Esterification Transesterification Process Research Articles

Effect of CaO/Fe2O3 Ratio and Oil/Methanol Molar Ratio on Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel that can be produced through the transesterification reaction of biomass. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of comparative composition of CaO and Fe2O3 on CaO/Fe2O3 catalysts from eggshells and Fe2O3 in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. In addition, it was also studied the effect of the ratio of oil and methanol on the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced. Catalysts were prepared through impregnation. The esterification-transesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15, catalyst (3%wt oil), heated at 65°C for 3 hours with a stirring scale of 1200 rpm. The results showed biodiesel production using CaO: Fe2O3 catalyst with the ratio of CaO: Fe2O3 70:30 and WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 obtained higher yield (84.5%) compared to others. The best biodiesel yield produced is the CaO:Fe2O3 catalyst ratio of 70:30 and the WCO:methanol molar ratio of 1:9 with a biodiesel yield of 84.50% with a methyl ester content of 99.63% and a FAME yield of 84.14%. The biodiesel produced has met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in terms of density and viscosity.

Comparison between Transesterification Reaction with Microwave Heating and Conventional Heating for Biodiesel Production from Coconut Oil with Alkaline Catalyst

Biodiesel is a biofuel made from vegetable oil through an esterification-transesterification process. The process of making biodiesel is carried out by conventional heating methods and microwave heating. The reaction process was carried out according to the specified variables, with a concentration of 0.1% of the volume of methanol and a variable microwave power of 135, 225 and 315 watts with time variations of 5, 3 and 1 minute, as well as conventional heating at 60°C for 1 hour. The best result is the one using microwave heating with a power of 315 watts for 1 minute. The best biodiesel yield is 88.879%, with water content of 0.01%, an acid number of 0.56 Kg-KOH/g, a density of 0.892 g/mL and a viscosity of 2.617 cSt. The best result of biodiesel oil in comparison of is using the microwave heating method.

Statistical optimization of ultrasound‐assisted biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil – waste cooking oil mixture using modified conch shell catalyst

AbstractBiodiesel is a potential alternative fuel that offers several environmental benefits and can be used in conventional engines. However, high feedstock cost poses a challenge for its commercial viability. This study focuses on producing biodiesel using waste cooking oil (WCO) and Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) as feedstock, with a specific emphasis on the use of modified conch shell as solid catalyst under ultrasonic conditions. Different mixtures of WCO and MOO were evaluated for their suitability in a two‐stage esterification transesterification process, and the acid value of the WCO‐MOO blend was reduced through an ultrasound‐assisted esterification process. Additionally, a calcium oxide‐based catalyst was developed from conch shells (CS) through calcination for 3 h at 900°C and further modified using water and methanol. The characterization studies confirm the successful development and modification of the CS catalyst and also demonstrates excellent catalytic activity. The ultrasound assisted transesterification process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based Box–Behnken design (BBD). By employing a catalyst loading of 5.8 wt%, methanol to esterified oil volumetric ratio of 0.37:1, and an ultrasonication time of 57 min, a maximum predicted methyl ester conversion of 94.7% was achieved. Therefore, this work provides valuable insights into the use of modified conch shell catalyst for biodiesel production from WCO and MOO mixtures thereby contributing to the advancement of cost‐effective and environmentally friendly biodiesel production methods.

Cost-Effective Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Marble Powder as A Green Heterogeneous Catalyst Using Pongamia Pinnata Oil

Waste marble powder (WMP) is Investigated for developing heterogeneous catalysts by calcination method and used in biodiesel synthesis by esterification-transesterification process from Pongamia Pinnata oil. Hammet indicators, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were also studied for the characterization of developed catalyst from waste marble powder (WMP). The conversion of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide in marble powder was found at 800°C after calcination. The maximum biodiesel yield reached about 94% using a 3.5 wt% catalyst, 9:1 methanol to Pongamia pinnata oil molar ratio, and 2.5 hour process time at 65°C. The biodiesel purity was tested by gas chromatography analysis. The catalyst stability was tested by recyclability test and found a small decrease in biodiesel yield up to 5 recyclability runs. The solid heterogeneous catalyst from WMP proves that the harmful waste could be converted and used as an economically efficient solid heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production from Pongamia Pinnata oil.

