatment on physicochemical properties (conductivity, pH and total soluble solids content), bioactive compounds (vitamin C, total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) and chlorogenic acid contents), antioxidant capacities (DPPH and CUPRAC assays) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of cranberrybush purée were evaluated immediately after processing. The results were compared to an untreated purée. According to the results, conductivity increased significantly after PEF (15 kJ/kg) treatment. PEF and HPP treatments resulted in a better retention of bioactive compounds (increase in TPC in the range of ~4–11% and ~10–14% and TFC in the range of ~1–5% and ~6–8% after HPP and PEF, respectively) and antioxidant activity (as measured with CUPRAC method) compared to untreated sample. HPP reduced residual enzyme activity of PPO comparatively better than PEF.