Ethanolic Extract Of Ginger Research Articles

Anti-Microbial Activities of Turmeric and Ginger on Bacterial Isolates of Normal Skin Flora

The antimicrobial activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Different bacterial genera (Staphylococcus Epidermis and Bacillus Sp) which were isolated from the human skin were used as the test isolates. Ginger and turmeric extracted in two different solvents, ethanol and water. Different concentrations of the extracts were prepared and directly applied against bacterial genera to reveal their antimicrobial activity. Ethanol extracts of ginger and turmeric showed greater inhibitory effect against selected Staphylococcus epidermis and Bacillus sp followed by the water extract which had the least inhibitory property. Among the two extracts, ethanol extract of ginger made higher zone of inhibition than turmeric. The overuse of this herbs should be discouraged as they could reduce the microflora of the skin thereby exposing the skin to colonization by pathogens.

Role of Ginger Ethanolic Extract in Improving Renal Dysfunction –Induced by Gentamicin

Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of ginger rhizomein improving renal dysfunction experimentally induced by gentamicin in male rats in order to give anexperimental evidence for its established use. Duration: September 2020- December 2020. Design: In thisstudy (25) Swiss albino male rats were used weighing (200-230) gm. which were divided randomly intofive equal groups, (5) rats in each group as follows: G1 (control) which was received distilled water orallydaily for 10 days. G2: received therapeutic dose of gentamicin sulphate (5mg/kg) intramuscularly oncedaily for 10 days. G3: received two fold dose of gentamicin (10mg/kg) intramuscularly once daily for 10days. G4: received co-administration of gentamicin (5mg/kg) intramuscularly + ethanolic extract of gingerrhizome (250 mg/kg) orally daily for 10 days, while the G5: received gentamicin (10mg/kg) + ethanolicextract of ginger rhizome (250mg/kg) orally daily for 10 days. All the treatments were given in amountslevels of (0.1/100gm) B.W. Animals from each group were sacrificed at the end of 10 days and blood werecollected and sera were separated for biochemical testes , while the kidneys removed for histopathologicalexaminations . The findings: Significant increase (P<0.05) in the serum levels of uric acid, creatinineand blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in (G2&G3) as compared to (G1) group , while there were significantdecrease (P<0.05) in serum levels of these testes in the groups (G4&G5) as compared to ( G2&G3 ) groupsbeside normalizing the kidney histopathological architecture . Conclusion: It can be concluded that the coadministration of gentamicin along with ginger rhizome ethanolic extract has been exhibited more activityin improving renal dysfunctions .

Ethanol Extracts of Yacon and Ginger in Diet of Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Effect on Growth, Feed Utilization, Body Composition, Plasma Chemistry and Challenge Test against Vibrio anguillarum

Development of natural immunostimulants as dietary additive keeps receiving scientist’s interest and administration of ethanol extract of additive is one of the effective methods to concentrate their bioactive compounds to improve their effects. Dietary inclusion effect of ethanol extracts of yacon and ginger on growth, feed utilization, body composition, plasma chemistry of fish and challenge test against Vibrio anguillarum compared to a commercial probiotic (Super lacto®) was determined. Three hundred and sixty juvenile fish were distributed into 12, 50 L flowthrough tanks. Four experimental diets were prepared. Additive-free basal diet was served as the control (CON) diet. The 1% ethanol extracts of yacon and ginger, and 0.5% Super lacto® were included into the CON diet, referred to as the YCE, GGE and SUP diets, respectively. Each diet was hand-fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. After the 8-week feeding trial, fish were injected with V. anguillarum and survival was monitored for the next 7 days. Dietary additives did not affect weight gain, feed utilization, whole body composition and plasma parameters of fish. Survival of fish fed the YCE and GGE diets was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the CON and SUP diets at the end of the 7-day post observation. Ethanol extracts of yacon and ginger can be effectively used as natural immunostimulants for olive flounder at occurrence of V. anguillarum.

