Etymological Analysis Research Articles

Methodical ways of studying proper names in professional discourse while teaching a foreign language to the students of agrarian universities

This article considers the effectiveness of using proper names in teaching a professional foreign language English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to students of various agricultural specialties. In modern studying programs, almost no attention is paid to the study of the proper name, which occupies an essential place in the vocabulary of any language, reflecting important aspects of its history and culture development. Onomastics as a specific branch of linguistics has been formed at the cross point of several fields. The achievements of the regional onomastics determine the source of information relevant for foreign language teachers at the agrarian Universities. The study of writing and culture relicts, data from etymological dictionaries, local history and literature, research of groups of zoonyms, toponyms and anthroponyms determine the necessity of developing and applying new methodological techniques and technologies. All of the above determines the relevance of this article’s topic and defines its goals: to consider the effectiveness of using proper names when learning a foreign language applicable in professional activities; to present effective methodological techniques that contribute to the development of professional competencies. In preparing this article, such methods of scientific analysis and generalization were applied as descriptive, methods of etymological analysis, as well as elements of comparative and typological analysis.

Etymological analysis of some oikonyms of the Babek district

Etymological analysis of some oikonyms of the Babek district

Об общепермском названии болота в удмуртском языке

the article proposes to trace the history of fixation of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language, which was first recorded in the earliest written documents (XVIII century). To present the dynamics of changes in the graphic design and semantics of a word, data from some of the most important lexicographic sources of the XIX–XXI centuries are presented. Objective: to identify the concept kud ‘swamp’ in the monuments of early Udmurt writing; to consider its semantic evolution and etymology. Research materials: written monuments of the XVIII–XIX centuries, lexicographic works on the Udmurt language, as well as data from related and contacting languages. Results and novelty of the research: our work provides for the first time the written history (from the XVIII century to the present day) of the lexeme kud ‘swamp’ in the Udmurt language. The initial fixation of Udmurt words in various kinds of handwritten and printed dictionaries and grammars dates back to the beginning of the emergence of Udmurt writing – 27 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. the XVIII century, while the earliest texts associated with translations of the Gospels and other Holy books appeared only in the middle of the XIX century. The author has made an attempt to consider the Udmurt word kud ‘swamp’ from the point of view of historical lexicography – the change in spelling is traced, the expansion of the semantic content of the lexeme is described. The study revealed that the first fixation of the word was made in 1780 in the handwritten grammar of the Udmurt language, and the graphic design differed slightly from the modern one – only by the presence of a hard sign in the end of the lexeme. An expansion of the semantic meaning of this notion in written sources of modern times has also been discovered. An etymological analysis of the word shows that it belongs to the common Perm vocabulary and has a correspondence in the related Komi-Zyryan language. The results of the chronological description of the word kud ‘swamp’ can be used as material for historical and etymological dictionaries of the Udmurt language.

Вводные слова в ливвиковском наречии карельского языка: семантика, этимология и функционирование

the presented article is a comprehensive study of parenthetical words in the Livvik dialect of the newly written Karelian language. Within the framework of the study, the authors turn to the consideration of semantics, etymology and functioning of modal words in the newly written Livvik dialect of the Karelian language. Objective: to study the semantic groups and etymology of the subjective modal components of a sentence functioning in the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language. Research materials: textbooks and dictionaries of the Livvik dialect of the newly written Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article proposes a functional and semantic classification and etymological analysis of Karelian parenthetical modal words. In the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language about 40 parenthetical elements collected in newly written Karelian dictionaries are recorded. The data obtained in the process of studying dictionary materials on the Livvik dialect make it possible to distinguish 5 categories of parenthetical words by their meaning, of which the richest in composition of lexemes is the class intended to express varying degrees of reliability of a statement; other semantic subgroups (expressing a link to the source of a message, a call to an interlocutor, logical connections in a text, the emotional state of a speaker) demonstrate a much more modest segment of the field of subjective-modal collocations in the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language in terms of the number of units recorded in the dictionaries. The etymological analysis of parenthetical modal words showed that parentheses expressing the speaker’s assessment of his statement are in the process of their formation, replenishment with new lexemes; the formation of parenthetical modal phraseology is largely accomplished through syntactic derivation as the transition of notional words (names and verbs) into the class of parenthetical modal ones. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a semantic classification of parenthetical constructions of the Livvik dialect is proposed based on data from newly written dictionary sources, as well as observations in the field of etymology of parenthetical modal words.

