Etymological Research Research Articles

Шапошников Александр Константинович:жизнь в науке и творчестве

The article is dedicated to the memory of Alexander Konstantinovich Shaposhnikov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), researcher of the Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the V.V. Vinogradov Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a student of Ninel Zeynalovna Gadzhieva, he received her advice in the field of comparative studies, Turkology and Altaic studies, which were later embodied in the candidate’s thesis of A.K. Shaposhnikov, as well as in many research works. Later, his supervisor was an outstanding researcher, academician Oleg Nikolaevich Trubachev. The talented student of the academician continued the research of his teacher and became a famous lexicographer, etymologist, author and compiler of a number of academic, popular academic works and translations. The topic of the candidate’s dissertation «The experience of reconstruction of the relic language (based on materials 169М.А. Бурибаева, Д.Б. Аманжолова, Н.Ж. Шаймерденова Turkic Studies Journal 4 (2022) 149-170related to the Khazar Khaganate)» was carried out under the supervision of N.G. Gadzhieva and O.N. Trubachev in 1992. This research direction became the starting point in all the further activities of A.K. Shaposhnikov, defining the scope of his scientific interests related to historical lexicography, etymology, ancient onomastics, mythology, as well as translations of ancient texts (from ancient Greek, Latin). For several years, he was the head of the annual readings in memory of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences O.N. Trubachev from the cycle «Northern Black Sea Region: to the origins of Slavic culture».A.K. Shaposhnikov has repeatedly visited Kazakhstan and participated in linguistic forums, closely cooperated with Kazakh researchers engaged in etymological research, Turkic-Slavic language contacts, the language of monuments of Russian writing of various periods, and, most importantly, lectured and participated in a joint (with Kazakh researchers) international project on the lexicographic description of Turkisms in Slavic languages in 2013-2014. A.K. Shaposhnikov together with Kazakh researchers worked on the project «Corpus of Turkic language units in East Slavic languages: ways of penetration and adaptation», the purpose of which was a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic study of the features of semantics and functioning of Turkisms in heterogeneous and homogeneous languages, followed by the compilation of a Dictionary of Turkisms. Alexander Konstantinovich Shaposhnikov died from complications caused by viral pneumonia on July 7, 2021, leaving behind numerous studies in the field of lexicography, etymology and onomastics.

Νεοελληνική ετυμολογία: νέα δεδομένα και ετυμολογική αναθεώρηση λεξιλογίου της Νεοελληνικής Κοινής

This article discusses the results of our etymological research based on the fundamental principle of the Historical Dictionary of Modern Greek (ILNE), according to which correct etymology can only be achieved through total examination and comparison of both available sources and dialectal data (see principles in the Ν ew Manual of Regulations of ILNE). We present fresh etymological data and new etymological proposals for words of Standard Modern Greek vocabulary, such as ξυρίζeι-ξουρίζeι (ο αέρας) ‘for cold air, it blows’, κοκό ‘egg, dessert’, πατσαβούρα ‘rag’, ρέντα ‘a run of success, luck ’, ξeνοκοιτάζω ‘I seek for extramarital relations’.

Varro, the Name-Givers, and the Lawgivers: The Case of the Consuls

Abstract This essay aims at identifying a tradition of lawgivers in the political culture of the late Republic. It focuses on the antiquarian tradition of the second half of the first century BC, which, it argues, should be considered part of the wider quest for legal normativism that takes place towards the end of the Republic. By reconstructing the intellectual debates on the nature of the consulship, which at the time was carried out through the means of etymological research, this essay shows that, when set within its proper philosophical framework, ancient etymological studies acted as a search for philosophical truth and, in the case of Varro, identify the early kings as the first Roman lawgivers. In turn, the language of political institutions and its etymologies, conceived along philosophical lines, could become a weapon in the constitutional battles of the late Republic.