Preserving Efficiency of Sausage Inoculated With Listeria Monocytogenes by Ginger Extract

Increasing the shelf life of the product is considered a challenge facing meat product manufacturers, especially products with a short shelf life such as sausage. Therefore, the use of natural agents during processing could have important good health and economic feedback. In this concern, two experiments were designed, the first one was achieved in vitro to study the antibiotics sensitivity ofListeria monocytogenesATCC7644 for sixteen different antibiotics. L. monocytogenes was resistant to five antibiotics belonging to four groups of antibiotics penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide, and tetracycline. After that, the effect of oils and aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of three medicinal plants (ginger, lemongrass, thyme) as effective agents for these bacteria to select the more potent as antibacterial agent against L. monocytogenes bacteria in the processed sausage. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of ginger is the most effective in inhibiting the tested bacteria compared to the other extracts .Also, the lowest inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was 5000 mgL-1. In the next experiment, fresh beef sausage was prepared and inoculated withof L. monocytogenes then, treated with MIC of ginger ethanolic extract compared to chemical preservatives (sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, potassium sorbate, sodium propionate) and kept for 21 days to estimate the periodical changes in the different microbial groups. Total count of aerobic bacteria and coliforms besides the survived L. monocytogenes cells were recorded the obtained data found that all numbers gradually decreased to reach the minimum after 21 days of preservation, In contrast with yeasts and fungi, which increased their number to reach the maximum after 21 days. Moreover, after 21 days the corruptions indicators (pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), protein content) in sausage inoculated with L. monocytogenes were estimated. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the pH values ​​between all treatments, moreover, treating sausage with ethanolic ginger extract reduced the TBA and protein content compared to the other treatments.

Comparison of Garlic and Ginger Extract with Glibenclamide on Some Biochemical Standards in Diabetic Mice

This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum s.) and ginger on the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood serum of adult white mice with induced diabetes. This study included 40 male mice of Balb/c, which were divided into four experimental groups (ten mice per group). The results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood serum of the group of mice injected with alloxan compared with the physiological control. The results also showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood serum of the group of mice treated with garlic and ginger extract compared to control glucose. Results showed that ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum s.) and ginger has an important effect on lowering the level of biochemical to normal values equivalent to glibenclamide. KEYWORDS Alcoholic extract, alloxan, glucose, balb/c total cholesterol, triglycerides

In vitro Antifungal Activity of Some Indigenous Medicinal Plant Extracts against Five Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus

There is a constant exposure of humans to Aspergillus mold fungus and 95 % of the pathogenic species. It is important to study drugs with new efficacy against infections because of increased prevalence of infections resistant to antibiotics. The present study aims to assess the antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanol plant extracts (cinnamon, garlic, ginger and guava) against five isolates of the opportunistic mold Aspergillus fumigatus. The results showed that effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of cinnamon was same on all the five isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. The recorded diameters of inhibition zone for isolates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 exerted by the cinnamon ethanol extracts were 41, 46, 40, 45 and 46 mm respectively. Moreover, ginger was excluded in next experiments because all the isolates showed resistance against the aqueous and ethanol extract of ginger, except for isolate 5. Minimum inhibitory concentration was 2 mg/ ml ethanol extract of garlic and cinnamon whereas that of aqueous extract of garlic and cinnamon was 40 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, respectively. The study concluded that ethanol extract of cinnamon can be used as antimycotic agent against Aspergillus fumigatus to treat diseases but it is urged to detect the sensitivity of fungal isolate to the extract before using as different responses are provided by isolates in a wide range of extracts.

The protective effects of steamed ginger on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and adiposity in diet-induced obese mice.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe steamed ginger has been shown to have antioxidative effects and a protective effect against obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of steamed ginger (SGE) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model.MATERIALS/METHODSThe protective effects of SGE on adipogenesis were examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by measuring lipid accumulations and genes involved in adipogenesis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND, 10% fat w/w), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat w/w), and HFD supplemented with either 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg of SGE for 12 weeks. Serum chemistry was measured, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was determined in the adipose tissue. Histological analysis and micro-computed tomography were performed to identify lipid accumulations in epididymal fat pads.RESULTSIn 3T3-L1 cells, SGE significantly decreased lipid accumulation, with concomitant decreases in the expression of adipogenesis-related genes. SGE significantly attenuated the increase in body, liver, and epididymal adipose tissue weights by HFD. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in SGE fed groups compared to HFD. In adipose tissue, SGE significantly decreased adipocyte size than that of HFD and altered adipogenesis-related genes.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, steamed ginger exerted anti-obesity effects by regulating genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cell and epididymal adipose tissue of DIO mice.

Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum Extract Increases The Cytotoxic Activity Of 5-Fluorouracil In Colon Adenocarcinoma Widr Cells

One of the main chemotherapy agents for colon cancer is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, the effectiveness of 5-FU decreased; therefore, co-chemotherapy with another agent is needed to enhance the activity. This study aims to determine the effect of red ginger extract as a co-chemotherapy agent with 5-FU on WiDr colon adenocarcinoma cells. We investigated the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of rhizome red ginger and combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in WiDr human colorectal cancer cell line. Red ginger extract was extracted by using 96% ethanol. Cytotoxic assay of red ginger extract and 5-FU was performed using MTT assay for 24 and 48 hours. Treatment of 5-FU in WiDr cells for 48 hours showed an IC50 value of 130 µg/mL, while no IC50 value was obtained for the 24 hours treatment. Treatment of red ginger extract with an incubation time of 24 and 48 hours had a cytotoxic effect on WiDr cells with IC50 values of 68 µg/mL and 65 µg/mL, respectively. The combination of 1000 μg/mL 5-fluorouracil with 35 μg/mL red ginger extract at 24-hour incubation resulted in a smaller cell viability value than every single treatment. The combination treatment of 5-FU 60 μg/mL with red ginger extract at a 25 μg/mL concentration causes a more significant decrease in cell viability than a single 5-FU treatment. In conclusion, red ginger extract may increase the cytotoxic activity of 5-FU in colon adenocarcinoma WiDr cells.

Ameliorative Effect of Zingiber officinale on Chemical Induced DNA Damage in Rats Using PCR Analysis

Ginger rhizomes have been reportedly used in folk medicine for the management of various ailments. This study, therefore, investigates the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes against DNA damage in rats induced with different carcinogens. Fifteen Wistar rats grouped into 3 of 5 rats per group were used for the study. The first set of blood samples was first collected before the animals were orally treated with heavy metals. After 14 days of induction, the second set of blood was collected. The third phase of blood collection was done after administering an ethanolic extract of Z. officinale for 14 days. The UV wavelength absorption spectrum and conventional PCR analysis were carried out on DNA extracts of all the animals. Cluster analysis of optical density (OD) and PCR data were carried out as well as genomic instability, similarity, and diversity using the best 3 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. The PCR –DNA concentration analysis showed the Z. officinale extract's ameliorative effect against lead acetate, cadmium chloride, and arsenic trioxide-induced DNA damage with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in DNA concentration of the treated rats when compared with induced rats. The cluster analysis of optical density values revealed close similarity between the control animals' DNA, a slight similarity with treated animals' DNA, and a significant difference with the induced animal DNA. These results indicated the ameliorative properties of Z. officinale against these heavy metals induced DNA damage in rats.

양파, 사과, 오이, 생강, 브로콜리 혼합물들 및 이들에 함유된 생리활성물질의 RBL-2H3 세포에서 알레르기 반응 저해효과

We investigated the anti-allergic effects of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli mixtures and their bioactive compounds on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antigen complex-mediated allergic responses in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. Cell viability, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), β-hexosaminidase release, and cytokine production were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, β-hexosaminidase assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Ethanol extracts of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Plant mixtures (1, 2, and 3) containing different ratios of onion, apple, cucumber, ginger, and broccoli were prepared. The extracts of these mixtures also inhibited the release of IgE-antigen complex-stimulated β-hexosaminidase. High-performance liquid chromatography identified that the main bioactive compounds constituting these extracts were fisetin (Fis), kaempferol (Kae), isoquercitrin and spiraeoside. Fis and Kae dose-dependently inhibited the increase in ROS and β-hexosaminidase levels in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, Fis and Kae significantly attenuated the production of IgE-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Therefore, mixtures containing Fis and Kae may be used to develop anti-allergic functional foods.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CHIVES AND GINGER ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND HEALTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS

This study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of ethanol extracts of chive (CE) and ginger (GE), and their combination (CG) in diets of broiler chickens on their growth, health performance and economic efficiency. Totally 180 male Egyptian broilers from one-day age were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments consisting of 3 replicates of 10 chicks each, of which in the diet of the control group (CT) neither ginger nor chive preparation were introduced, meanwhile the diets of birds in the 5 trial groups (CE1, CE2, GE1, GE2 and CG) were supplemented with 0.5% CE, 1% CE, 0.5% GE, 1% GE and 0.5% CE plus 0.5% GE preparations, respectively. In general, supplementation of CE and GE did not significantly affect feed consumption, mortality, performance efficiency index (PEI), and respiratory syndrome in chickens. However, the herb extract preparations could reduce the incidence of diarrhea in broiler chickens during five to-ten-week age periods. Microscopic examination of small intestinal mucosa showed that the heights of villi and the depths of crypts of chicks in the CE2 treatment as well as the diameters of villi of chicks in the CG treatment were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the others. In general, supplementation of 1% CE and the combination of 0.5% CE and 0.5% GE preparations improved the growth performance of broilers, and the combination can be an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters in feeding chicken.