The dialectics of sport and history

Abstract This article explores the link between sport and history. It engages the linguistic landscaping and etymological analysis approaches to trace the origins of the names of stadia and their socio-historical significance. In-depth interviews and document analysis are used in the examination of five names of stadia: Somhlolo National Stadium, Mavuso Trade Centre Stadium, King Sobhuza II Memorial Stadium, Prince Wales Stadium, and Simunye Park Stadium. The findings show that the names of these stadia are a heritage, as past history and heroes are commemorated through them. Moreover, these self-given names, most of which are in the Swati indigenous language, make sense in the context of decoloniality theory. These observations have implications for further research as well as for onomastics.

Слои заимствований в карачаево-балкарской культурной лексике

Introduction. The publication of the joint monograph titled ‘Karachays. Balkars’ and edited by M. Karaketov and H.-M. Sabanchiev introduced into scientific circulation a large layer of vocabulary characterizing some specific aspects of Karachay-Balkar culture. Quite a number of lexemes associated with traditional culture prove absent in the Karachay-Balkar–Russian Dictionary (30,000 word entries). So, Karachay-Balkar terminology happens to comprise the already expected Turkic lexemes ⸺ and a huge layer of loanwords missing in other Turkic languages. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of borrowings in the Karachay-Balkar language that are not typical for other Turkic languages. Results. The etymological analysis has excluded the undeveloped (literary) Orientalisms of Arab-Persian origin associated with Islam, law, and social order. The greatest number of parallels is noted for Digor Ossetian: over 300 words contained in the mentioned monograph arrived from the latter language. Our investigation of the monograph was followed by additions of already existing etymologies from comparisons by V. Abaev ⸺ with some corrections and certain Digor Ossetian parallels. Some Orientalisms and Caucasisms assimilated into the target vocabulary have also been interpreted as Ossetian parallels, i.e. their penetration into Karachay-Balkar is assumed to have taken place through Digor. The remaining vocabulary is distributed among Western Caucasian loanwords and those from Nakh-Dagestani languages. The article provides complete materials of the borrowed terminology divided into semantic fields, which makes it possible to assess the degree and realms of cultural influence. Interpretations of how the borrowing may have penetrated into the vocabulary and, accordingly, of how the languages contacted prove instrumental in determining the intermediate ancestral homeland of the Karachay-Balkar forefathers. That may have been the area of historical Salatavia north of the Salatau Ridge, bounded on the west by the Aktash River, and on the east ⸺ by the Sulak River. The article is intended for Turkologists and experts in Caucasian studies. The material shall be of interest to historians, ethnographers, and culturologists.

Angas-Sura etymologies XIII

The paper as part of a long-running series is devoted to the etymological analysis of a new segment (namely that with initial dental *d-) of the Angas-Sura root stock, a small group of modern languages remotely and ultimately akin to pharaonic Egyptian and the well-known Semitic languages or Twareg in the Sahara etc. Doing so, I wish to continue the noble tradition initiated by J.H. Greenberg (1958), the founding father of modern Afro-Asiatic comparative linguistics (along with I.M. Diakonoff), who was the first scholar ever to have established by Neo-Grammarian the methods regular consonantal correspondences between Angas-Sura (AS) and ancient Egyptian in his pioneering (painfully isolated) paper on the ancient trichotomy of the word-initial labials in both branches. Nowadays our chances in following this path are substantially more favourable being equipped with our gigantic comparative root catalogue system of the Egyptian etymologies ever published (ongoing since 1994) and of the Afro-Asiatic parental lexical stock (ongoing since 1999). This series of papers represents the author’s ongoing project for an etymological dictionary of the Angas-Sura languages comprising their entire Afro-Asiatic cognacy.