СУЩНОСТЬ ПОНЯТИЯ «ГРУППОВОЙ ПОРТРЕТ» И ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЖАНРА ГРУППОВОГО ПОРТРЕТА

This article is devoted to identifying the uniqueness of the works of the genre "group portrait" by etymological research of the concept "group portrait", identifying the typology of this genre, exploring the traditional possibilities of its systematization in order to comprehensively consider the essence of the group portrait in the research tradition. The aim of the study is to deepen the understanding of the genre of group portrait and its specific features. The methodological bases of the research are the basic categories of the theory of reflection of G. V. F. Hegel, the basic principles of the synthetic concept of the ideal by D. V. Pivovarov, the theory of fine art by V. I. Zhukovsky, N. P. Koptseva, as well as general scientific empirical and theoretical research methods.

ON THE TEACHING OF UZBEK DIALECTOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD

The problems of Uzbek dialectology in the period from the 1920s to the 1980s were not strictly regulated. The reason for writing this article is that while we are talking about the theory and practice of dialectology in other languages, we are only focusing on general issues of dialectology. It seems that all Uzbek dialects have been studied, but it is clear that our dialects have not been fully studied. phonetic, lexicographic, morphological, morph phonological, grammatical, statistical and etymological research. It is time to seriously consider the implementation of dialectological theory and the interdependence of dialectological practices. There are a number of things to keep in mind.

„KAŠA“ U KULTURI I LEKSIČKOM SISTEMU SRPSKOG I RUSKOG NARODA

In order to show the importance of porridge as Slavic peoples’ oldest dish, hence one of the cultural concepts in Slavic cultures, the relevant conclusions of ethnographic, histori- cal, ethnolinguistic and etymological research on porridge are given at the beginning of the paper. The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the importance of porridge in the everyday life of Slavs on the status of the lexeme by which it is named in two modern Slavic languages ​​- Serbian and Russian. After a comparative analysis, it can be concluded that the lexeme porridge does not possess rich polysemy, derivation and phraseology, in either of these two languages, yet its significance is reflected in the semantic specificity (underspecification) and the status of the standard in both languages.

Onomastic research in the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: Origin, current state, and prospects

This article analyses the basic stages of onomastic studies development at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine since the 1950s till the present within the Potebnia Institute of Linguistics. The paper focuses on Institute’s main directions and ideas, e.g., etymological research in hydronymics, anthroponimics, oikonimics, and ethno- nimics based on the traditions of comparative-historical approach. It also reveals important issues of contemporary studies as follows: 1) the etymology of proper nouns, i.e., personal, geographical and ethnic names, with respect to the systematic and historical approaches; 2) lexicographic studies on anthroponyms, hydronyms, and oikonyms; analysis of modern onimicon of Ukraine in accordance with current spelling norms of Standard Ukrainian; 3) systematization of the Ukrainian onomastic research and indexes. The achievements of the Ukrainian onomastics are reinterpreted through the lenses of numerous monographs, scientific collections, and historical and etymological dictionaries of hydronyms and oikonyms. A periodical Study of Onomastics and Etymology is viewed as a successful case of cooperation with the Ukrainian Language Insti-tute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and regional onomastic centers to share the outcome of national onomastic research outside Ukraine. The article outlines main goals that the Ukrainian academic onomastics must achieve, such as the following: 1) to develop Ukrainian onomastic science on the basis of objective data analysis, e.g., from the characteristics of a single fact to the concept formulation; 2) to expand the empirical basis of onomastic research; 3) to promote outcomes of onomastic studies among students of national Ukrainian universities. Keywords: onomastics, onomastic card index, onomastic studies, traditions of comparative-historical linguistics, onomastics group in the Department of History of the Ukrainian Language and the Institute of the Ukrainian language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Onomastic heritage in diachrony: On the material of oikonyms in the Kyiv region

