Ethanolic Extract Of Ginger Research Articles

Comparative therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of ethanol and water extracts of ginger in alleviating acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, common during pandemics like COVID-19, causes liver injury through oxidative stress. Ginger, known for its antioxidant properties, is suggested as a potential natural remedy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of ethanol ginger extract (GE) and ginger suspension (GS) on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia in rats. Methods: Rats were assigned to ten groups: a control group, dimethyl sulfoxide group, and groups receiving either GE or GS (150 mg/kg) for two weeks. A group given a single high dose of APAP (2500 mg/kg), groups pre-treated with GE or GS before a single dose of APAP, a group receiving three repeated doses of APAP (500 mg/kg), and groups co-administrated GE or GS along with APAP over two weeks. Results: APAP administration at the two regimens significantly impaired liver function, antioxidant defenses, and lipid metabolism. These disruptions included reduced levels of antioxidant markers such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Lipid metabolism alterations were evident from increased triacylglycerols (TAGs), total cholesterol (T-chol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol), alongside decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol). The high dose of APAP resulted in severe damage, indicated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and altered protein fractions. Both GE and GS treatments significantly alleviated these APAP-induced changes, particularly in MDA, ALT, GPx, and LDL-chol levels. GE demonstrated superior protective effects compared to GS, particularly in restoring levels of GSH, ALP, CAT, SOD, GST, GR, G6PDH, HDL-chol, albumin and alpha-1 globulins. In contrast, GS showed slightly greater effects on reducing TAGs and T-chol levels. Conclusions: Ginger extracts offer significant protection against APAP-induced liver damage and dyslipidemia, with GE providing more pronounced therapeutic effects.

Ethanolic extract of ginger enhances liver health and lipid metabolism in high-cystine diet-induced hyperlipidemia by boosting the antioxidant milieu

Background Hypercholesterolemia is a global health concern and a risk factor for metabolic disorders due to its association with oxidative stress. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ginger ethanolic extract (GE) and ginger water suspension (GS) against hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress in cystine-fed rats. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to seven groups. Control, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) group, groups three and four received orally 150 mg/kg of GE or GS for two weeks, respectively. Group five was fed a diet with 5% cystine for two weeks. Groups six and seven were fed cystine for two weeks, followed by two weeks of ginger ethanolic extract (GE) or GS treatment, respectively. Results Rats fed a cystine diet exhibited significant increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, hepatic malondialdehyde, and serum levels of total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, triacylglycerols, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total lipids. They showed significant decreases in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, alpha-1 and -2 globulin, beta-globulin levels, hepatic reduced glutathione content, and activities of hepatic glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase. Administration of GE or GS significantly mitigated these effects. Conclusions GE and GS attenuated hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative damage by modulating the lipid profile and boosting the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes with GE showing superior efficacy to GS.

Synergistic Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl and Zingiber officinale Extracts Against PM2.5-Induced Oxidative Stress in A549 and HepG2 Cells.

PM2.5, a fine particulate matter, poses considerable health risks. When inhaled, PM2.5 can deeply penetrate the lungs, triggering respiratory issues such as pneumonia and bronchitis, aggravating heart and lung conditions, increasing the risk of lung cancer, causing cardiovascular problems, and affecting the nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. This study investigated the protective effects of the combination extract (CRGE) of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. (Rang Chuet) water extract (RWE), and Zingiber officinale (ginger) ethanol extract (GEE) against PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in A549 and HepG2 cells. CRGE exhibited superior cytoprotective effects compared to the single extracts (RWE and GEE) by significantly reducing PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species production while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. To investigate the effects of PM2.5 exposure on cellular responses, gene expression analysis was conducted on a panel of antioxidant enzymes (heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), the phase II detoxification enzyme NQO1, and the inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 using the A549 and HepG2 cell lines. CRGE treatment effectively reversed the PM2.5-mediated changes in gene expression in both cell lines, suggesting that it may help restore cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and mitigate PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. This study showed that CRGE holds promise as a natural antioxidant and cytoprotective agent against PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanisms and confirm the efficacy of CRGE in vivo.