Experimental and theoretical feasibility study of methanol application for Echium oil-based biodiesel production

In this study, the effect of ultrasound waves on biodiesel production from methanol and Echium oil is evaluated experimentally under different operating conditions. A two-step esterification–transesterification process was applied to improve the biodiesel quality, and, in order to optimize the reaction conditions, the effect of variables such as methanol to oil molar ratio, KOH catalyst concentration and temperature were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the optimum biodiesel yield (97.2%) could be obtained at a catalyst concentration of 1.875% w.t, feed molar ratio equal to 9.65, and at 50 °C of operating temperature. The acid value, saponification numbers, iodine value, density, kinematic viscosity, fire point, cloud point and flash point were measured and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The results of the analysis showed that the produced biodiesel is a good alternative to fossil fuels. The results demonstrate that methanol and Echium Oil can be used as a proper feedstock for biofuel production. Furthermore, the kinetic study of transesterification is carried out for Echium oil production and the reaction rate constant and activation energy were determined. Finally, the sizing calculations and cost estimation of the Echium oil-based biodiesel production were investigated.

A bi-functional alginate-based composite for catalyzing one-pot methyl esters synthesis from waste cooking oil having high acidity

A bi-functional catalyst based on natural components was designed and optimized via full factorial design for catalyzing the simultaneous esterification-transesterification process. The factors affecting the catalyst synthesis were as follows: crosslinking time (0.5–2 h), CaCl2 concentration (1–5 w/v%), sodium alginate to k-carrageenan mass ratio (1.5:1–3:1 w/w), and sodium bentonite to k-carrageenan mass ratio (1:1–4:1 w/w). The free fatty acids conversion into esters and total esters yield were the indicative responses. The results from this study showed that the maximum total esters yield of 97% was obtained at a crosslinking time of 0.5 h, CaCl2 concentration of 1 w/v%, sodium alginate to k-carrageenan mass ratio of 1.5:1, and sodium bentonite to k-carrageenan mass ratio of 4:1. The reaction conditions were 21:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 3 wt% catalyst loading, and 10 min sonication time using a 750 W rod-sonicator. The impulse ratio was 45:30, and the sonication amplitude was 50%. This catalyst was reused 25 times, in some cases, without a decline in its catalytic activity. Furthermore, the catalyst does not leach or dissolve in the reaction medium and the physical characteristics of the methyl esters matched the ASTM standards for biodiesel.

Process intensification approach for design and optimization of biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate

Design of the biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using process intensification approach is studied in technical, economic and environmental view points. Firstly, the transport phenomena analysis is performed to select the suitable intensified unit. The reactive distillation is selected and used in esterification – transesterification process and hydrolysis – esterification process. The optimum condition of reactive distillation in esterification – transesterification is achieved when the methanol is fed at the 3rd stage of the 4-stage column and the liquid holdup is maintained at 6 m3. The intensified esterification – transesterification process offers higher biodiesel yield and consumes less energy compared with the intensified hydrolysis – esterification process. The economic analysis shows that the intensified esterification-transesterification process is found to be economically feasible. Finally, environment assessment based on life cycle analysis (LCA) indicates that the environmental impact of both processes are similar.

Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process

AbstractThe crude oil extracted from milk thistle seeds was employed as a precursor for creating biodiesel (BD) via the cosolvent esterification–transesterification process. The high acid value of the extracted oil (11.90 mg KOH/g) encouraged its pre‐esterification in the occurrence of hexane as a cosolvent. The cosolvent esterification of oil diminished its acidity index to below 2.0 mg KOH/g using 1.5:1 hexane:methanol volume ratio, 50°C, 60‐min reaction time, 6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, and 0.75 wt.% HCl. Alcoholysis reaction of the esterified oil with methanol and a blend of methanol:ethanol to synthesize, respectively, methylic BD and methylic/ethylic BD was accomplished in the presence of hexane as a cosolvent as well. Under the ideal reaction conditions, methylic BD yield and methylic/ethylic BD yield were 96.23% and 95.63%, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra affirmed the lipid transformation from milk thistle seeds into BD. The attained samples of BD exhibited properties conforming to those specified by ASTM D6751. Also, the cosolvent methanolysis kinetic obeyed the pseudo‐first‐order with 35.94 KJ/mol activation energy and 6.32‐s frequency factor.

A Simplified Design for Biodiesel Production

In this research work, a simple design for the production of 1kg biodiesel involving two stage esterification-transesterification process, with the use of waste soybean oil (WSO) and NaOH catalyst was considered. CHEMCAD 7.1.2 software was used for the design operation which revealed that four (4) pumps, four (4) heaters, two (2) mixers, one (1) drying equipment and two (2) reactors were involved. Also, the production process design revealed that 0.0513kg/hr of methanol and 0.1800kg/hr of 0.1M H2SO4 were required during the esterification process. While 0.6921kg/hr of methanol, 0.9870kg/hr of WSO as well as 0.1934kg/hr of NaOH catalyst were needed for the transesterification process. The simplicity of the design and high purity level of the biodiesel produced adjudged the design operation good.