This article is devoted to the issues of historical oikonyms, whose general background is illustrated by etymological comments on specific examples from the oikonymicon of the Kyiv region. The etymology of an oikonym is not limited to the analysis of the etymon but also refers to the development of a particular word in general. Conceivably, reconstruction of the original oiko- nymicon is hardly possible, but a new discovery, even the attestation of a hitherto unknown renaming contributes to furthering our knowledge about the onomastic heritage. The article presents fragments of word-formation and etymological research relatable to the Kyiv region. The author reconstructs some Proto-Slavic forms, fills gaps in practically destroyed lexical nests, and looks in the lost appellatives and anthroponyms. Since the disappearance of words from the historical vocabulary is natural, the lexical basis of the onym, e.g., Berezan, Deremezna, Shkneva, largely remains almost the only evidence of plausible East Slavic features. The author uses the comparative-historical (etymological) method and the method of internal reconstruction. This is a reliable way not only to reconstruct the lost lexical structure of the language and local dialect rarities tending to enrich the lexicon but also to discover ethnic movements and migration processes of the population on both the right and left banks of the Dnieper River. Keywords: oikonym, etymology, word-forming model, anthroponym, appellative.

Śladami Yakova Malkiela: etymologia z tekstem, tekst z kontekstem

A critical appraisal is attempted of the three structurally-designated theses that are typically voiced in relation to what etymology is and what it consists in: (i) etymology is diachronic in scope, (ii) etymology involves the reconstruction of proto-forms and proto-senses, and (iii) etymology is based on the earliest possible attestations. The examination is guided and motivated by Yakov Malkiel's etymological research as well as by selected studies of the Lublin-based cognitive ethnolinguists. It is, then, concluded that etymological investigations are more likely to be productive and successful if (i) the temporal perspective employed is that of panchrony, not of the diachrony-synchrony distinction, (ii) the reconstruction aims at identifying ways of cross-generational conceptualisation (mentalities), rather than original forms, and (iii) the examination includes the whole of the historical spectrum of attestations, not just earliest records. This all leads to a full appreciation of the kind of etymology that feeds on texts, not words or lexemes, and on cognitive and experiential contexts, not on purely linguistic abstractions.

Етимологічний аналіз сакральної праслов’янської лексики в світлі мовно-історичних ідей І. Огієнка

The article deals with etymological and derivational analysis of some proper names of sacral vocabulary of proto-Slavonic origin paying attention to the semantic aspect and the problems of forming stems productivity. The author emphasizes that the idea of a dynamic approach to the systematic study of language, suggested by the prominent linguist Baudouin de Courtenay, has become increasingly relevant in mod-ern linguistics. This tendency is well grounded, because it is the historical aspect of linguistic studies, the combination of synchronous and diachronic methods allows not only to record and describe language phenomena, but also to explain them, revealing the causes, patterns and features of language systems evolution.Of particular interest are the peculiarities of derivative processes in ancient languages, because their solution is connected not only with the formation and development of lan-guage as a system, but also with the problems of consciousness and thinking evolution. The author identifi es that not all functional word-forming models of the Slavonic language system have been analyzed by researchers of historical derivation processes.The attention to the proper names of the sacred vocabulary of Slavonic origin is caused by the fact that these lexical units show the initial semantics, motivation, peculi-arities of the Slavonic derivation. The author says that in modern linguistics it is accept-able to identify the gods of the Slavonic and other pantheons and, accordingly, to borrow in the Slavonic languages their own sacred names. The purpose of the article was to ana-lyze the Slavonic sacral lexical units, whose etymological analysis is absent, or doubtful in terms of the semantic criterion, with the emphasis on the problem of stems productiv-ity in proto-language (with main criterion of etymological research maintained).The author emphasizes that deep etymological researches should be carried out with observance of the basic criteria, phonetic – word-making and semantic in particular.The article presents an analysis of the proper names with sacred subjects, which or-ganically refl ect the ancient man’s worldview, demonstrating their formation according to certain, with clear structure, word-forming models. The evidence that such models are common Slavonic, with the Slavonic proto-forms in their basis, refutes the belief in the scientifi c literature that the Slavonic sacred vocabulary is predominantly borrowed.