TO THE ISSUE OF THE NAME OF THE WESTERN BURYAT LONG INVOCATION SONG ‒ АЙ ДОН

The article presents the etymological analysis of one of the most fa-mous naming of the Western Buryat lingering invocation song ай дон дуун, also known in the tradition under the names хаахиргаан дуун and зэргэйн дуун. The study of this song is especially important as it still represents an un-derdeveloped genre of the traditional song culture of the Buryats and, there-fore, deserves special attention.

ЯВИЩЕ СЕМАНТИЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ КОНЦЕПТІВ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ КОГНІТИВНОГО ПІДХОДУ В СУЧАСНІЙ ФІЛОСОФІЇ МОВИ

The article begins with a short historical insight of the philosophy of language precisely its formation and fi eld of study. The authors of the article emphasize that the cognitive approach plays an important role in solving the issues of modern philosophy of language, where the object of study is human consciousness, thinking, the mental processes and mindsets associated with them. In the fi eld of the cognitive approach of the modern philosophy of language, the problem of the creation and evolution of mental models is investigated through the coverage of certain linguistic-philosophical issues. Among the mentioned above, the problem of semantic, mental transformation of concepts is extremely relevant.The authors of the article consider it appropriate to conduct an analysis of the se-mantic transformation of some conceptual ideas at diff erent background levels, including religious, philosophical which have been do ne in comparison with modern perception.The article emphasizes that from the point of view of cognitive linguistics con-cepts are created and fi xed in the minds of native speakers as a result of processing and transforming mental representations with the help of linguistic phenomena. That is why the clarifi cation of the problem can be especially deep and reliable, if it is not limited to the observation of the textual material, however, it is based and supported by detailed linguistic studies in a comparative-historical aspect.It is obvious that the solution of such a complex issue involves the study of a large number of dictionaries and textual materials this problem solving must be supported by etymological analysis in various aspects. For the purpose of scientifi c substantiation, it is necessary to carry out the algorithm and methodology of etymological research taking into account the main criteria of analysis, among which there is phonetic, word-forming-semantic, chronological ones. They should take into account the peculiarities of deriva-tional processes, phonetic transformations associated with changes in the composition of the word, demotivation of the base of the word, morpheme simplifi cations. The analysis is based on etymological dictionaries and research works. Examples from Latin, Greek, English and other European languages are given in the morpheme-derivational comparisons while making analysis. To provide text illustrations, quota-tions from various sacred texts translated into Slavic languages have been used

The concept “KIMONO” in figurative units of the Japanese language

The purpose of this article is to describe Japanese phraseological units and lexemes with figurative meanings as a fragment of the lexical-phraseological system of the Japanese language, to identify the images underlying their formation, and to study their linguistic and cultural characteristics. The material for the work is the data from the dictionaries of the Japanese language, in which figurative units connected with the nominations of the types and details of kimono are recorded. The research is based on the linguacultural approach, which identifies linguistic units with national-cultural semantics, reflecting national and specific vision of the world on the lexical-phraseological level. Semanticthematic analysis allowed us to identify four groups of the most frequent lexemes, representing the concept “kimono”, on the basis of which phraseological units were formed. The group of figurative units, which do not include the names of kimono or its details, but which implicitly refer to this concept, was also examined. The etymological analysis revealed the cognitive basis for the formation of phraseological units and the mechanism of metaphorization of these lexical units. From the whole considered corpus of language units, the most representative are gesture phraseological units formed on the basis of idiomaticization of gesture units. The second largest group consisted of phraseological units derived from the clearly regulated ritual and rules of putting on and wearing kimono. They reflect the aesthetic views of the Japanese about the ideal image of kimono. The method of quantitative analysis allowed us to confirm the significance of the concept “kimono” as a symbol of Japanese culture and to reveal its phraseological productivity. A large number of figurative language units, related to kimono, indicates that this concept has pronounced culturally marked characteristics, reflects special models of worldview and stereotypes of behavior. The considered language units require special attention to the cultural context in which they function. The study of figurative meanings of words nominating kimono parts, as well as stable combinations, created on their basis, allows expressing the cultural information they contain. The concept “kimono” is one of the most important constants of Japanese culture, so its study from the position of cultural linguistics is extremely relevant.

