Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

Phytochemical & Pharmacological Investigation of Stems of Passiflora foetida

Aims: To carry out extraction, preliminary phytochemical analysis and invivo analgesic screening of extract of the stem of Passiflora foetida L.
 Methodology: Passiflora foetida L; Family: Passifloraceae, is an exotic fast-growing perennial and medicinal vine occurring in Germany, France and other European countries and USA and grown in different parts of India. Dried stems of Passiflora foetida L was coarsely powdered and maceration was done using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was subjected to preliminary phytochemical tests. Then subjected to in vivo analgesic activity.
 Results: Phytochemical investigation of the stem of Passiflora foetida L preliminary test showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and steroids. Acute toxicity study of ethanolic extract of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out and extracts were found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacological activities of stems of Passiflora foetida L was carried out from ethanolic extract.
 Conclusion: Phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extract of stems were carried out and Analgesic activity by tail flick method in rats and acetic acid induced writhing method in mice, showed statistically significant activity (P=.05) when compared to control. The ethanolic stem extract of Passiflora foetida L proved to have significant pain relieving action in a dose dependent manner.

Phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-stress and cerebroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of stem of Sarcostemma acidum

The current study was designed to assess the phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-stress and cerebroprotective activities of ethanolic extract of stem of Sarcostemma acidum (EESA). The stem of Sarcostemma acidum was collected and extracted with 70% ethanol. The ethanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical screening (Chemical and HPTLC), antioxidant (in-vitro), anti-stress (Mice model) and cerebroprotective activities (Cerebral ischemia model). EESA showed presence of flavonoids as primary phytoconstituents. EESA significantly reduced the immobility period in tail suspension trial and swimming endurance trial. EESA significantly reduced the TBARS levels (21.45±0.56; p<0.01) and augmented tissue antioxidants in cerebral ischemia model. The levels of MOA-A were reduced in the EESA treated animals (54.1±0.2; p<0.001) and cortisol levels also reduced in EESA treated animals (45.1±1.6; p<0.001). Histopathology also supported the biochemical parameters. The EESA effect was compared with reference standard diazepam and Ashwagandha. EESA showed significant antioxidant, anti-stress and cerebroprotective activities and the protective effect might be due to presence of flavonoids as phytoconstituents.

In vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract From Two Mangrove Plants

Background: Mangrove plants, often possessing a unique collection of metabolites, have extensively been used for the primary healthcare of coastal residents. Objectives: To determine the safety level and enrich the scientific data, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity of Avicennia officinalis and Excoecaria agallocha. Methods: Ethanolic leaf and stem extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality assay. The obtained extracts were administered to Swiss albino in a single dose (200, 400, 800, 1600, & 3200 mg/kg body weight) by oral-gavage for acute toxicity assay. Furthermore, systematic observation was performed by close monitoring for any toxic manifestations and mortality after dosing for the first 4 h, at 24 h and twice daily for 6 days. Evaluating the adverse effects were estimated by comparing the test groups with the controls. After sacrificing all group animals, relative organ weight was measured and histopathological analysis was conducted. Results: Having Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 44.66 µg/mL, E. agallocha leaf was found with the highest toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii. The toxicological study data demonstrated no death and noticeable change in behavioral patterns in the test mice groups, compared with the control group. Moreover, no significant (P>0.05) differences were found in body weight and relative organ weights, compared to the controls. The histological structures of the liver in the treated mice displayed regular tissue configurations similar to the control group. Conclusion: In this study, the mice model exhibited no harmful effects; thus, the reported results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem of these two mangrove plants are safe for therapeutic use. Further long-term toxicological impact of the extracts should be determined for well-founded confirmation.

Eurycomanol alleviates hyperuricemia by promoting uric acid excretion and reducing purine synthesis