Effect of Zingiber officinale and Nigella sativa on Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats with Reference to Biochemical and Hematological Studies

This study was aimed to assess the potential ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale; ginger) and Nigella sativa (N. sativa; black seed) on streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Fifty albino rats of Wistar strain were randomly divided into five equal groups. Group 1 received saline orally (a control group). Groups 2 -5 were experimentally exposed to diabetes via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (55 mg/kg BW.). The 2nd group was left without treatment as diabetic non-treated control, while the 3rd to 5th groups were orally treated with metformin (100mg/kg BW), ethanolic extract of ginger (200mg/kg BW.) and N. sativa (300mg/kg BW.), respectively for 21 consecutive days.Blood and pancreatic tissue samples were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical analysis. The results revealed that blood glucose, fructosamine and insulin levels were improved following treatment by metformin (99.00±4.76, 198.69±5.25 and29.82±2.35, respectively),and ethanol extract of ginger (105.20±4.87, 317.48±17.79 and13.64±0.72, respectively). Meanwhile, N. sativa extract produced insignificant decrease in glucose level (201.60±14.91) and significant improvement in serum fructosamine and insulin levels (273.20±6.39 and 21.65±1.78) if matched with the diabetic control group on the 3rd week of the experiment. Treating of diabetic rats with metformin and N. sativa extract elicited a significant increase in blood RBCs count (6.21±0.170 and 5.63±0.135), Hb concentration (12.96±0.229 and 12.00±0.141), PCV% (46.40±1.077 and 74.72±1.085), tissue catalase (0.32 ±0.012 and 0.25±0 .009) and superoxide dismutase activities (19.44±2.16 and 12.77±0.914), respectivelywhen compared with the diabetic group. However, administration with ginger extract produced variable changes in the erythrogram and leukogram. This study provided that Z. officinale and N. sativa extracts have significant effects on some biochemical and hematological assays, as compared with metformin known as standard antidiabetic drug. Consequently, the herbal extracts under current inquiry could have a role in alleviating the risk of some chronic complications of diabetes.

Effect of ginger extracts on colorectal cancer HCT-116 cell line in the expression of MMP-2 and KRAS

Zingiber officinale Rosc is known as one of the most common medicinal-spice herbs with anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ethanol and aqueous fresh ginger rhizome extracts on some types of secondary metabolites and radical-scavenging activity. In addition, an investigation on ginger extract for the inhibition of colorectal cancer HCT-116 cell line was performed as well as studying KRAS and MMP-2 marker genes expressions. In this regard, ethanol and aqueous extraction methods were compared by GC–MS and DPPH trials. Moreover, MTT assay was accomplished for toxicity of Ginger extract at 10 concentrations of (80-100-150-200-250-300-350-400-450-and500 μg/ml) on HCT-116 cell line after 16 and 24 h. The expressions of KRAS and MMP-2 genes in treatment by 150 and 300 μg/ml of the ethanol ginger extract were evaluated for 16 h and 24 h by Real time-PCR. Besides, GC–MS chromatogram detected Zingerone and Gingerol in both of the extracts, more than Paradol ingredient that was only in the ethanol extract. Anti-proliferation screening by MTT assay showed that the ethanol extract can prevent proliferation with IC11Inhibitory concentration.50 = 300 μg/ml. Finally, Real time-PCR showed a significant increase in the expression of MMP-2 at 150 μg/ml of the ginger ethanol extract in 16 h and 24 h. Moreover, the expressions of KRAS and MMP-2 have significantly reduced under the treatment by 300 μg/ml concentration of the ginger extract for 16 h. In contrast, the treatment by 300 μg/ml of the extract for 24 h significantly increased the expressions of KRAS and MMP-2 (p < .05).