From Respiration to Fleshpiration

In this article, I introduce a new word, the neologism “fleshpiration.” It is a word or a name in which I intertwine “flesh” and “spirit” or “spiration.” This new word is inspired by the thinking of Jesus, St. Paul, Paul Claudel, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The interpretative starting point of my article is taken from Claudel, who states: “the spirit is respiration.” With Claudel’s idea, which has its roots in the etymological analysis of pneuma and spiritus, I interpret the spirit (pneuma) of Jesus and St. Paul to mean respiration in the first place. Within this respiratory interpretative context, I suggest that both Jesus and St. Paul emphasised the essentiality of breathing in their religious thinking. For St. Paul, life according to the flesh and life according to the Spirit as life according to the Respiration are opposite lifestyles. Within the context of Merleau-Ponty, it can be said that St. Paul’s dichotomy between the flesh and the Spirit can be challenged and surpassed. For Merleau-Ponty, the flesh and the Spirit can be intertwined in a paradoxical manner. Within this framework of paradoxical thinking, it becomes possible to discover this new word “fleshpiration” and initially claim that it names a new respiratory beginning for philosophy and religion.

TIRA — BILGOROD — ASPROKASTRО...: ETHNIC HISTORY OF THE REGION, REFLECTED IN VARIANT CITY NAMES

Introduction. The article offers a historical-linguistic analysis of all known historical variants of the modern oikonym Belgorod-Dniestrovskyi of the Odesa region: Tira, Belgorod, Aspron, Akja Kermen, Asprokastro, Chetatya Albe, Moncastro, Mavrokastro, Albi Kastri, Akkerman. The connection of each name with the corresponding period of the ethnic history of this region is traced — ancient Greek, East Slavic (ancient Ukrainian), Turkic (Tatar), modern Greek, Moldavian (East Romansh), Venetian-Genoese, Turkish, Russian. Purpose. The author carried out a structural-semantic and etymological analysis of the creative bases of the historical variants of the modern oikonym Belgorod-Dniestrovskyi of Odesa region: Tira, Belgorod, Aspron, Akdja Kermen, Asprokastro, Chetatya Albe, Moncastro, Maokastro, Mavrokastro, Albi Kastri, Akkerman and also traced the connection of the internal form of the specified names with the corresponding stages of the ethnic history of the studied region. Object of study. Historical variants of the modern oikonym Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi: Tyra (Tyra), Bѣlъgorodъ, Aspron (’Άσπρoν), Akja Kermen, Asprokastro, Chetatya Albe, Moncastro (Monchastro), Maocastro (Maocastro), Mavrocastro (Maurocastri), Albi Castri (Albi Castri), Akkerman (Акъ-Керменъ, Akierman). Research methods. Methods of analysis of historical variants of the oikonym Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi: the descriptive method: the word-forming structure of the given variants is described; the comparative-historical method, by means of which the creative bases of the specified names within the related Indo-European languages are characterized; the comparative method: a systematic comparison of genetically Indo-European names (Greek, Latin, Eastern Romansh, Slavic) with their genetically Turkic (Tatar and Turkish) counterparts; the method of etymological analysis: the etymons of the corresponding oikonymous variants are determined. Research results. The connection between the oldest name of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi — Tira and the corresponding archaic name Dniester has been established. The author assumes its evolution from the Pre-Iranian (Indo-Aryan) form tīvrā, and substantiates (with the involvement of a wide range of related names) the ProtoSlavic archaic of the ancient Ukrainian name Bilhorod ’ Бѣлъгородъ. Therefore, most of the other variants were formed as corresponding semantic loans (Tatar, Modern Greek, Moldavian (Eastern Romansh), Turkish) of the ancient Slavic name Бѣлъгородъ. Conclusions. The historical-linguistic analysis of the historical variant names of the modern oikonym Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi — Tira, Бѣлъгородъ, Aspron, Akja Kermen, Asprokastro, Chetatya Albe, Moncastro, Maokastro, Mavrokastro, Albi Castri, Akkerman — proves the connection between the linguistic history of the analyzed variant names and the corresponding ethnic history of the studied region.