BackgroundAn elevated level of blood uric acid (UA) leads to serious damages to human health. In clinic, xanthine oxidase inhibitor is commonly used to reduce uric acid production. However, UA excretion promotion drug is rare. Our previous study demonstrated that the 70% ethanolic extract of stem of Eurycoma longifolia could effectively increase UA excretion and decrease blood level of UA in hyperuricemia animal model. In this paper, we tried to find active substance on UA regulation from E. longifolia. MethodsThe constituents of stem from E. longifolia were isolated and analyzed by chemical and spectral methods. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied to measure the concentrations of UA in serum and urine. H&E staining was used to characterize renal histopathological changes. The protein and mRNA expressions of UA transporters were measured by western blot and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. ResultsTen kinds of quassinoids were isolated from stem of E. longifolia, and the structures were identified. Pharmacological research revealed the major component, eurycomanol (5–20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased serum UA level and increased 24 h clearance of uric acid in potassium oxonate and adenine induced hyperuricemic mice. Eurycomanol ameliorated UA induced kidney histological injury, inhibited hepatic purine synthesis through decreasing phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, promoted UA excretion by modulation of renal and intestinal urate transporters, such as GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1, and NPT1. ConclusionThe results showed eurycomanol from E. longifolia can promote UA excretion through kidney and intestine, decrease hepatic purine synthesis and further keep UA homeostasis, suggesting that eurycomanol has the potential to be developed into a novel drug for the treatment of under-excretion type hyperuricemia.

Activity of Ethanol Extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook in Increasing Swimming Endurance on Male Mice Using Natatory Exhaustion Method

The use of stamina-enhancing drugs is now increasingly widespread. Continuous use of stamina medication can cause side effects such as insomnia, feeling nervous and emotional. Therefore, it is necessary to look for effective drugs, relatively low side effects, and relatively cheap prices. One of them is to use natural materials such as Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook stems. This study is to find out the tonic effect extract ethanol of Tinospora crispa stem against male mice with the Natatory Exhaustion Method. This research is an experimental study with a posttest matched control group design. Tonic effect test experiments were conducted using the Natatory Exhaustion Method. Test animals as many as 25 mice were divided into 5 groups, group I, II, III has given Tinospora crispa stem ethanol extract (100,200 and 400 mg/kg body weight). Group IV was given 100 mg/kg body weight of caffeine (positive control) and group V given 25 mL/kg body weight of Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5 % (negative control). Test reserved per oral for 14 days. Test showing that administration 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of Tinospora crispa stem ethanol extract gave tonic effect on male mice. Mann-Whitney tests showed that the administration of Tinospora crispa stem ethanol extract doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight gave a tonic effect on male mice with significant value (p<0.05) compared to the administration of Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5%, administration of 400 mg/kg body weight extract ethanol of Tinospora crispa stem has a tonic effect on mice which differs noticeably with the administration of caffeine 100 mg/kg body weight with significant value (p<0.05). The present investigation revealed that Tinospora crispa stem ethanol extract shows tonic effect by increasing swimming endurance on male mice.

The effectiveness of medical antibiotics and herbs as antibiotic on mouth bacterial flora

Background Plant are the oldest source of pharmacological active compounds. The Achyranthes aspera's seeds, roots and shoots are used as medicine from ancient times. Oral infections and oral disease are directly depends on the oral application of our daily lives. The present study gives information on anti-bacterial properties of this plant. The role of this plant against bacteria have been screened and confirmed by many researchers. While many people in the villages of India also use the roots of this plant as tooth brush, it still has a long way to go to be established as a recognized entity in the prevention and treatment of oral infections and oral diseases. Various studies report that the aqueous solution of A. aspera has shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus heamolyticus, and Bacillus typhosus, while alcoholic and aqueous extract of its leaves possess antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Till today, very few studies have been conducted on the antibacterial effect of the extracts of A. aspera against mouth bacterial flora and oral pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the extracts of A. aspera against mouth bacterias like S. aureus, E-coli, Staphylococcus aureus etc. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the extracts of Achyranthes aspera against mouth bacterial flora and compare it's effectiveness with common antibiotics that we generally adviced by the physician in medical field. Methods: A observation study with quantitative approach was used to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the common bacteria of the saliva of different people. With scientific perspective the data was made and analysis of it's effectiveness as anti-bacteria. The effect of broad aspectrum antibiotics were used to examine association between the effects of Achyranthes aspera on common bacterias of saliva like S. aureus, E-coli, Staphylococcus aureus in terms of zone of inhibition. Results The study showed the effect of extracts (EES, EEL, MES, MEL, IES, IEL) on mouth bacterial flora. On Pseudomonos species the highest effect showed by Ethanolic extracts of stem and Methanolic extracts of leaves. All the data that the extracts of leaves and stem of Achyranthes aspera are effective against mouth bacterial flora. The study also compares the effect of selected antibiotics with the effect of extracts of Achyranthes aspera. On E. coli, the effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf was greater than the effects of AZM and LE but lower than that of CX. Discussion These data comprehensively summarize the measurable difference between the effects of different extracts of Achyranthes aspera on bacteria and between the effect of antibiotics and effect of extracts of Achyranthes aspera. These data were collected statistically based on the objectives of the study. Recommendation In the light of the finding and personal experience of the researches, the following recommendations are put forth. The findings of the present study can be used as a guide for future study A similar study can be conducted in a large representative sample for better generalization A similar study can be conducted on individuals with some kind of oral infection to assess the efficacy of the herbs A similar study can be conducted on multidrug resistant bacteria using the same extracts A comparative study can be conducted to established differences in effects between extracts of A. aspera and other drugs used for mouth rinsing. Conclusion Much advancement in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections has been introduced over the past century. Medicinal plants are pluripotent in nature and hence offer great therapeutic entities for the health sciences. If the strengths of the knowledge based traditional herbal medicine combined with the scientific methods of drug preparation, it can provide new and more advanced functional leads to reduce time, money and toxicity - the three main hurdles in drug development. As the result of the present study exhibited presence of antibacterial properties in the studied extracts of A. aspera, this also indicates that active bio-molecule is present in each extract. Hence, they can be utilized along with conventional medicine that can assure us of greater health in the future. Further studies can be conducted in future to assess the safety levels of this herb.