STUDY OF THE ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF THE COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF THREE NATURAL EXTRACTS IN A POLOXAMER-407 HYPERLIPIDEMIC MODEL AND THEIR LC-ESI-MS/MS2 AND HPLC PROFILING

Objective: Dyslipidaemia is considered a high-risk factor for inducing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the co-administration of the ethanol extracts of both ginger (root and rhizome) and leek (leaves and bulbs) in addition to the aqueous extract of gum arabic. &#x0D; Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups: Hyperlipidaemia was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of Poloxamer 407 (P-407) [1 g/kg], negative control [saline injected], hyperlipidemic control [P-407 injected], positive control [Atorvastatin 70 mg/kg], groups four, five and six received ginger extract (400 mg/kg), leek extract (500 mg/kg) and gum arabic aqueous extract (7.5 g/kg) respectively and groups seven and eight received a co-administration of ginger, leek and gum arabic extracts at doses A and B respectively. Lipid profile was monitored. The profiling of all the tested extracts was performed by LC-ESI/MS and HPLC.&#x0D; Results: A significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity (P&lt;0.05) was seen for group eight among all the tested groups producing ≈54%, 72%, 50% and 72% decrease in the measured parameters total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) respectively. An overall of 56 and 45 compounds were tentatively identified in the ethanol extracts of ginger and leek, respectively. Galactose and arabinose sugars were found to be the major saccharides in gum arabic and glucuronic acid was the major polyuronide part.&#x0D; Conclusion: the co-administration of a group of natural extracts in the given concentration proved to be more effective than the use of synthetic drugs or the use of a single component.

Synergistic Evaluation of Ginger and Licorice Extracts in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

Herbal medicine can be used to overcome the side effects of conventional treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activities of ginger and licorice extracts, as well as the synergistic effects of their combination. Ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) and licorice methanolic extract (LME) were isolated by a Soxhlet extractor. Next, the anti-proliferative activity of the extracts, apoptosis induction, tumor growth inhibition, and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes were investigated. The MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, five diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed that GEE and LME decreased the CT26 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner; however, the GEE + LME combination was more effective (P < 0.05). The CT26 cells treated with each extract showed a significant increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 gene expression, especially in the GEE + LME group (P < 0.001). Tumor volume significantly reduced in the GEE + LME group, compared to the negative controls. Finally, mice treated with GEE + LME showed a significant increase in the CTL/Treg cell ratio (P < 0.001) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio (P < 0.05). The study results revealed that GEE + LME can suppress cancer cell growth, increase apoptosis, and improve CTL infiltrating to the tumor site in a synergetic manner in-vivo and in-vitro. Therefore, the prepared mixture can be used in future clinical trials.

Antibacterial effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) against Staphylococcus aureus

This experimental study was carried out to determine the antibacterial effect of Crude Ginger Extract (CGE) and Ethanolic Ginger Extract (EGE) against standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics with the collaboration of Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh from July 2016 to June 2017. The growth of Staphylococcus aureus started to be inhibited from 70% CGE incorporated media and complete inhibition of growth occurred at 100% CGE. In case of Ethanolic Extract, sensitivity was seen against Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. Zones of inhibition were 8, 13 and 19 mm at 25, 50 and 100 μg/10 μl respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EGE was assessed by broth dilution technique. The MIC of EGE was 400 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. From the study it is clearly observed that there is definite antibacterial effect of crude ginger extract (CGE) and ethanolic ginger extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies are required to detect and isolate the active ingredients present in the Ginger extract responsible for antibacterial effect.&#x0D; Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2020, Page 31-37

Exploration of antifungal potential of different extracts of Zingiber officinale against Microsporum gypseum

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been utilized since ancient times in various traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, and naturopathy because of antifungal and antimicrobial potential against diverse fungal and microbial infections. Moreover, in the Asian subcontinent like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc., ginger is used in many food preparations as a condiment and boiled decoction to treat cold-cough and indigestion. The present research was conducted to find out the antifungal potential of various extracts of dried ginger powder, by means of paper disc diffusion method, with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous solvents in 25 μml,50 μml and 100 μml concentrations against Microsporum gypseum. Clotrimazole was used as a standard. The present study revealed that ginger is a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum. The ethanol extract of ginger using 100 μml concentrations depicted the highest zone of inhibition of 19.840+ 0.65mm and 46.139% of mycelial inhibition against the tested pathogen. While other drug extracts in different solvents also revealed reasonable to least antifungal potential. This finding tells us that ginger extracts tested proved to be a potent antifungal agent against Microsporum gypseum.It was found that ethanol extract of ginger is best effective against tested strain. This exploration of ginger extracts has confirmed its importance, particularly in the area of influence on dermatophytic fungal strain.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Alpinia officinarum (Galangal)

