Ethnographic Methods Research Articles

THE DYNAMICS OF AGENT-STRUCTURE IN RITUAL COMMUNICATION OF THE SACRED GRAVE PILGRIMAGE

This study aims to reveal the agent-structure relationship that occurs from the phenomenon of sacred grave pilgrimage in Dewi Sekardadu, Sidoarjo through the structuration theory by Anthony Giddens’s perspective as well as ritual communication studies. The type of this research is qualitative with ethnographic methods. This research uses a multi-site ethnographic method, namely by comparing historical facts at all Dewi Sekardadu’s sacred graves spread across four cities involving Sidoarjo, Gresik, Lamongan and Banyuwangi. The key informants were door-keepers, grave caretakers, community leaders, pilgrims and businessmen. The research data was collected by direct observation and participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentations. Then obtained data was analyzed using structuration theory and ritual communication studies. The result of this research had theoretical implications that support and reject Gidden’s sight. First, the proficient agents in Kepetingan have succeeded in changing the stigma of Kepetingan from a criminal area to a religious area through the development of folklore and ritual communication practices. Second, Giddens does not assume any clustering of agents of society for instance the caretaker cluster which has dominance on national scale but not in society, because the appointment process is considered less sacred. Third, Nyadran community structure occurred among indigenous fisherman from Bluru Kidul and Balongdowo which created to the grave pilgrims community structure in Kepetingan which was inhabited by urban fisherman from Gresik dan Lamongan regency.

Missed Opportunities: Oral Corrective Feedback, Heritage Learners of Spanish, and Study Abroad in Peru

Abstract This study explores how negative attitudes toward U.S. Latinx students during a study abroad program can be embodied and transmitted through instructional practices that result in missed opportunities for learning Spanish as a heritage language. Specifically, we employ ethnographic and discourse analytic methods to examine one teacher’s oral corrective feedback (OCF) practices involving two Latina students in the context of a Spanish-immersion program in Cuzco, Peru. Our analysis identifies how OCF can be imbued with deficit-based language ideologies and limit the Spanish language input that heritage learners receive during study abroad. We describe how particular OCF practices validated the school’s curricular focus on prescriptive grammar, involved the exclusionary use of grammar terms, and stigmatized heritage learners’ knowledge and abilities in Spanish. Our findings demonstrate a need for critical approaches to language pedagogy, teacher training, and program design that meet the educational needs of this growing population of study abroad students.

ETHNOSTATISTICAL STUDIES OF MULTINATIONAL RUSSIA IN THE WORKS OF VIKTOR IVANOVICH KOZLOV (on the 100th Anniversary of the Scientist’s Birth)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the ethnographic monographs of Viktor Ivanovich Kozlov, one of the famous and outstanding researchers of multinational Russia. In 1975, V.I. Kozlov’s book “Nationalities of the USSR (Ethno-demographic review)” was published, the uniqueness of which is explained by the fact that it was the first empirical experience of ethnostatistical studying the country’s population. Later, in 1982, V.I. Kozlov’s book “Nationalities of the USSR: an Ethnogeographic Review” was published, which presents scientific material on the Mordvins in the context of the Volga region peoples. V.I. Kozlov analyzed and illustrated the main patterns of demographic development and the reasons for the change in the quantitative indicator of population. In the ethnogeographic review, Viktor Ivanovich singled out a semi-ethnic, semi-estates group of “Teptyars”, representing immigrants from the Volga region, formed from a mixture of mainly the Tatars and the Mordvins. He explained the introduction of the term “Mordovian dialect” in the 1897 census, which took into account the ethno-lingual and religious composition of the population. Viktor Ivanovich is also known for his contribution to the development of Russian cartography and preservation of ethnographic maps when developing the scientific research topic dedicated to the settlement of the Mordovian people. The settlement of the Erzya and the Moksha in the Volga region in 1926 is shown on an ethnographic map, which reflects the results of migrations of the Mordvins over the entire previous period. Materials and methods. With the help of the historical and ethnographic method, a comprehensive analysis of demographic processes, the history of forming the national composition of the population, the geography of settlement of various nationalities across the country, and the features of demographic development was carried out. Study results. The published works of V.I. Kozlov’s works reflect the history of forming the ethnic composition of the population, the geography of settlement of various nationalities on the territory of Russia, and the peculiarities of demographic development. In migration of the peoples of Russia, it is necessary to focus also on multinationality formation in the Republic of Mordovia, as one of the regions of the Volga Region in the Russian Federation. In the Republic of Mordovia, scientists are studying the migration processes of the Eastern Slavs, the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, ethnographic expeditions have been conducted, but in general this aspect has not been fully understood. Conclusions. Small-numbered peoples live in Mordovia, which have been studied in fragments and require additional research, including according to the All-Russian Census of 2020. Methodology of V.I. Kozlov provided significant assistance in collecting, analyzing and typologizing the formation of multinationality, including foreign population in the Republic of Mordovia.