Neaiškios etimologijos Klaipėdos krašto hidronimai: Ketvergio upalis, Neknupis, Plocis, Rikinė, Župė / Župis

The article newly actualizes the etymology of the hydronyms Ketvergio upalis, Neknupis, Plocis, Rikinė, Župė / Župis, situated in Klaipėda Region. 
 Given the typology of the indicated morphophonetic changes in the word structure – change of the initial affricate č- to voiceless guttural K-, one can state that the first hydronym belongs to Slavonicisms, i.e., Ketvergio upalis is to be related to Lithuanian substantive četvergas ‘Thursday’. 
 It has been stated that the semantic connotation of the onym is to be based on the etymological analysis of the hydronym Turkupis situated in the Lowlanders area of Raseiniai. It is to be assumed that the primary semmeme of the hydronym Ketvergio upalis should be reconstructed in accordance with the meaning *‘the river flowing near bazaar; noisy river’. 
 The name of the stream Neknupis is interpreted as an authentic factographic relict of the Baltic Lexis. The primary form *Meknupis ‘a stream full of ides’ is reconstructed, i.e., the change of initial consonant *M- is presupposed, cf. N- ← *M- ↔ -n- (due to regressive assimilation). The connotation of the onym is related to the referent ide, as the type of the fish is very typical to the fauna of the stream. 
 The last three hydronyms have been found to be formed of the Germanic words. It is to be assumed that the authentic onyms of Baltic origin were changed with these Germanisms: 
 (1) the onym Plocis (other variants are also possible: Plazis 1912, Plažės ežeras 1994, Plazės gamtinis draustinis 2016, Plačias, Plocė 1959, Pluokis [Pluocis] 1998, Plocė 1959, [German variants] Plotsee, Plazis-Teich, Plazis-See) is related to German hydronym Plötzensee ‘roach lake’ (cf. also German toponyms Plötzenbruch, Plötzbusch, Plötzenhof ↔ Plötzenteich). The primary Lithuanian forms *Plakis ↔ *Plakė ‘roach lake’ are likely to be reconstructed. The authentic Lithuanian hydronym *Plakis in the long run was replaced by Germanism Plocis; 
 (2) etymological analysis of the hydronym Rikinė (Rikio upė) is based on formal identity between morphological cluster -rike used in the West German toponymy and dialectal German substantive, used in East Prussia, Rick ‘a long pole; transverse; pole stuck in the ground; a type of fence’, related to Middle Low German substantive recke / rik ‘a long, thin pole’, rek / rekke ‘fence; a hedge, planted in the middle of the field; grating etc.’, rieke / rikke ‘hedge, quickset’, Middle High German substantive ric, ricke ‘fence, narrow road etc.’ (cf. Old Saxon hydronyms Geld-rike, Lun-rike and toponym Led-rike). The primary Lithuanian forms *Siauroji, *Siaurukė are reconstructed; 
 (3) it is to be assumed that the origin of the hydronyms Župė / Župis (cf. other variants: Szopis, Szopebach, Szob 1725, Szope 1912, 1939), implied by Lithuanian dialectal Germanism zupė ‘soup, mess, skilly’, presuppose the change of the initial consonant, i.e., *Z- → Ž-, typical of the subdialects of Lowlanders. The above-mentioned variants Szopis etc., due to the vocal element -o-, can evidently be related to Middle Low German substantive soppe, sope ‘soup, broth’. The authentic Lithuanian form *Sriuba is reconstructed, cf. hydronym Sriùbupis (from the area of Lowlanders) originated from Lithuanian substantive sriubà ‘pottage; bouillabaisse etc.’.