Effect of Temperature and Concentration of Zeolite Catalysts from Geothermal Solid Waste in Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil by Esterification–Transesterification Process

The production of biodiesel using zeolite catalysts from geothermal solid waste has been studied. This study aims to make zeolite catalysts as catalysts in biodiesel production, assessing the effect of catalyst concentration, and temperature in the esterification–transesterification process on the biodiesel yield produced. The results showed that the synthesized zeolite catalyst was an analcime zeolite catalyst (Al1.9Na1.86O12Si4). The biodiesel yield of 98.299% with 100% fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) content was achieved at a catalyst concentration of 5%wt and a reaction temperature of 300 °C for one-hour reaction time. The yield of biodiesel decreased with repeated catalysts, which experienced morphological changes before and after three usage times. Consequently, in this case, the catalyst cannot be regenerated.

Waste cooking oil processing for fatty acid methyl ester and mono glycerides production with magnetite catalyst

The objective of this research was to produce biodiesel using waste cooking oil and various magnetite catalysts with the esterification-transesterification process. Magnetite catalysts tested were α- Fe2O3, α- Fe2O3/Al2O3, α- Fe2O3/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catalysts were prepared through chemical precipitation and calcination. The esterificationtransesterification process was carried out with the conditions WCO: methanol molar ratio of 15:1, catalyst (1% wt of oil), heated at 65℃ for 3 hrs. The results showed biodiesel production using α- Fe2O3-ZSM-5 catalyst obtained higher %FAME (83.28%), yield (91.915%) and monoglyceride content (16.72%) compared to others due to larger pore volume. Biodiesel produced passed the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) based on density, acid number and viscosity.

CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.

Banana peduncle – A green and renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from Ceiba pentandra oil

In the present study, the feasibility of utilizing Musa spp “Pisang Awak” peduncle derived ash as a highly effective renewable heterogeneous basic catalyst for transesterification of underutilized non-edible Ceiba pentandra oil (CPO) was investigated. The physiochemical characteristics of the calcined banana peduncle (CBP) were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Atomic X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDAX). Biodiesel was produced by a two-step esterification-transesterification process. In the first step, FFA content of the oil was reduced from 7% to 1.6% using reaction conditions of 1.0 vol% H2SO4 concentration, 1h reaction time, 1:4 v/v methanol to oil volumetric ratio with constant reaction temperature of 60 °C. In the second step, response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine the optimal process conditions of transesterification process variables. Based on the RSM results, the optimum process conditions for transesterification of CPO into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was found to be 1.978 wt% catalyst concentration, 60 min reaction time, 9.20:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with a maximum predicted FAME yield of 99.36% which was evaluated experimentally as 98.69 ± 0.18%.

Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil Oil Using Nizn /Al2o3 Catalyst As Biomass Alternative Energy

Fossil energy is a limited source of primary energy, various efforts have been made to find alternative fuels that are renewable. Vegetable oil is one of the plants that can be a source of energy, but must be converted into other forms, namely alkyl esters (biodiesel). Biodiesel is a diesel fuel substitute that can be used as a raw material for making or mixing in transportation fuels. In this study, biodiesel will be produced using an esterification-transesterification process with NiZn/Al2O3catalyst. Process variables include:temperaturesof90,120,150and180oC.theratiooffeedmethanol:palmoilata ratio of 1: 15. The concentration of NiZn/Al2o3 catalyst was varied at 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%. NiZn/Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized using wet impregnation method with loading of nickel and Zink at 5% wt. The catalyst will be analyzed using XRD and SEM analysis. Nickel and Zink metals in the NiZn/Al2O3catalyst catalyst have been dispersed on the surface of Al2O3. Al2O3 calcination before the impregnation process produced NiZn /Al2O3 catalyst with a crystallinity of 62,99%. The results of this study concluded that the biodiesel produced increased with increasing catalyst concentration, temperature, reaction in the esterification-transesterification process where at a temperature of 90oC and catalyst concentration 0.015 g catalyst / gr feed and reaction time of 1.5 hours obtained biodiesel yield of 35.8%, at temperature of 90oC and at a temperature of 180oC and catalyst concentration of 0.01 g catalyst/gr feed obtained biodiesel yield of 48.3%. Biodiesel was analyzed by GCMS to measure the composition of methyl esters and test the properties of biodiesel according to ASTM standards.