Domestic Cartographies: A Post-Occupancy Ethnographic Assessment of Barcelona’s Social Housing Strategies, 2015–2023

The lack of affordable housing remains a major problem in Spain. Following the decline in public and affordable housing production caused by the economic, political, and social crisis of 2008, efforts to produce public housing were reactivated in the mid-2010s, gaining increasing importance. In Barcelona, housing policies have played a central role in recent political discourse, particularly with the tenure of housing rights activist Ada Colau (2015–2023). With traditional approaches failing to address the housing emergency, the local government introduced five new procurement strategies to increase the affordable housing stock. These involve new forms of council housing, delegated developments, limited-profit investments, zero-equity housing cooperatives, and urban refurbishment. This article uses a mixed methods approach to analyse these strategies. The analysis spans all design phases, from inception to construction, and includes post-occupancy evaluations. Methods include typological analysis, expert interviews, and spatial performance analysis using ethnographic methods and inhabitant interviews. The results evidence the importance of diversifying procurement models, tailoring approaches to different user profiles, and enhancing emerging opportunities by including new stakeholders in the development process.

Directions and forms of modern national choral performance

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends and forms of modern national choral performance.
 The methodology is based on the use of systematic, terminological, ethnographic and interpretive methods of analysis.
 The results. Choral performance is a component of choral culture, a communicative system formed in the process of building a performing interpretation and its realization. The need to comprehend the directions of modern choral performance with the identification of forms of its existence in society is an urgent task of the national choral science. As a result of the analysis of the performing versions of choral and orchestral choral works, the following directions of modern performing choral practice have been identified. The academic direction is represented, in particular: E. Stankovych’s “Ukraine. Music of War” performed by the National Academic Chapel “Dumka” (artistic director E. Savchuk) and the National Academic Symphony Orchestra (conductor V. Sirenko) — in the form of a concert at the closing of the XXXIV International Festival “Kyiv Music Fest-2023”; performance interpretation of “Misatango” (“Misa a Buenos Aires”) by M. Palmeri by the choir and symphony orchestra of M. D. Leontovych Vinnytsia Professional College of Arts, the ensemble of modern dance “Grotesque” in the form of visualization within the framework of the anniversary concert; “Psalms of War” by E. Stankovych in the performance version of the choir and symphony orchestra of the Lviv National Opera House, conducted by I. Cherednichenko, directed by V. Vovkun, choirmaster — V. Yatsenko, media artist — O. Kindrativ — a theatrical musical performance; “My childhood was killed in the war” (modern songs arranged by R. Tolmachov and poems by L. Kostenko) was presented by the girls’ choir “Vohonik” (O. Solovei) and the Choir of Boys and Young Men “Dzvinochok” (R. Tolmachov) in the form of a performance. The performance version of E. Petrychenko’s choral symphony-performance “Illuminated by the Black Sun” (Choir of the National Opera of Ukraine, chief choirmaster B. Plish) is a synthesis of performance and theatrical choral action. The folk direction is represented by the show-project “We Are Ukrainians” (Hryhorii Verovka National Honored Choir: artistic director I. Kuryliv, production director H. Nenov).
 At the present stage, the pop-jazz direction is characterized by the creation of concerts and projects in which the pop-jazz style of sound production is chosen in accordance with the style of the works performed.
 The virtual form of presentation of choral works is represented by both choral groups of artistic institutions and all-Ukrainian projects.
 Conclusions. As a result of a brief analysis of the current state of national choral performance:
 
 the following directions in terms of the manner of sound formation were identified: academic, folk, pop-jazz and their synthesis;
 the typology of forms of presentation of choral works has been created:
 
 – concert. According to the theme, they are divided into the following types: concert as such, authorial, anniversary, reporting, memorial, gala concert;
 – performance, theatrical performance, show project, visualization, which are types of theatricalization as a method of interpreting a choral work;
 – virtual project (video presentation of a choral work, video clip, video concert, etc.).