Ethanolic Extracts of the Gongronema latifolium Stem and Leaves Caused Mild Renal Injury and Modulated Serum Triglycerides in Rats

Gongronema latifolium is a tropical plant with verse traditionally and medicinal uses in mostly Africa and Asia. In this work, we determined the biochemical effects of G. latifolium ethanolic extracts in male Wistar rats. The G. latifolium stem and leaves were air-dried separately, macerated, and extracted in 80 % ethanol. The Wistar rats were assigned into three groups randomly; control was administered distilled water, the treatment groups respectively were given 200 mg/kg bw of the extracts of leaves or stem for twenty-eight (28) days. Data showed that the rat serum ALT and ALP activities were lower in the extract-treated group than in the control group administered distilled water. In the rat liver, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in biochemical parameters compared to the control group as the extract-treated group showed a reduction in ALT, AST, and ALP activities. Meanwhile, the oral administration of the G. latifolium extracts led to the elevated (p<0.05) level of serum urea, while the serum triglycerides and creatinine levels were reduced compared with the control. Together, the data suggest that G. latifolium extracts at the doses tested had minimal renal toxicity.

Comparative assessment of the anti-diarrhoeal effects of the ethanol leaf and stem extracts of lantana camara in Wistar rats

The antidiarrhoeal effects of Lantana camara ethanol leaf and stem extracts were compared in Wistar rats. The phytochemical and acute toxicity tests were also determined. The extracts were evaluated for castor oil- induced diarrhoea and enteropooling as well as intestinal transit in rats. The ethanol stem extract produced significant (P < 0.05), while the ethanol leaf extract produced significant (P < 0.01) dose dependent protection on rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The stem extract inhibited intestinal transit time and caused significant (P < 0.05), while leaf extract caused significant (P < 0.01) dose related inhibition of castor oil induced enteropooling in rats, comparable to the standard drugs. The leaf and stem extracts significantly and dose dependently delayed the onset of castor oil induced diarrhoea, decreased the frequency of defecation and reduced the severity of diarrhoea in rats. The ethanol leaf and stem extracts of L. camara significantly and dose dependently decreased the volume of intestinal fluid accumulation in the castor oil induced enteropooling. The distance travelled by charcoal meal in intestinal transit time was also reduced. The oral LD50 values obtained were greater than 5000 mg/kg in rats. These findings suggest that both ethanol leaf and stem extracts of Lantana camara may contain some biologically active ingredients that are active for the treatment of diarrhoea in Nigerian herbal traditional medicine. However, the leaf extract has more antidiarrhoeal activities compared to the stem extract in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal in Wistar rats.