Etymology as a vehicle for Polish-English cultural links

Etymology is one of the ways to demonstrate cultural links between Poland and England and can be used in glottodidactics. The cardinal objective of the article is to present the results of an etymological analysis of selected Polish and English words that derive from the same etymon. It also outlines the advantages and ways of using elements of etymology in language teaching. Since the languages share a common ancestor in the form of the Proto-Indo-European language, it is not surprising that a significant number of Polish and English words share a common origin. What seems intriguing and less obvious is how the shape and meaning of some of them have evolved over time, and this non-obviousness was one of the criteria for selecting the words analysed. For example, from the Proto-Indo-European root *gu̯en- come both the Polish word żona ‘wife’ and the English word queen ‘wife of a king’, which used to refer to ‘woman in general’ in both languages.

Educational Improvement Science: The Art of the Improving Organization

Purpose To advocate educational improvement science (EIS) as an emerging transdisciplinary field, I reflect on the three major pathways of educational advancement in human history, discern the misuses and pitfalls of reform, and theorize how education can be improved to better serve its mission. Design/Approach/Methods Employing a multiperspectival approach, I critically re-examine educational reforms and improvements worldwide and conceptualize the emerging transdisciplinary field through an extensive literature review, etymological analysis, international comparisons, and socio-historical, -cultural and -philosophical reflections. Findings In this paper, I advance the concept of neo-improvementalism for EIS by elucidating its philosophical assumptions, disciplinary fundamentals, and theoretical frameworks through historical and comparative lenses. I identify and construct disciplinary knowledge of EIS comprising two categories, namely, subject matter knowledge and profound knowledge, adopted from improvement science. I then highlight three methodological approaches of EIS and the building of professional improvement communities empowering individual and institutional improvement capabilities. I propose that EIS is the art of the improving organization for classes, schools, and/or more broadly defined educational agencies. Originality/Value This study recognizes the significance of EIS and research thereon, especially discipline-building and exploration based on local characteristics in a global vision, and the cultivation of new frontiers of educational research and practices.

About the unusual name “drone” in the Udmurt language of the 18th century

The relevance of the proposed topic is due to the insufficient identification and description of the vocabulary of fauna, as one of the most archaic layers in the vocabulary of almost all FinnoUgric languages. The purpose of this study is to trace the history of the written fixation of the word var-bozgo ‘drone’ in the Udmurt language, starting from its first appearance in the earliest written monuments of the 18th century and ending with the main lexicographic works of the modern period, to consider the lexical-semantic formation of a complex name and determine by possibilities of its etymology. Achieving this goal seems possible by solving problems related to identifying and describing this entomological term in comparison with data from other related and unrelated languages. The research material is handwritten and published written monuments of the 18th-19th centuries, the most important lexicographic works on the Udmurt language of the modern period, as well as possible parallels of these words from contacting related and unrelated languages. The descriptive method is mainly used, as well as some elements of semantic and comparative etymological analysis. The name var-bozgo ‘drone’ is unique - it has no typological parallels, it is recorded only in one written source - the handwritten grammar of M. Myshkin, compiled in the second half of the 18th century. To develop the question, further fixation of individual components of this complex word in the Udmurt language, which function with high and low frequency, is provided. As a result of the study, an expansion of the lexical and semantic content of the word bozgo was discovered during the development of the language. Etymological analysis made it possible to identify the origin of the constituent elements of the entomological term: var ‘servant, slave’ has parallels in many Finno-Permian languages and is an original Udmurt word of the Finno-Permian period of development of the base language; and the origin of the component bozgo ‘zhuk; dung beetle’ is associated with the expressive-figurative word boz ( boz-boz ), expressing the sound image of a buzzing or low voice, to which the unproductive nominal formant -go was added during the period of independent formation of the Udmurt language.