The use of spices in the treatment of health problems has been a tradition in the world since early ages. Alpinia officinarum Hance galangal and Zingiber officinale Roscoe ginger are aromatic plants, enriched with bioactive compounds providing the usage for their therapeutic properties. In this study, the ethanol and water ultra-pure extracts of galangal and ginger are used to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Antioxidant effect was evaluated based on total antioxidant status performed by automated colorimetric measurement method and DPPH free radicals scavenging effects done by spectrophotometric method; whilst antimicrobial effect was observed on Enterecoccus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Candida albicans. The results indicate that, both ginger and galangal extracts demonstrated effective antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Their consumption may restrain the oxidation and prevent or delay the degenerative diseases as well as their extracts can be used as antimicrobial agents

Evaluation of in situ gel forming system loaded with etoricoxib and herbal adjuvant nanoparticles against human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29)

The aim of the research work was to fabricate the nanosuspension of etoricoxib with polyherbal components (extract of ginger root and basil leaf) to enhance the solubility of API; furthermorein situ gel forming system for stomach specific drug delivery was prepared utilizing formulated nanosuspension as base. The objective of the present research is to enhance the solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drug by fabricating nanoparticles and improve their residence time within stomach by formulating in situ gel forming system. Tamarind seed polysaccharide as polymer, etoricoxib as drug, ethanolic extract of ginger (GE) and basil (BE), was used for preparation of nanoparticles.Solvent antisolvent precipitation method was used to prepare nanoparticles. The fabricated nanoparticles were evaluated for various parameters such as physical appearance, Scanning electron microscope, drug content, in-vitro drug release. For preparation of in-situ gel containing nanoparticles, tamarind seed polysaccharides, calcium carbonate and sodium alginate were used. The prepared formulations were evaluated for different characterization parameters such as,- pH, viscosity, floating behaviour, drug content, in-vitro drug release and in-vitro cytotoxic study. The in-situ gel containing nanoparticles were successfully prepared and evaluated. Firstly, the nanoparticles were evaluated for physical appearance, Scanning electron microscope, drug content, in-vitro drug release and found that the formulations were clear as well as homogenous, size of nanoparticles was evaluated in the range of 498nm to 587nm, the drug content of etoricoxib was found in the range of 71.38±0.01 (F5) to 79.45±0.01 (F6), the drug content of GE was found in the range of 69.25±0.05 (F4) to 74.25±0.02 (F1) and the drug content of BE was 69.48±0.09 (F1) to 75.59±0.08 (F6). The drug release was taken up to 12 h and found to be 99%. In-situ gel containing nanoparticles were also evaluated for different parameters such as pH, viscosity, floating behaviour, drug content, and in-vitro drug release. The pH of the prepared formulation was found to be in the range of 7.1±0.04 to 7.5±0.02. The viscosity of the prepared formulation was found in the range of 11.25±0.023 to 12.78 ±0.025. The lag time was found in the range of 11 to 20 sec and floating time was upto 24 h. The drug release was taken up to 8 h and found to be 99±0.2%. It can be concluded that etoricoxib with phytoconstituents (GE and BE) improved its potential to control the growth of human colon cancer cell line (HT-29) in in-vitro conditions. It was concluded from the findings that the in-situ gel containing nanoparticles of etoricoxib from solvent antisolvent method was successfully prepared and found that it has improved the solubility of the poorly soluble drug etoricoxib and dissolution rates.

Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators Production by Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Ethanolic Extract and Gingerol in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells

Chronic inflammation could lead to several life-threatening diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used for many years to treat various diseases and health problems, including inflammation. This study was conducted to assess ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) and its compound gingerol potential as anti-inflammatory agent by evaluating the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NO in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The safe concentration of GEE and gingerol for the RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The quantification of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NO was conducted based on ELISA method. GEE and gingerol were able to inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. GEE has better anti-inflammatory activity than gingerol, with GEE in concentration of 50 µg/ml has the highest inhibition activity over positive control. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ethanolic extract exhibited good anti-inflammatory properties through reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and NO. Thus, it has high potential in the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.