On the development of *i in Permic

The article revisits the development of Proto-Uralic close front *i in Proto-Permic. Two regular reflexes of *i have been posited in earlier literature: *i and *e. In a survey of preexisting etymological research, a third reflex *i̮ is identified as also being similarly abundant, which motivates rehabilitating several etymological comparisons that have been rejected as irregular in recent critical works. Altogether 17 examples of PP *i̮ continuing earlier *i are discussed in some detail. Typical phonological environments for the development of *i̮ are further identified, and several open problems are shown to remain. Lastly some implications of the results for future research are suggested.

Методы и задачи этимологических исследований лексики тюркских, монгольских и тунгусо-маньчжурских языков в контексте общих проблем современного сравнительноисторического языкознания

Introduction. The article discusses contemporary comparative-historical Altaic studies and problems of interpreting genetic and areal relations between Altaiс languages in educational discourse. Goals. The paper seeks to show that available Altaic linguistic constructs are largely determined by inertial outdated ideas about supposed affinities between independent groups of languages, and that many research paradigms in contemporary Turkology and Mongolian studies still remain somewhat biased and, thus, aimed at previously known negative results. At the same time, those are achievements in general Altaic reconstructions that yield a most reliable apparatus to separate general Altaic lexemes and original protoforms — from multidirectional borrowings, the presence of which was never denied by Altaists. So, the study theoretically analyzes ideas about the nature of relations between Altaiс languages through the lens of experience accumulated by Indo-European linguistics focusing on a group of languages with undeniable genetic ties. Materials and Methods. The work newly compares some Mongolic, Tungus-Manchu, and Turkic words, which reveals new phonetic correspondences hidden by historical changes in phonetic word structures of Turkic and partly Tungus-Manchu languages. Results. The paper substantiates a genetic kinship of Altaiс languages, and eliminates the reconstruction drawbacks identified by Acad. B. A. Serebrennikov. Conclusions. When it comes to etymological research of Altaic vocabularies, experience of Indo-European linguistics represented in textbooks and etymological dictionaries may prove instrumental enough.

Just an Etymological Note: The Case of Megrelian aӡmax-i, azmax-i ‘puddle, pool, pond’

It is a well-known fact that the stage of etymological research forms a quite slippery floor in particular when dealing with possible loans from tongues beyond the domain of one’s specialization. The present article is concerned with a case where a narrow, i.e. an internal caucasological view on the etymology of a word delivers already a quite plausible and convincing result, which, however, in a wider areal framing, offering a serious alternative, appears to be untenable. This alternative, definitely a preferable view, focusing on the word’s Turkish origin, will be introduced through a thorough discussion highlighting many aspects relevant for robust etymological research. The term in question is, of course, TURKISH azmak ‘marshland, swamp’.

Aspects regarding the treatment of neologisms in DELR. Completing previous etymological explanations

}This paper’s authors, who are also authors and coordinators of DELR, discuss the etymological treatment of neologisms in Romanian academic dictionaries, with a special emphasis on words starting with the letters A–D. The paper comprises some original etymologies, completing and correcting the solutions previously proposed by DEX and DLR. This endeavour calls for a fresh overview of the main criteria used by lexicographers in scientific etymological research, and for a re-evaluation of several concepts such as multiple etymology or mixed etymology. The paper discusses the origins of 132 words and is organized according to the main criterion that underlay the authors’ option for a certain etymological solution.

Phonesthetics and the etymologies ofbloodandbone

The etymologies of Englishbloodandboneare obscure. Although their cognates are well represented in the Germanic family, both lack clear cognates in other Indo-European languages. Various explanations for their origins have been proposed, including that they may be non-Indo-European (e.g. Hawkins 1987).Bloodandbone, and their cognates, share an initial /b/ with numerous body-related words (e.g.beard,breast,bosom) throughout Germanic. This initial /b/ constitutes a phonestheme. Phonesthemes – ‘recurring sound-meaning pairings that are not clearly contrastive morphemes’ (Bergen 2004: 290) – are present in many Germanic languages, but their role in lexicogenesis is little understood. I suggest thatbloodandbonewere formed by blending the initial /b/ phonestheme with two pre-existing lexemes: Proto-Germanic *flōda- ‘something that flows’ and *staina- ‘stone’. Phonesthetic blending may be a fruitful avenue for future etymological research.