Ethnographic Insights into Bead Jewellery Traditions of the Women of the Van Gujjar Community of Uttarakhand

Van Gujjars are a nomadic community of herders in Uttarakhand. This ethnographic study examines the tradition of bead jewellery among Van Gujjar women to build an understanding of gendered identity in the Van Gujjar community. Our primary focus is to analyze the beliefs, ideas, and communal perspectives that influence the lives of these craftswomen, ultimately providing a nuanced understanding of how gender roles manifest, negotiate, and perpetuate within the unique socio-cultural context of the Van Gujjar community. Employing ethnographic methods and observation techniques, we engaged with a group of itinerant Van Gujjars near Byulyaad, in Uttarkashi district. Immersive interview techniques were employed to collect data, shedding light on the lived experiences, subjectivity, and sense-making processes of Van Gujjar women engaged in bead crafts. By analyzing the beliefs, ideas, and communal views that underpin the lives of these craftswomen, we aim to provide a nuanced understanding of how gender roles are manifested, negotiated, and reproduced within the unique context of the Van Gujjar community.

Reflecting Personal, Family, and Community Ethnographies to Understand How Fasting Ramadan Fuels the Religious Development of Muslim Youth

As both a consequence of and a precursor to internalizing religious beliefs, engaging in religious rituals or behaviors and the meaning-making surrounding them fuels religious and spiritual development. Particularly for highly religious families, such rituals play a central role in family functioning and identity, often embedding families within broader religious communities. Engaging in collective practice and the meaning-making around them may contribute to resilience, particularly for religiously minoritized youth. Enhanced levels of coping and a sense of purpose or belonging may exist alongside resisting the orthopraxy and/or orthodoxy associated with religious beliefs and ritual practices, particularly ones that represent discordance between varying levels of a youth’s developmental contexts.
 Grounded in ethnographic and auto-ethnographic methods, this case study explores ritual worship during Ramadan, including fasting and congregational prayer, within a three-generation Muslim family. In particular, it describes how engaging in ritual practices affects developmental processes and outcomes and seeks to better understand how abstaining relates to transcendence and growth in purpose and generosity.

The Culture and Tradition of Educational Practice In Madrasah

This article aims to explore the tradition and culture of education in madrasahsMadrasah to see the educational construction found in the reinforcement of a nation’s character. This study used a qualitative approach of ethnography study, which emphasizes the importance of the central role of culture in understanding the way of life of observed groups through the ethnography method. Furthermore, the data source consists of primary data such as the words or spoken stuff and the behaviors from the subjects related to the Madrasah’s educational instruction in the reinforcement of characters and secondary data such as text, recording, or pictures, which is related to educational practices conducted. The findings show that the educational culture and tradition of the Madrasah have transformed the characters’ values scientifically through the tradition implemented in the daily activity of the people in the Madrasah. The uniqueness of characteristics of people in the Madrasah is shown through the individual or group behavior, language, and tradition, which can reflect the values of honesty, togetherness, tolerance, respect, and others, which all values are part of the substance in reinforcing characters. The reinforcement of students’ character at Madrasah is through the process of self-establishment, the habituation of good students’ behavior through every activity until they become strong cultural characters.

Radical hospitality: Innovative programming to build community and meet the needs of people who use drugs at a government-sanctioned overdose prevention site in San Francisco, California