Therapeutic Potential of Ginger Ethanolic Extract, Ginger-Loaded Chitosan ‎Nanoparticles, and Chitosan Nanoparticles in Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dogss in Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in dogs is a complex, multifactorial disease that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Current therapeutic options are often limited by side effects and variable efficacy, highlighting the need for more effective and safer treatments. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of ginger ethanolic extract (GEE), GEE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GEE-CNPs), and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) against T2DM in dogs. Twenty adult local breed mongrel dogs of both sexes, aged 7 to 13 months, with an average body weight of 10.4±0.76 kg, were included. The dogs were allocated into five groups (n=4 each): a non-diabetic, untreated Negative Control group, and four diabetic treatment groups, following T2DM induction via a single intravenous alloxan-nicotinamide injection. Each treatment group received daily oral administrations of either saline (Positive Control), GEE, GEE-CNPs, or CNPs at a dosage of 81.7 mg/kg BW over 45 days. Serum glycemic status (fasting serum glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance) was ‎recorded at baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 45 post-treatments. ‎Additionally, on day 45, serum lipid profiles, liver function indicators (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], and bilirubin), and ‎markers of antioxidant status (glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were assessed.‎ The results showed that dogs in the diabetic Positive Control group ‎exhibited ‎hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia‎, liver ‎dysfunction, and elevated ‎oxidative stress markers, ‎‎underscoring the severe impact of T2DM. Compared to the diabetic Positive Control, oral GEE, GEE-CNPs, and CNPs ‎treatments significantly (P<0.05) improved ‎fasting glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles (reduced total cholesterol, ‎triglycerides, and LDL-C), liver function markers, and antioxidant status, indicating ‎enhanced metabolic health and reduced oxidative stress. The findings suggest that GEE, GEE-CNPs, and CNPs offer potential as therapeutic agents for T2DM in dogs, demonstrating ‎significant benefits in glycemic control, lipid normalization, liver function, and oxidative ‎stress reduction. Further investigations with larger cohorts and longer durations are ‎recommended to confirm these results and ascertain the clinical applicability and safety of ‎these natural remedies in managing canine diabetes‎‎‎.

Evaluating the Hepatoprotective Potential of Ginger Ethanolic Extract Against Lambda-Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Male Rats

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a traditional plant that is widely used as a spice or folk medicine. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a synthetic pyrethroid that is widely used to control insecticide. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) on liver toxicity experimentally induced by LCT in albino rats. The experiment involved thirty adult male rats (‎Rattus norvegicus)‎, randomly ‎allocated to ‎one of three groups (n=10/group: control group, administered distilled water orally for 12 weeks‎; ‎LCT-treated group, received 5.43 mg/kg BW ‎(1/15 LD50‎ dose calculated in this study as 81.5 mg/kg BW) orally, for 12 weeks;‎ LCT-‎GEE-treated group, received the same dose of ‎LCT along with GEE at 100 mg/kg BW orally. Body weights were ‎recorded at the start, and at ‎‎4, 8, and 12 weeks into the treatment. Upon completion of the study, blood ‎samples were collected for liver ‎enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)‎, ‎and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ‎assessment. Additionally, liver samples were collected for histopathological‎ ‎examination‎.‎ The LCT-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in BW at 4, 8, and 12 weeks compared to the control ‎and LCT-GEE-treated groups. The LCT-treated rats showed increased levels of liver enzymes ALP, AST, and ‎ALT. Histological evaluation revealed signs of liver necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, and congestion in ‎LCT-treated rats. These pathological changes were less pronounced in the LCT-GEE-treated group, indicating ‎a mitigating effect. The study demonstrates the detrimental effects of LCT on the health of male rats, ‎particularly regarding BW and liver health. Alongside, it highlights Zingiber officinale's potential in reducing ‎these adverse effects, suggesting its efficacy in environments with LCT exposure‎‎‎.

Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Capacity, and Metabolite Profiling of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) Jahira 1 Variety

Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is traditionally recognized for its medicinal properties, largely due to its antioxidant potential attributed to secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of ethanol and water extracts of red ginger from Sukabumi, specifically the Jahira 1 variety, as well as identify bioactive compounds. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method. The total flavonoid content was determined using the aluminium chloride colorimetric method, while the antioxidant capacity was assessed via the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results showed that the ethanol extract had higher total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity, with values of 5.99 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g and 473.93 µM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g, respectively. In contrast, the water extract exhibited 3.73 mg QE/g and 206.75 µM TE/g. Further LC-MS/MS analysis of the ethanol extract identified 26 compounds, including phenolics and terpenoids, which contribute to the antioxidant capacity of red ginger from Sukabumi.

Therapeutic Potential of Ginger Ethanolic Extract, Ginger-Loaded Chitosan ‎Nanoparticles, and Chitosan Nanoparticles in Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Therapeutic Potential of Ginger Ethanolic Extract, Ginger-Loaded Chitosan ‎Nanoparticles, and Chitosan Nanoparticles in Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Ginger Extract Improves Cognitive Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in D-Galactose/Ovariectomy-Induced Alzheimer-Like Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with complex causes and limited treatment options. Recent research has suggested a connection between the progression of AD and the activity of gut microbiota. Ginger, a plant known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, has gained attention as a potential treatment for alleviating AD symptoms. In this study, we induced an AD model in female rats through ovariectomy and D-galactose injection and then investigated the protective effects of oral administration of ginger ethanolic extract. We assessed changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), learning and memory abilities, neuroinflammatory markers in plasma, and the hippocampus, as well as histological changes in the intestine and hippocampus in sham-operated, diseased, and treatment groups. Oral administration of ginger ethanolic extract improved gut microbiota activity, increased SCFA levels, and enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins. Additionally, ginger extract reduced the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in both plasma and the hippocampus. Furthermore, it significantly reduced cell death and amyloid plaque deposition in the hippocampal tissue. These physiological changes resulted in improved performance in learning and memory tasks in rats treated with ginger compared with the disease group. These findings provide compelling evidence for the beneficial effects of ginger on the gut-brain axis, leading to improvements in learning and memory through the reduction of neuroinflammation.

Study on Single and Combination of Galangal, Turmeric, and Ginger Ethanol Extracts as Anthelmintic

Soil-Transmitted Helminth infection (STH) such as ascariasis, has become one of the most persistent parasitic diseases in most developing countries, including Indonesia. Galangal, turmeric, and ginger plants are known to provide various of pharmacologically active substances which commonly used as antibacterial, aphrodisiac, and antiparasitic. This research was aimed to study the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of ginger, turmeric, galangal in single extract as well as their combination against Ascaris suum Goeze as a model. The anthelmintic activity was analyzed by determining the profile of time of paralysis (TOP), time of death (TOD), and the IC50­ of the inhibition activity from single extracts and extract combinations as well as the combination index (CI). The results showed that galangal, turmeric, and ginger ethanol extract have anthelmintic activity with IC50 7.66, 22, and 13,14 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 values for the extract combination of galangal with turmeric (KL), galangal with ginger (JL), and turmeric with ginger (JK) were 10.22; 3.92; and 34.93 mg/mL, respectively. The synergistic combination properties were shown by combination of galangal with turmeric extracts and galangal with ginger extracts with the combination index (CI) 0,67 and 0,38, respectively.

In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity against Acne-Causing Bacteria and Phytochemical Analysis of Galangal (Alpinia galanga) and Bitter Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) Extracts.

Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe) are aromatic rhizomatous plants that are typically used for culinary purposes. These rhizomatous plants have many biological properties and the potential to be beneficial for pharmaceutics. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, with a specific focus on acne-causing bacteria, as well as the phytochemical constituents, of different parts of galangal and bitter ginger. The rhizomes, stems, and leaves of galangal and bitter ginger were separately dried for absolute ethanol and methanol extractions. The extracts were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical scavenging assay (0.005-5000 μg/mL), antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria (0.50-31.68 mg/mL), and in vitro cytotoxicity toward human keratinocytes and fibroblasts (62.5-1000 μg/mL), as well as analyses of bioactive phytochemicals via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS (500 ppm). The ethanol and methanol extracts of bitter ginger and galangal's rhizomes (BRhE, BRhM, GRhE, and GRhM), stems (BStE, BStM, GRhE, and GRhM), and leaves (BLeE, BLeM, GLeE, and GLeM), respectively, showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The extracts of all parts of bitter ginger and galangal were greatly antioxidative with 0.06-1.42 mg/mL for the IC50 values, while most of the extracts were strongly antimicrobial against C. acnes DMST 14916, particularly BRhM, BRhE, GRhM, and GRhE (MICs: 3.96-7.92 mg/mL). These rhizome extracts had also antimicrobial activities against S. aureus TISTR 746 (MICs: 7.92-31.68 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis TISTR 518 (MICs: 7.92-15.84 mg/mL). The extracts of bitter ginger and galangal rhizomes were not toxic to HaCaT and MRC-5 even at the highest concentrations. Through GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis, phytochemicals in bitter ginger rhizome extracts, including zerumbone, tectorigenin, piperic acid, demethoxycurcumin, and cirsimaritin, and galangal rhizome extracts, including sweroside and neobavaisoflavone, were expected to provide the antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Therefore, the results suggest that the bitter ginger and galangal extracts could be natural anti-acne compounds with potential for pharmaceutic, cosmetic, and aesthetic applications.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Towards Enterococcus faecalis: A Preliminary Research to the Alternative of Root Canal Irrigant of Primary Teeth

Enterococcus faecalis is a notable pathogen found in the root canals of primary teeth with endodontic infections, often resistant to conventional root canal irrigation solutions, leading to treatment failure. Torch ginger or kecombrang (Etlingera elatior), a spice plant, is reported to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of torch ginger against Enterococcus faecalis, evaluating its potential as an alternative irrigant based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and effective concentration. Samples included Enterococcus faecalis ATCC® 29212™ and 70% ethanol extract of torch ginger, tested in eight concentrations (80%, 75%, 65%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%) obtained through maceration, alongside two control groups (NaOCl and saline). The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to determine MIC, while the streaking method from MIC testing identified MBC. Data analysis for MIC and MBC values was conducted using the One-Way ANOVA parametric test (p < 0.05). Torch ginger extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, with inhibition observed at a minimum concentration of 3.125% with average inhibition zone diameter of 9.63 ± 0.25 mm and reaching up to 80% concentration with average inhibition zone diameter of 15.03 ± 0.21 mm. The MIC was established at 3.125%, and the MBC among the tested concentrations was 80%. The study concludes that the ethanolic extract of torch ginger shows significant antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. An 80% concentration is identified as the most effective for inhibiting and killing the pathogen, suggesting its potential as an alternative root canal irrigant of primary teeth.

Anti-Inflammation Effectiveness of Ginger (Kaemferia galanga l.) and Shallots (Allium ascalonicum l.) Extract Combination on Sprague-Dawley Male Rat

