Abstract
In the present study, an in vitro digestion method has been used to assay the influence of the physiological conditions in the mouth, stomach, and intestine on the stability and activity in different cell models of the main phenolic compounds from Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ), phenolic-rich juice (PJ), and the bioavailable fractions (DFJ and DPJ). The data obtained indicate that the V. opulus samples achieved after in vitro digestion had an influence on cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. The bioavailable fraction of both digested juices stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid accumulation by L6 myoblasts and HepG2 hepatocytes. Both DFJ and DPJ reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Simultaneously, DFJ and DPJ enhanced oxidative stress in MIN6 cells and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). UPLC–MS analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in hydroxycinnamic acids. In particular, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased drastically; its content in the bioavailable fraction was almost 7 times and 30 times lower than in the FJ and PJ, respectively. Our results suggested that although the phenolic compounds of V. opulus juices undergo transformation during digestion, they are still potent antioxidant agents with biological activity.
Highlights
Viburnum opulus L. belongs to the Viburnum L. genus from the Adoxaceae family and this shrub is common in natural habitats in Europe, North Asia, and North Africa, and in the central zone of Russia
The Influence of In-Vitro-Digested V. opulus Juice Samples on Metabolic Activity of Cells Previous studies revealing the biological potential of V. opulus preparation3sofo2n2 metabolic activity allowed the determination of the maximum concentration without cytotoxic effect (IC0) on the metabolic activity of various types of cell lines, i.e., MIN6, 3T3fLe1c,t HonepthGe2m[1e0ta,1b5o–l1ic7]a.ctBivasiteydofonvatrhioeusprtyevpieosuosf rceesllulitns,est,hie.e.f,rMesIhNj6u,i3ceT3(-FLJ1), atnda HcoenpcGen2tr[1a0ti,o1n5–o1f7]1.0B0aμsegdoofndtrhyewpreeigvhiotuosfrjeusiucelt/sm, tLh,eafnredshpujurifcieed(FjJu) iactea(PcoJ)nacet n2t5raμtigo/nmoLf, 1w0e0rμe gusoefddarys twheigrehfteroefnjuceicvea/lmueLs, taoncdopmupraifiredthjue ibcieo(lPogJ)icaatl2e5ffμegct/smofLt,hweecroeruressepdoansdtihneg rdeifgeersetnecdepvraelpuaersatoiocnosm
The current results show the significant influence of the digestion process on the transformation of hydroxycinnamic acids—the dominant phenolic components of the tested samples obtained from V. opulus fresh fruits (Table 1)
Summary
Viburnum opulus L. belongs to the Viburnum L. genus from the Adoxaceae family and this shrub is common in natural habitats in Europe, North Asia, and North Africa, and in the central zone of Russia. The fruit of V. opulus has a light red, red, or dark red skin, is bitter with a strong astringent taste, and is not preferred for direct consumption [1]. These fruits are used for preparing jam, jelly, cordials, and liqueurs, and “Kalinnikov” pies as well as herbal teas [2,3]. The study demonstrated that V. opulus fruit juice and juice enriched with phenolic compounds decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased insulin secretion at a low glucose concentration, and intensified free fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation in the mouse insulinoma cell line MIN6 [16]. Karakurt et al showed that methanol extract of V. opulus fruit inhibits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells DLD-1 and HT-29 by increasing DLD-1 cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase in HT-29 cells [18]
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