BackgroundThe Tenderloin Center (TLC), a multi-service center where people could receive or be connected to basic needs, behavioral health care, housing, and medical services, was open in San Francisco for 46 weeks in 2022. Within a week of operation, services expanded to include an overdose prevention site (OPS), also known as safe consumption site. OPSs have operated internationally for over three decades, but government-sanctioned OPSs have only recently been implemented in the United States. We used ethnographic methods to understand the ways in which a sanctioned OPS, situated in a multi-service center, impacts the lives of people who use drugs (PWUD). MethodsWe conducted participant observation and in-depth interviews June–December 2022. Extensive field notes and 39 in-depth interviews with 24 TLC guests and 15 TLC staff were analyzed using an inductive analysis approach. Interviewees were asked detailed questions about their experiences using and working at the TLC. ResultsTLC guests and staff described an atmosphere where radical hospitality—welcoming guests with extraordinary warmth, generosity, and unconditional acceptance—was central to the culture. We found that the co-location of an OPS within a multi-service agency (1) allowed for the culture of radical hospitality to flourish, (2) yielded a convenient one-stop shop model, (3) created a space for community building, and (4) offered safety and respite to guests. ConclusionsThe co-location of an OPS within a multi-service drop-in center is an important example of how such an organization can build positive sociality among PWUD while protecting autonomy and reducing overdose mortality. Overdose response and reversal is an act of relational accountability in which friends, peers, and even strangers intervene to protect and revive one another. This powerful intervention was operationalized as an anti-oppressive, horizontal activity through radical hospitality with a built environment that allowed PWUD to be both social and safe.

“I Don’t Come Here Just for the Food”: Manifestations of Care in Food Assistance Initiatives

This paper seeks to understand the social role played by food assistance initiatives in Portugal. Based on the understanding that these organizations are “spaces of care,” it is possible to reflect on the support provided by them in a more comprehensive and integrative way. Therefore, the various care practices that emerge in these organizational contexts are explored. This study presents a qualitative comparative methodological approach and a range of ethnographic methods to explore the perspectives of different actors (supervisors, volunteers, and beneficiaries) within different models of food assistance (Surplus Food Redistribution Charity, Soup Kitchen, and Social Supermarket). The main results indicate the presence of several “improvised” and “veiled” care practices in the analyzed initiatives that go beyond food issues. These manifestations of care may stem from altruistic acts and/or function as a “remedial measure,” serving as a compensatory mechanism in response to services deemed inadequate.

Los derechos humanos analizados desde lo planteado en el discurso regulativo institucional y la realidad educativa

The exercise, respect and preservation of Human Rights - Human Rights - base the personal, social, emotional, psychological, family and cultural development of society; therefore, it is essential that the regulations or public policies in favor of their execution and defense are carry out in reality, so that they guarantee a dignified life or stability to each citizen. In this sense, the main objective that guided the research was "To assess the relationship that exists between the Institutional Regulatory Discourse - DRIand the preservation, exercise and respect of Human Rights - Human Rights in the Educational Institution - IE". The theoretical references focused on Van Dijik's position on discourse and discourse analysis and the regulations were analyzed within the framework of the prevention, regulation and defense of human rights in schools.The methodology was qualitative based on the ethnographic method that allowed the use of instruments such as documentary review, narratives and opinion agendas, developed with teachers, managers and students of 9, 10 and 11 grade of the IE INEM Julián Motta Salas (Morning Session) and IE El Caguán (Afternoon Session). With the results of the field work, it was concluded that both IE are indeed making progress in creating the conditions to minimize the distance between what is proposed in the DRI and what is actually put into practice. The structuring of an alternative proposal very committed to the preservation, exercise and respect of human rights in IE was proposed.

Interethnic Contacts in Yugra and Christmas Stories of the Turn of the 19th – 20th Centuries

Ethnic stereotypes largely determine the actions of an individual during his contacts with strangers – representatives of a different culture. At the same time, these actions, like stereotypes, are not permanent. The objective of the paper is to study the evolution of the attitude to the Yugra aborigines at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. To achieve it, it is necessary to address the local sociocultural realities. Information about them is reflected in various historical and ethnographic sources, which, in particular, can include some works of fiction. A special place belongs to the genre of Christmas (Yuletide) stories, which specifics are usually studied by literary scholars. At the same time, provincial literature often contains information about the perception of aborigines by the Russian population. The specifics of the study required the use of an interdisciplinary approach, in which the theoretical developments of literary criticism complement historical and ethnographic methods. The results obtained indicate an ambivalent attitude to interethnic contacts with the peoples of the North in Russian culture. Images of the aborigines were associated with potential threats from another world. And, at the same time, they acted as victims of deception, violence and rejection by bearers of genuine Christian virtues. In addition, there was a noticeable difference in value judgments between folk and official culture. Folk culture tended towards stability, repetition and cyclical nature. On the contrary, the official culture with its European rationalism, was oriented towards the values of progress. Christmas stories by peripheral writers complemented by ethnic flavor were the evidence of something new in the public consciousness. At the regional level, the importance of interethnic communication and ethnic tolerance increased. The disparate components of Russian culture gradually came closer together, although these processes were not yet completed. Only further consideration of literary tests can help in understanding the contradictions of the past.