Inflammation can be caused by various stimuli which include physical injury, infection, heat and antigen antibody interactions. Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) and Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are medicinal plants that are often used by Indonesians as an alternative to natural medicine and have been studied to have good anti-inflammatory properties because they contain quercetin. This study aims to determine the effective dose of the combination of Ginger ethanol extract and Shallots as anti-inflammatory with a smaller dose. This study was carried out using male rats in 5 treatment groups, consisting of negative control (CMC-Na 0.5 %), control positive (diclofenac Na tablets 0,1 mg/kg body weight rat), and 3 combination doses of Ginger extract: Shallots extract, dose combination I (3 mg/kg body weight Rat: 2 mg / kg body weight Rat), dose combination II (6 mg / kg body weight Rat : 1 mg/kg body weight Rat), and the dose combination III (6 mg/kg body weight Rat: 2 mg kg body weight Rat) using Carrageenan Method on Rat's Feet. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that all the dose combination treatment groups had anti-inflammatory. The dose combination III was significantly different from the negative control group and showed the most effective dose of combination. The formulated combination shows a synergistic effect between ginger and shallots as an anti-inflammatory. Average percentage (%) of edema inhibition combination III is 71,08 %.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Ginger, Apple Cider Vinegar against Streptococcus Mutans, Enterococcus Faecalis and Candida Albicans.

Oral infections are most frequently caused by three oral microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). To evaluate antimicrobial potential of 10% ginger extract (GE) and apple vinegar against S. Mutans, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. The GE and apple cider vinegar (ACV) were tested for microbiological evaluation to identify the inhibitory zone using the agar disk diffusion test against S. mutans, C. albicans, and E. faecalis. The 10% ethanolic GE and ACV showed a maximum zone of inhibition zone against S. mutans, E. Faecalis, and C. albicans. The intragroup comparison was insignificant. Apple vinegar and 10% ethanolic GE were shown to have good antimicrobial properties against all three tested pathogens.

Molecular Docking and Zone Inhibition Analysis of Fractionated Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Against Candida albicans as Oral Antifungal

Ginger is a herb that can be used as an alternative medicine because it has anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antifungal properties. This study aims to identify the potency of red ginger ethanol extract against Candida albicans protein by using in silico and in vitro approaches. Several ginger-derived compounds were obtained from PubChem, while the target protein 4J14 was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online was used to predict each compound’s biological function. Before molecular docking analysis, the 3D ligand site web server determined the binding site coordinates. PyRx was then used to perform molecular docking analysis on ginger compounds and the target protein 4J14, with fluconazole and posaconazole serving as controls. Additional analysis was used to identify amino acid residues in the complexes. The Chimera software was employed to describe protein compound complexes. The inhibitory zones of red ginger and fluconazole on fungal growth were determined in vitro. The molecular docking results showed that gamma-sitosterol had a more negative binding affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol) than fluconazole (−8.7 kcal/mol). Moreover, it affected the biological response of the target protein 4J14 or cytochrome 450, which is an essential protein in the fungal infection process. In vitro tests proved that a red ginger extract concentration of 15 mg/mL had antifungal potential. In silico and in vitro studies revealed that red ginger extract has the potential to be an antifungal agent. HIGHLIGHTS Since there have been numerous studies on the content of red ginger compounds with essential oils that have been shown to have antifungal potential, the fractionation approach was used to extract active compounds in red ginger that are devoid of essential oils in order to determine the antifungal potential The biological response of cytochrome 450, also known as target protein 4J14, is impacted by gamma-sitosterol. This protein is crucial for the mechanisms involved in fungal infection An extract from red ginger exhibited the same antifungal potential as fluconazole, according to in vitro experiments GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Rhizome on Serum Progesterone Level and Markers of Oxidative Stress in African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) in Captivity

Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Rhizome on Serum Progesterone Level and Markers of Oxidative Stress in African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) in Captivity

FORMULASI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL JAHE MERAH (Zingiber Officinalis var.Rubrum) SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETIC FOOT

Red ginger is used as a medicinal raw material because it contains 3% oleoresin which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-bleeding properties. In addition, red ginger contains volatile oil (2.58%-2.72%). Red ginger has long been used as medicine to treat a wide range of diseases, including preventing Staphylococcus aureus. Diabetic foot is caused by the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to use experimental research to create a cream formula with ethanol extract of red ginger. Previous research shows that red ginger extract (Zingiber Officinalis Var. Rubrum) has an 80% inhibition zone of 13.11 mm against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It can be concluded that Formula 3 (propylene glycol 15%, TEA 3%, oleum rosae drops, cetyl alcohol 3%, and distilled water 50 ml) can be used to make red ginger ethanol extract cream as antidiabetic foot cream.