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

The use of traditional medicines has been observed to increase globally. The search for new antimicrobial agents has increased as a result of increase in microbial infections as well as antimicrobial resistance. The phytochemical and antibacterial activities of ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves and stem of Eucalyptus torelliana was investigated to detect the presence of secondary metabolites and also evaluate their antibacterial potential. The phytochemical constituents of the powdered leaves and stem of Eucalyptus torelliana were determined using standard methods. The antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria from different sources to the leaves and stem extract was determined using agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, MIC of the extracts were also determined. Phytochemical screening of Eucalyptus torelliana yielded glycosides, reducing sugars, condensed tannins and terpenoids in both leaf and stem extract while saponins were found only in the leaves extract. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana had antibacterial activities at 20mg/ml and 10mg/ml especially at 20mg/ml where it showed significant difference in their activity in relation to the negative control. The extracts from the stem were observed to have better antibacterial activity compared to the leaves. Gentamicin was used as a positive control. The ethanolic extracts had MIC range between 10mg/ml->10mg/ml while that of the methanolic extracts was >10mg/ml. The results from this study validate the possible use of Eucalyptus torelliana in the production of new antimicrobial agents.

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Eucalyptus torelliana, Nigeria

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF IN VIVO PLANT AND IN VITRO CALLUS EXTRACT OF CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM L.

Objective: The present investigation focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. in their phytochemical and biological activities. Methods: In this study, in vivo stem and in vitro callus ethanolic extracts of C. halicacabum were tested for their phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), antioxidant, antibacterial, and bioactive compound properties. The bactericidal activity of the in vivo stem and in vitro callus extract has been evaluated in both Gram+ve and Gram-ve microorganisms using the disk diffusion method. Results: The highest frequency (78%) of well developed, dark green organogenic callus was induced from stem explant on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA). The results of FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups in wild stem and in vitro callus extract of C. halicacabum with various peaks. The total phenolic content in ethanolic extract of in vivo plant and in vitro callus was 80.46 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight and 76.4 mg GAE/g dry weight, respectively. The highest percentage of tannins was measured at 78.03 in wild stem ethanol extracts followed by 75.22 in callus extract. The antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ethanol extract was found to be 206.54 μg/ml. IC50 values of the stem extracts of C. halicacabum are 306 μg/ml and 286 μg/ml in callus extract, respectively. Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract was higher for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with a 17 mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion: The present investigation recommended that the callus ethanolic extract function as a good source of biologically active compounds and natural antioxidants.

PENINGKATAN KADAR INSULIN TIKUS WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus) JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOSIN AKIBAT PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BATANG BROTOWALI (Tinospora crispa L.)

<p>Brotowali stems (<em>Tinospora crispa</em> L.) contain flavonoids which act as antioxidants and are expected to have the potential to reduce blood glucose levels and increase insulin levels in mice due to STZ induction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of brotowali stem ethanol extract (EEBB) on insulin levels in STZ-induced male Wistar rats. Measurement of mouse insulin levels using the mouse insulin ELISA kit method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of brotowali rods at a dose of 450 mg / kgBW rats were significantly different (<0.05) between the hyperglycemic control group and the EEBB treatment group showing an increase in the mean insulin levels of the rats after being given EEBB for 10 days. Brotowali stems can be used for the treatment of natural ingredients with flavonoid content.</p><p> </p>

Test of the Aphrodisiac Effect of Ethanol Extract of Roots, Stems and Leaves of Packaged Plants (Smilax rotundifolia) on Male White Rats (Sprague Dawley)

Developing countries use medicinal plants for aphrodisiac treatment, one of which is a pack plant (Smilax rotundifolia) which is commonly used to enlarge male genitalia in Papua Indonesia. Because these claims are not scientifically tested and proven, at this time This study aims to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of S. rotundifolia stem and leaf tubers on the parameters of sexual behavior in male Sprague Dawley rats. As well as fear the most effective plant parts have aphrodisiac activity. Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups (A-E) consisting of group A given 0.5% Na CMC colloid solution (normal control), group B given X-gra® suspension dosage 51.37 mg / kgBW (control positive), group C was given root ethanol extract dosage 200mg / kgBB, group D was given stem ethanol extract dosage 200mg / kgBB and group E was given leaf ethanol extract dosage 200mg / kgBB. The aphrodisiac test was observed on the 31st day with a ratio of male and female rats (1: 2). All parameters tested in the extract group showed significant differences with the normal group. This showed an aphrodisiac effect in all extract groups. The 200 mg / KgBB stem extract group reduced latent rates and intromission mounts as well as increased copulation rates, showing a marked increase in the number of intromissions, reduced ejaculatory latency and inter-intromission interval, and increased ejaculation frequency. which was not significant in the X-gra group (positive control) (p