A Passage to Philosophy: Derrida’s Plato’s Pharmakon and the Meshing of the Philosophical and the Mythological in Phaedrus

This paper relates the implications of Derrida’s reading to the historical context of the passage into philosophy and metaphysics as explained in classical works like Havelock’s Preface to Plato (1952). The paper shows the specific ways Derrida used to deconstruct Palto’s text and how this connects with the historical context of the text itself, the inception of philosophy and metaphysics as we know it now. The first step Derrida takes is showing the importance of the myth element in the work’s structure. One is his etymological analysis of the word “pharmakon” and its double meaning. The second mechanism is the structural laws of oppositions, such as speech/writing, good/evil, life/death, first/second, and original/copy. The paper concludes that Derrida’s reading of Plato is different from Havelock’s in being a form of “textual contextualizing.” Derrida is putting Phaedrus in the wider project of the passage into philosophy and into the dawn of Western metaphysics, but unlike Havelock, he is concerned with textual mechanisms rather than historical turns. Derrida’s reading indicates that Plato introduced metaphysics and philosophy not merely by making up terms and expounding notions but, more importantly, by a set of textual mechanisms that will live on with Western philosophy and thought.

The selected ancient and biblical characters in Ukrainian neoclassical poetic discourse (Maksym Rylsky, Mykola Zerov, etc.) in comparison with the reception of Lesya Ukrainka

The article offers a comparative analysis on the example of the work of Lesya Ukrainka and the „Kyiv neoclassicals” („the five bunch”). The paper emphasizes not only on the main characters of the works, but also on secondary characters. The research assumes that some images-characters of Lesya Ukrainka could have been developed by individual neoclassicals and used as implications, taking into account the reference point to the elitarian reader. The connection between Ukrainian neo-romanticism and neoclassicism has been allocated. The feminine aspect of the analysed works is emphasised. Selected ancient and biblical images (characters) in the dramatic texts of Ukrainian neo-romanticism and the lyrics of neoclassicals are taken into account. The attention is paid to the foreign context – as the image of Salomé, inspired by the eponymous tragedy by Oscar Wilde. Comparative, textual, archetypal (Jungian), mythological, bibleistic, genderological, etymological analysis are used.

Głuchoniemcy, Taubdeutsche, Walddeutsche – przyczynek do biografii pojęcia

he concept of „Deaf/Forest Germans” developed on the basis of cultural processes taking place in the Carpathian Foothills in the period from the 14th to the 19th/20th century. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the biography of this concept and to conduct its etymological analysis based on its oldest known records, mainly from Old Polish manuscripts and old prints. Above all, the authors focus on the source by the 18th-century encyclopedist Benedykt Chmielowski who formulated four definitions of this term. Based on it and other records, and some analogies from the territory of Poland and Slovakia as well, the authors try to answer the question about the nature of the settlement processes taking place in the Carpathian Foothills. Finally, they look at the concept through the prism of its German substitutes (Taubdeutsche and Walddeutsche).

Russian and Chinese phraseology of religious themes with numeric components two and three

This article is devoted to the linguistic and linguocultural study of numerative phraseological units with a religious component in the Russian and Chinese languages. The object of this research is the idioms of the Russian and Chinese languages of religious themes, which contain the components of the numerals two and three. The subject of this research is the linguistic and national-cultural features of Russian and Chinese phraseological units with a religious component. Such methods as the method of continuous sampling, the descriptive method, the comparative method, linguoculturological analysis and etymological analysis are used in the research. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the similarities and differences in the perception of the spiritual identity of the Russian and Chinese ethnos are revealed on the basis of phraseological units with numerals in the linguoculturological aspect. The result of the comparison of idioms with the numerical components two and three in the two languages is a confirmation of the opposite attitude to the numbers of the Russians and the Chinese, in particular, it is noted that the Chinese culture gravitates towards even numbers, and the Russian culture – towards odd numbers. The conclusions and materials of this article can be used in the preparation of general and special courses, the results of this work will facilitate and accelerate the integration of foreign students into the Russian and Chinese linguistic and cultural environment.