Alberto Savinio and the Myth of Babel: Homecoming, Genealogies, and Translation in Hermaphrodito

ABSTRACT This article approaches Alberto Savinio’s multifaceted oeuvre by interpreting his avant-garde novel Hermaphrodito (1918) through its epistemological, linguistic, and political implications. Hermaphrodito challenges the identification between languages and peoples by radicalising Nietzsche’s etymological research begun in The Genealogy of Morals (1887). Through the autobiographical yet fantastic narrative of his ‘homecoming’ to his native Greece during World War I, Savinio reveals the neglected ontological multiplicity at the core of Western civilisation, questioning one of its fundamental myths – the original unity of languages represented by the world before the Tower of Babel, a world in which translation was not needed. While realising at the end of the novel that ‘home is the real enigma’, Savinio ventures into a linguistic territory where untranslatability defies what Derrida has named ‘the identificatory modality’ between the autobiographical ‘I’ and a singular mother tongue. Savinio’s own reappraisal of Hermaphrodito during World War II parallels his conversion to democratic ideas after a long self-imposed repression of his own diversity. His unorthodox prose illuminates the void of meaning behind the assumed stability of national narratives and gender divides.

Межъязыковая омонимия как проявление формально-со-держательной языковой асимметрии

We analyze Slavic interlingual cognate-homonyms in terms of content. The aim of the study is to explore the process of semantic deviations of modern words with initially common etymon and to reveal the reasons of such deviations. The main methods of linguistic research are comparative, comparative-historical and component analysis. The problem of Slavic interlanguage homonymy is connected, on the one hand, with the globalization of communication, as the result of which the importance of linguistic comparative analysis is increased in modern language study, and, on the other hand, it is connected with the division of the Slavic world, which makes the revival of the Slavic historical roots urgent. The novelty of the research is due to the systematic approach to the study of cognate-homonyms. The optimal system for studying homogeneous homonyms is the diachronic field. We reveal that the foundation of the diachronic fields’ evolution, which supplied the material of Slavic interlingual cognate-homonyms, is continual generating of polysemants, the consecutive one being modeled on the basis of the prototype generated by the previous. We substantiate that semantic deviation in modern words with a common etymon and consequently the formation of homonyms is determined by the split of a polysemant in the process of breaking classificational and associative connections which define its integrity, and subsequent actualization of polysemantic complexes (fragments) and separate meanings. We conclude that it is possible to use the study results in etymological research in the reconstruction of prototypes and original polysemy as a source of late homonymy.

Formation of the oikonym system in archaic regions of Ukraine (on the example of the settlement names of modern Vinnychchyna and Khmelnychchyna)

Abstract: The research of the history of a particular region involves the study of the history of its settlement, which is manifested in the names of settlements. Thus, oikonyms as linguistic phenomenons contain linguistic, as well as historical, geographical and ethnographic information. They can be found out using the help of special onomastic studies. Historical and etymological research of the names of villages, settlements, cities, towns is one of the priority tasks not only of Ukrainian or Slavic, but also of world onomastics in general. The names of settlements provide different periods of history of that time in other regions, accumulate extremely diverse information about the peculiarities of the development of a particular area, namely: the ethnic composition of the first settlers, the specialty of their material and spiritual culture, the characteristic features of topographic objects called by the corresponding oikonyms. Of fundamental importance for the formation of the oikonymicon of a certain region is time and with the help of its settlement. As you know, Podolsk land belongs to the long-developed regions of man. A review of the history of this region shows that the formation of a system of settlement names within the modern Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions, which are the main part of the historical Podillya, dates back to ancient times, at least the ancient Ukrainian period. This is indicated primarily by the specific word-forming structure of local oikonyms and the nature of their creative bases. The ancient settlements of these areas, the names of which were formed on Ukrainian soil, include such, for example, Bershad, Brailiv, Bratslav, Vinnytsia, Kopaihorod, Tyvriv (Vinnytsia region), Velyka Yaromyrka (initially Yaromyrka), Volochysk (initially Volochyshcha), Dobrohoshcha, Zhvanets, Kytaihorod, Medzhybizh, Smotrych (Khmelnytsky region) and other. The article focuses on the peculiarities of the formation of the oikonymykon of Podillya within the modern Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions, analyzes the main structural and derivational types of names of settlements in these regions, found that the characteristic feature of oikonyms of the studied areas is the presence of many names the ancient nature of the settlement of these areas. Keywords: appellation, anthroponym, history of Podillya, oikonym, oikonym system, word-forming model.