Phenolics of Aerial Parts of Gentiana lutea L. and Their Biological Activity

Gentiana lutea L. is a medicinal plant the roots of which are primarily used in treatments of various human digestive disorders, but also the production of alcoholic liquors. The roots (radix) of G. lutea are described in the European Pharmacopeia, but knowledge about the chemical composition and biological activities of its aerial parts is still limited. Thus, until today aerial parts of this species have not been used in medical treatments or consumed. Therefore, flowers, leaves, and stems extracts of G. lutea obtained by using four different extraction solvents (petrol ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water) were examined for their chemical composition and biological activities. High concentrations of salicylic acid, apigenin, and naringenin were recorded for ethanol stem extracts, while significant amounts of kaempferol were detected in leaves and flowers in chloroform and water extracts, respectively. The highest antioxidant potential was recorded for flower and stem petrol ether extracts with the lowest IC50 values, ranging from 94.46 ± 9.45 to 105.38 ± 10.54 μg/mL. Ethanol extracts of flowers and stems showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 143.15 ± 14.32 and 146.90 ± 14.69 μg/mL) as well as strong antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (21.00 ± 1.00 and 27.50 ± 1.78 mm inhibition zones, respectively). In addition, ethanol extracts had higher antimycotic activity compared to naturally occurring phenolic compounds that are used as positive controls. Moreover, statistical analysis of the activities of plant extracts and single compounds showed that levels of chlorogenic and caffeic acids strongly correlate with the biological activities of the extracts, i.e., they are the main carriers of these biological activities. The presented results indicate the possible use of aerial parts of G. lutea as a natural preservative, as well as a antimicrobial agent, which significantly amplifies the benefits of this medicinal crop and greatly affects the sustainability of cultivated Gentiana plantation.

Anti-degranulation and bile acid-binding activity of extracts from fruits and agro-industrial by-products

To evaluate the utility of fruits and by-products/wastes as bioactive materials, we investigated the anti-allergic effects of hot-water and ethanol extracts from various fruit by-products and medicinal fruits using a β-hexosaminidase release assay. Bile acid-binding ability, which is related to the acceleration of bile acid excretion, was also determined for hot-water extracts. Among the extracts, the ethanol extract of grape bunch stem showed the highest (63.6%) inhibition of degranulation, as assessed by β-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) at a dose of 100 μg/mL. The hot-water extract from grape seed contained the highest total polyphenol content (353 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract), but the total polyphenol content did not show a high correlation with the anti-degranulation effect. A positive relationship between the inhibitory effect of degranulation and proanthocyanidin content (0.1–0.3 in A550) was observed, but higher concentrations of proanthocyanidins in the system showed adverse effects. Proanthocyanidin content was also related to the bile acid-binding ability of the hot-water extracts with the highest value from Chinese quince hot-water extract (95%, 47.7 mg/g dry extract). These results suggest that proanthocyanidin-rich extracts from fruits and agro-industrial by-products have bioactive potential and can be exploited as anti-degranulation and bile acid-eliminating materials.

1-Pentacosanol Isolated from Stem Ethanolic Extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) is A Potential Target for Prostate Cancer-In SILICO Approach

1-Pentacosanol Isolated from Stem Ethanolic Extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) is A Potential Target for Prostate Cancer-In SILICO Approach

Protective role of Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi in diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver and kidney dysfunction in alloxan diabetic rats

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine disease is characterized by increased level of blood glucose. Diabetes may affect other functions of the body and organs including, renal function and lipid metabolism. Pandanus tectorius (P. tectorius) Parkinson ex Du Roi is a small tree used in folk medicine in treatment of many diseases.MethodsDiabetes in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 3 days. Water and ethanol extracts of root, stem and leave of P. tectorius were given to rats at 200 mg/kg body weight at day 3. Rats were sacrificed on day 4 after 12 h fasting. Serum glucose and other biochemical parameters like liver enzymes; [alanine aminotransferases (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], kidney parameters (urea & creatinine), lipid profile [total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides] and coronary artery risk index (CRI) were estimated in blood serum. Antioxidant potential, polyphenol content and phytochemical constituents in different parts of P. tectorius were also determined.ResultsResults showed that water extract of stem and ethanol extract of root of P. tectorius produced maximum fall in sugar level of alloxan diabetic rats. Extracts of all three plant parts significantly dropped the increased level of urea and creatinine with maximum reduction in creatinine was observed by water extract of root. P.tectorius extracts showed positive effect on liver enzymes and lipid profile by bringing them closer to normal range in comparison to alloxan diabetic control rats. Phytochemical screening indicated presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponin in P. tectorius. In DPPH free radical scavenging test the highest antioxidant potential was found in water extract of roots, while ethanol extract of stem also showed good activity.ConclusionThe study demonstrated that different parts of P.tectorius have potential to attenuate diabetes and diabetes related complications like, liver, kidney dysfunction and lipid metabolism.