ANALISIS PERAN BAWASLU PROVINSI BANTEN SEBAGAI FUNGSI PENGAWASAN PERILAKU ASN DALAM NETRALITAS PEMILU 2024 DI MEDIA SOSIAL

The democratic festivities are set to commence in a few months towards the end of 2023, with the impending turnover of regional leaders and general elections (Pemilu) on the horizon. The behaviors currently emerging, particularly the neutrality of Civil Servants (ASN), always reflect the societal engagement in using social media to express support for chosen candidates during elections. The aim of this research is to shape and instill hope, attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral orientations in ASN voters, encouraging consistency and neutrality in general elections. In this research, the researcher employs the method of virtual ethnography. Virtual ethnography, also known as netnography, is a new form of qualitative research in communication that focuses on consumer behavior in the use of new media. The results of the discussion reveal three functions of the Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) concerning the neutrality of ASN: preventive function, supervisory function, and enforcement function against violations. The observed behaviors of ASN with regard to neutrality in elections include: 1) Social media campaigns (posting, sharing, commenting, liking, etc.); 2) Attendance at candidate declarations; 3) Participation as a committee/organizer; 4) Campaigning with civil servant attributes; 5) Campaigning using state facilities; 6) Attendance at political party events; 7) Attendance at the handover of party support to candidates; 8) Organizing activities that exhibit bias (issuing invitations, calls, and appeals); 9) Providing support to independent candidates. Sanctions for ASN or civil servants who violate election discipline may include: 1) Warning or reprimand; 2) Demotion or position reduction; 3) Temporary suspension from work in the civil service; 4) Dismissal with dishonor; 5) Other disciplinary sanctions; 6) Election prohibition; 7) Revocation of political rights

Language Brokering Over Time: A Study of Citizenship Becoming Through a Transliteracies Framework

ABSTRACT This paper integrates theories and research from the fields of transliteracies and language brokering to understand the language and literacy experiences of bilingual youth who grew up in Mexican immigrant families. Analyzing data from three interrelated studies that used ethnographic research methods to understand the language brokering of Mexican-American immigrant youth in Chicago from 2000–2010, we asked: How do language brokers negotiate diverse meanings of citizenship in their transnational contexts? How do their transliteracy experiences shape their “citizenship becoming” over time? Findings show how bilingual Mexican-American youth employed their transliteracies and translocal expertise for civic justice, as they increasingly helped family and other transnational community members gain equitable access to goods and just services through their language brokering practices. At the same time, in a period of increasing anti-immigrant discourses and policies, they also experienced personal challenges and developed a deep recognition of hard borders facing their racialized communities. The discussion considers implications of this work for disrupting traditional perspectives about citizenship and employing a stronger notion of politicized funds of knowledge in K-12 classrooms.

The Sacred Language of Madurese in Serat Yusuf (Study of Oral Traditional Macapat Madura)

This research aims to find the sacred language of Madurese in serat Yusuf tembang macapat Madura. The theory used to dissect is Alan Dundes’ context theory. Therefore, this research aims to form good expressions based on the context of the tembang macapat Madura serat Yususf. This research uses qualitative ethnographic methods. The object is the oral tradition of macapat in Sumenep, known as mamaca. The Tembang/song that is read is Serat Nabbhi Yusuf. This song tells the story about the life of Prophet Yusuf and Zulaikha. The data collection techniques used were (a) observation of performance or song readings, b) recording, (c) interviews, and (d) making notes. Next, the researcher carried out data transcription and translated them into Indonesian language. The results of the research found three things that serve as a guidance of life for Madurese people as a sacred language. Those three things include (a) describes two things, namely honesty and compassion, (b) three things that must be hated; manggha’an, nespa, and ta’ andi’ panarema, and (c) three things that must be respected; respect the state (government) and religion. This research will contribute well to the growth and development of character education for the millennial generation in the current era and in the future.
 Keywords: oral tradition, macapat, serat yusuf, sacred language, Madurese people