The effect of maceration duration on the total flavonoids content of kaempferia parviflora wall. ex baker ethanol extract

Background: Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) has phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils, and phenols that have the potential to treat various diseases. To maximize the total extracted flavonoids needs to optimize the extraction duration.Objective: Knowing the optimum maceration duration on the total flavonoid content using the UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method on black ginger ethanol extract.Method: Black ginger is extracted using the maceration method with ethanol (70%) solvent in maceration duration of 12, 24, 36,48, and 60 hours. The extract will be tested qualitatively and quantitative to determine the total levels of flavonoids using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometric method.Result: Qualitative test of black ginger ethanol extract gave positive results for flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. The total level of flavonoids in black ginger ethanol extract was 7,8988  0,1223 mgEQ/g (12 hours); 8,5705  0,1529 mgEQ/g (24 hours); 9,8102  0,0416 mgEQ/g (36 hours); 10,6161  0,0768 mgEQ/g (48 hours); 7,2594  0,1244 mgEQ/g (60 hours). The statistical analysis indicates a significant difference (p < 0,05) in the total flavonoid content at each maceration time. Conclusion: The duration of maceration time significantly affects the total flavonoid content produced with the optimum maceration time results at 48 hours

Phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of Thai edible plant extracts and their prebiotic-like effects

Phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties of Thai edible plant extracts and their prebiotic-like effects

Anti-inflammatory activity of combination of ethanol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) in carrageenan-induced rats

Background: Inflammation is an essential innate immune response aimed at antigen elimination and preventing their spread. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) rhizomes have been empirically utilized as medicinal components due to their anti-inflammatory potential. However, the combined efficacy of these rhizomes has not been previously explored. Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a combination of ginger and bangle rhizome extracts. Method: Ginger and bangle rhizomes were individually subjected to extraction through maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by purification with n-hexane. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via motility tests on subjects administered orally with 1% CMC-Na (control), diclofenac sodium (4.5 mg/kg body weight), ginger ethanol extract (200 mg/kg body weight), bangle ethanol extract (400 mg/kg body weight), and a combination of both extracts (100:200 mg/kg body weight). Observations were made over 6 hours, with motility scores subsequently analyzed using ANOVA and the LSD test for statistical significance. Results: Treatments involving ginger extract, bangle extract, and their combination significantly improved motility scores compared to the negative control. Furthermore, these treatments displayed no significant difference in effectiveness compared to the diclofenac sodium group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The combined ethanol extracts of ginger and bangle rhizomes demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac sodium, as evidenced by motility score evaluations. This suggests their potential as alternative anti-inflammatory agents.

Total phenolic content and in vitro photoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior)

Background: Previous research highlighted the photoprotective potential of various extracts from torch ginger leaves, but the efficacy of ethanolic extracts, particularly from leaves and other plant parts, remained unexplored.
 Objective: This study aimed to assess the total phenolic content and SPF value of ethanolic extracts from torch ginger leaves, flowers, and stems, comparing these with a known photoprotective agent, oxybenzone.
 Method: Ethanolic extraction was performed on approximately 200 grams of each plant part. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while SPF values were measured spectrophotometrically between 290 and 320 nm. Statistical analysis involved Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by post-hoc Fisher's LSD.
 Results: The leaf extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (483.788 ± 2.57 mg GAE/g) and SPF value at 1000 ppm, surpassing that of flowers, stems, and the positive control, oxybenzone. The correlation between phenolic content and SPF value across plant parts was statistically significant.
 Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of torch ginger leaves shows superior photoprotective potential, indicated by its high phenolic content and SPF value, suggesting its promising application in natural sunscreen formulations up to the permissible active substance limit of 6% set by BPOM.