Abstract
Objective: The present investigation focuses on the use of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. in their phytochemical and biological activities. Methods: In this study, in vivo stem and in vitro callus ethanolic extracts of C. halicacabum were tested for their phytochemical attributes by qualitative method, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), antioxidant, antibacterial, and bioactive compound properties. The bactericidal activity of the in vivo stem and in vitro callus extract has been evaluated in both Gram+ve and Gram-ve microorganisms using the disk diffusion method. Results: The highest frequency (78%) of well developed, dark green organogenic callus was induced from stem explant on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 0.5 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA). The results of FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups in wild stem and in vitro callus extract of C. halicacabum with various peaks. The total phenolic content in ethanolic extract of in vivo plant and in vitro callus was 80.46 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight and 76.4 mg GAE/g dry weight, respectively. The highest percentage of tannins was measured at 78.03 in wild stem ethanol extracts followed by 75.22 in callus extract. The antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ethanol extract was found to be 206.54 μg/ml. IC50 values of the stem extracts of C. halicacabum are 306 μg/ml and 286 μg/ml in callus extract, respectively. Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract was higher for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with a 17 mm zone of inhibition. Conclusion: The present investigation recommended that the callus ethanolic extract function as a good source of biologically active compounds and natural antioxidants.
Highlights
Medicinal plants are natural properties of bioactive phytochemical constituents which, for the physiological activities delivered on the human organism, can be employed against various ailments
Callus induction Callus induction was detected from cut margins of stem explants of C. halicacabum after 2 weeks of incubation, cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with auxins, namely, 2, 4-D, IAA, indolebutyric acid (IBA), and NAA (0.5–2.0 mg/l) along with benzyl adenine (BA) (0.5 mg/l), under a partial incubation in dark (Table 1)
The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of wild stem and callus ethanolic extracts confirms the presence of functional groups for phenolics and flavonoids, which are widely reported for their antioxidant potential
Summary
Medicinal plants are natural properties of bioactive phytochemical constituents which, for the physiological activities delivered on the human organism, can be employed against various ailments. C. halicacabum belonging a medicinal plant rich in β-sitosterol, D-glucoside, Saponin, and Quebrachitol. Even though there are several reported publications on C. halicacabum phytochemistry in the literature, to date there is no available published report on the comparative phytochemical study of wild (stem) and in vitro callus extract. This prompts us to execute the present work to study the phytochemistry of C. halicacabum. The novelty of the present investigation is the detection of the main functional groups such as alcohols, phenols and alkanes in the stem derived callus extract, which could further be used for pharmacological study on this plant
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