Consumer Behavior Assolo’ Pada Acara Pernikahan Suku Kajang Dalam Pesektif Maslahah

The purpose of this research is to describe, explain about consumer behavior assolo’ the wedding event in Suku Kajang in perspective maslahah. This research is qualitative research, the type of research is field research and using an ethnographic approach method. The data collection methods used were observation and interviews. The research results show that consumer behavior assolo' the wedding event in the Kajang Tribe in perspective maslahah namely: 1) pregnant maslahah in the form of maintaining honor and self-respect/say',2) pregnant Maslahah in the form of taawwun values ​​and the embodiment of friendship, and 3) containsThe Value of Maslahah as a Means of Transaction, Distribution of Wealth and Welfare of Property Ownership.So starting from the description above, it can be understood that consumer behavior assolo' the wedding event in the Kajang Tribe in perspective maslahah directly maintain the objectives of Sharia'. Because considering the benefit dimension, besides that assolo' People hold wedding ceremonies to make it easier for them to live their lives, and to keep them away from the negative stigma of society's views.

Study of Pata Melo Songs in Etu Ceremony in Natameze Traditional Village Community, Nagekeo Regency

This research aims to analyze 1) the form of presentation of pata melo singing 2) the meaning of Pata melo singing in the Etu ceremony in the Natameze traditional village community. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and using naturalistic and ethnographic methods. The subjects of this research are 2 mosalaki who know about Pata melo singing. Data collection used observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The results showed that the singing of Pata melo in the Etu traditional ceremony, namely every verse sung, has the meaning of social motivation, namely strengthening enthusiasm, friendship, and unity besides having to remain vigilant against opponents and the most important thing is sportsmanship. Based on the results of research and discussion in the previous chapter, it is concluded that, Pata melo is an expression of friendship motivation not a revenge or emotional. The singing of pata melo and etu is not immediately held but must go through several processes of presentation from wuku enga to finally ibha ae.

Patriarch Regression in Social Media

Patriarchal culture continues to grow in modernity. Women’s struggles have been applied in various aspects and the digital space has now become a social space to break down the male hegemony. Bourdieu's habitus perspective was applied in this study aiming to see how social media becomes a practice environment for the reaffirmation of women as a class that wants to dispose of the social structures. In this case, virtual ethnographic method was applied from January 2022 to December 2022 to analyze the content of female Instagram users as wives and mothers. Social media has become a field in the habitus process. Field is a social space to produce and distribute meaning from the modern women who have individual, family, and social activities. In habitus process, the production and distribution of meaning is the cultural capital of the social media users. There has been patriarchal regression in social media.

Figured actions in the Transformers action figure, nonnormative positivism, disability, and transformation

ABSTRACT Fan studies has discussed the action figure as a significant avenue of franchise and fan expression. However, there has been little discussion about the ways the action figure affects the fan once purchased and brought home. This article argues that Hasbro’s Transformers toy affords the fan ways of being in the world that are unique to the physical play experience. The toy hails the fan in an immediate way, and the fan responds through haptic and auditory engagement. This article sutures theories of affect and embodiment found in fan studies to articulations of nonnormative positivism discussed by scholarship in disability studies. The article uses the methods of autoethnography and sensory ethnography to analyse the toy as a cultural and textual object. Such an analysis has broad potential to illuminate the fan’s countercultural agency as they pick up and play with their toys.

Centring on students’ needs by engaging in translanguaging shifts

Abstract The study reports how an ESOL teacher engaged in translanguaging shifts in a content and language integrated learning classroom in the United States. The study findings, from ethnographic methods and conversation analysis, indicated that the teacher engaged in translanguaging shifts centring on the students’ learning needs. She created a co-learning environment in which she and the students co-developed a poem in an English and a bilingual version. In the process of co-creation, not only did the students learn new content, but their identities were valued and affirmed. With her strong translanguaging stance, the teacher let go of control and learnt from the students instead. Based on the findings, I provide recommendations and practical suggestions for teachers, teacher educators, and school leaders. I argue that translanguaging shifts play a crucial role in translanguaging pedagogy. However, teachers cannot work alone in their implementation; it requires different stakeholders to work together–juntos to ensure student success.