Periplocin and cardiac glycosides suppress the unfolded protein response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) controls protein homeostasis through transcriptional and translational regulation. However, dysregulated UPR signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Therefore, the compounds modulating UPR may provide molecular insights for these pathologies in the context of UPR. Here, we screened small-molecule compounds that suppress UPR, using a library of Myanmar wild plant extracts. The screening system to track X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing activity revealed that the ethanol extract of the Periploca calophylla stem inhibited the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-XBP1 pathway. We isolated and identified periplocin as a potent inhibitor of the IRE1-XBP1 axis. Periplocin also suppressed other UPR axes, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Examining the structure–activity relationship of periplocin revealed that cardiac glycosides also inhibited UPR. Moreover, periplocin suppressed the constitutive activation of XBP1 and exerted cytotoxic effects in the human multiple myeloma cell lines, AMO1 and RPMI8226. These results reveal a novel suppressive effect of periplocin or the other cardiac glycosides on UPR regulation, suggesting that these compounds will contribute to our understanding of the pathological or physiological importance of UPR.

Ethanolic Extract of Ground Vernonia Amygdalina Stem Exhibited Potent Antibacterial Activity and Improved Hematological Bio-Functional Parameters in Normal and Monosodium Glutamate-Intoxicated Rats

Herein, Vernonia amygdalina stem ethanolic extract, VASEE, was elucidated for its antibacterial activity in vitro by disk-diffusion technique and, in vivo effect on some hematological parameters of normal and monosodium glutamate, MSG-intoxicated rats. For in vivo study, 20 male albino rats assigned into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E) were, for 14 days, respectively administered MSG (8000 mg/kg body weight, bw), VASEE (200 mg/kg bw), Control (Vital feed and tap water), MSG (8000 mg/kg bw + VASEE, 200 mg/kg bw), and MSG (8000 mg/kg bw + VASEE, 400 mg/kg bw). In vitro, the VASEE-related activity against the tested bacterial pathogens was significant (P < 0.05), dose dependent and comparable to that by the standard antibacterial drug, Ciprofloxacin. In vivo, VASEE compared to control and MSG groups improved (P < 0.05) and, notably at the highest tested dose modulated the monosodium glutamate intoxication-related effect on, the studied hematology of rats. Thus, VASEE exhibited potent activity against the tested bacterial pathogens, improved, and potentially modulated MSG-intoxication-related effect on, the rats’ hematological functions. The study underscored a promising antibacterial application of the extract of hitherto wasted bitter leaf stem that could offer novel therapeutic benefits on the hematology of especially MSG-intoxicated rats, warranting further studies.
 Keywords: Hematology, intoxication, bitter leaf stem, packed cell volume, Red blood cell

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Plant Extracts from Spinacia oleraceae L. (Amaranthaceae)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. SO) leaves represent an important dietary source, have high nutritional value and antimicrobial properties. Spinach leaves have been used in the treatment of human diseases since ancient times. Here, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of ethanolic extract of Spinach oleracea leaves by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using well diffusion method against bacterial species Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebseilla pneumonia and fungal species Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum. We evaluated from present data that ethanolic extract of root showed zone of inhibition ranges from 6 mm to 21 mm, ethanolic extract of stem showed zone of inhibition ranges from 8 mm to 21 mm and ethanolic extract of leaf showed zone of inhibition ranges from 9 mm to 22 mm from concentration 25 mg/ml to 100mg/ml. Leaf extract has high antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial and fungal species while root extract has low antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial and fungal species. Activity of plant extract was increased by the increasing concentration of extracts. Very low zone of inhibition was found at concentration 25 mg/1 ml DMSO which ranges from 6 mm to 14 mm while very high zone of inhibition was found at concentration 100 mg/ml which ranges from 6 mm to 22 mm. So, ethanolic extracts of Spinach oleraceae has good efficiency against bacterial and fungal species.