A contribution to the study of the psl *kovylъ/*kovylь ‘Stipa pennata’

Contemporary etymological research is largely aimed at rethinking hitherto offered etymological solutions, especially for words that do not have a generally accepted interpretation. One of those words is PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? ?feather-grass, Stipa pennata?, whose continuants are attested mainly in Eastern and Southern Slavic languages: Ru. kovy?, kovyl, Ukr. kovi?, kovila, Bel. kavy?, Bulg. kovil, koil, kofi l, Mac. kovil, kofi l, SCr. kovilje, Sln. kovilje. The etymological literature has drawn attention to the potential connection of PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? with the verb *kovy?ati (s?) ?to swing, wobble, stagger?, even though this verb does not have a unanimously accepted interpretation either. This paper departs from the assumption that the phytonym and verb under consideration have a common origin, and that the prefi x *ko- is distinguished in both forms. The verb is related to PSl *v?lati, v?laj? ?to swing, swing on waves?, related to PSl *v?lna ?wave?, *valiti (s?) ?to roll?, and ultimately boils down to the IE root *?elH- ?to roll?. As among the continuants and derivatives of the PSl verb *v?lati there is a variation of the reduced vowels (-?- : -?-) at the root (cf. OCS v?lajati s? ?to oscillate (about waves)?, etc.), forms with the vocalism -?- could serve as a basis for the occurrence of the secondary ablaut *v?l- / *vyl-. Thus, from the unconfirmed prefixed form *ko-v?lati s? (a form without the prefix *v?lati s? is reconstructed!), an intense / iterative *kovyl(j)ati s? could be created in the same meaning. The variance of -ati / -jati can be explained from the original *kovylati, kovilj? (s?), with the subsequent spread of the palatal ? from the present tense stem to the infinitive stem. This also explains the variation of the palatal and non-palatal l at the end of the stem of the deverbal noun *kovyl? / *kovyl?.

Этимологическая память слова

<p>Artykuł jest syntetycznym przeglądem badań etymologicznych ostatniego półwiecza, dzięki którym zostały zrekonstruowane ważne obszary prasłowiańskiej kultury duchowej i materialnej związane z trybem życia, gospodarką, uprawą roli, hodowlą zwierząt i ptaków, polowaniem i rybołówstwem, zbieractwem, rzemiosłami oraz społecznymi relacjami i wartościami religijnymi. Semantyczna mapa kultury prasłowiańskiej została wypełniona dzięki zastosowanej przez etymologów metodologii przezwyciężającej podejście do słowa jako izolowanej jednostki i uwzględniającej przestrzeń „kontekstową”.</p>W artykule szczególną uwagę poświęcono pracom uzupełniającym rekonstrukcję obrazu świata starożytnych Słowian w trzech obszarach związanych ze społeczną organizacją życia, nazewnictwem stopni pokrewieństwa oraz relacji międzyludzkich. Są to: 1) system pojęć i terminów starożytnego prawa Słowian, 2) kluczowa opozycja swój : obcy, badana w kontekście etymologii i semantyki prasłowiańskiej leksyki opisującej więzi krwi, 3) obszar prasłowiańskiej aksjologii (analiza derywatów z prefiksem bez- oraz takich kluczowych pojęć, jak ‘dola’ i ‘mera’ [miara]).