Emissions of Jatropha oil-derived biodiesel blend fuels during combustion in a swirl burner

Experimental works on combustion of jatropha oil biodiesel blends of fuel with high swirling flow in swirl burner have been studied in various blends percentage. Jatropha oil biodiesel was produced using a two-step of esterification-transesterification process. The paper focuses on the emissions of biodiesel blends fuel using jatropha oil in lean through to rich air/fuel mixture combustion in swirl burner. The emissions performances were evaluated by using axial swirler amongst jatropha oil blends fuel including diesel fuel as baseline. The results show that the B25 has good emissions even though it has a higher emission of NOx than diesel fuel, while it emits as low as 42% of CO, 33% of SO2 and 50% of UHC emissions with high swirl number. These are due to the higher oxygen content in jatropha oil biodiesel.

Biodiesel Production by Direct Transesterification Process via Sequential Use of Acid–Base Catalysis

It is a well-known fact that energy consumption is rapidly increasing due to population growth, higher standard of living and increased production. A significant amount of energy resources are being consumed by the transportation sector leading to fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one of the technically and economically feasible options to tackle the aforesaid problems. Biodiesel seems to be a replacement to the diesel and can be commonly produced by two-step esterification–transesterification process. In the current research, single-step process of direct transesterification method is developed and is compared with conventional two-step esterification–transesterification method. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced by these two methods have been studied. The results revealed that fuel properties of biodiesel like calorific value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, density, acid value remained similar in both methods. However, the new method developed is superior with respect to reduced reaction time, lower acid value and increased biodiesel yield. The acid value of biodiesel obtained by single-step and two-step method was found to be 0.1 and 0.25 mg KOH/g, respectively. The new method was able to reduce the reaction time from 5 to 2 h. Yield of biodiesel was increased from 2 to 5% indicating advantages of new method compared to two-step conventional method.

A Review of Bio-lubricant Production from Vegetable Oils Using Esterification Transesterification Process

Since long time ago, petroleum oil has been used as a lubricant in motor vehicles. But, the uses of lubricants petroleum can pollute the environment and disrupt marine ecosystems and terrestrial. On the other hand, the use of lubricants in the world in 2008 reached 46 million kiloliters/year and increased by 2% every year. The future prospect the uses of lubricant petroleum on the vehicle’s engine is predicted to have a bad prospect. Thus began research to identify suitable materials to replace petroleum based lubricants. It can produce from vegetable oils and animals oils by chemical modification. But, bio-lubricant properties are easily damaged so we need more research to improve the shelf life of the bio-lubricant. The research must be done to improve the characteristics by adding a bio-lubricant additive.

Optimization of extraction of lipid from Isochrysis galbana microalgae species for biodiesel synthesis

ABSTRACTMicroalgae are promising alternative plant sources for biodiesel production because of the significant increase in lipid yield through heterotrophic cultivation and genetic engineering approaches. This study aims to evaluate the extraction and conversion of lipids from Isochrysis galbana. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize lipid extraction and thereby obtain high yields from the four microalgae species. The optimal lipid yields for Isochrysis galbana is 8.41 wt%. Moreover, the dominant lipid composition found from Isochrysis galbana extractions was palmitic acid (C16:0) at 22.3%. The high saturated acid of Isochrysis galbana contributed to the improved biodiesel properties because biodiesel quality is influenced by the lipid composition of microalgae species. The study employed the two-step esterification–transesterification process to convert the microalgae oil into biodiesel, glycerol, and water. The FAME content is 99.7% under the methanol to oil molar mass of 12:1, 1 wt%, 65°C, and 800 rpm. Furthermore, the main biodiesel properties, such as viscosity, higher heating value, and iodine value, were measured according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14124. Results show that microalgae oil can potentially be used as biofuel in future applications.

Methyl Laurate Characterization from Enzymatic Esterification-Transesterification Process of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

This Lauric acid is the most abundant fat in coconut oil, which can undergo an esterification and trans-esterification reactions to form methyl laurate. The aim of this study was to characterize the results obtained from lauric acid esterification and tran-esterification VCO enzymatic produce methyl esters with a distinctive odor ester. VCO enzymatic_methanol esterification (9: 1) with phosphoric acid catalyst and tran-esterification results esterification_methanol (1: 3) with KOH catalyst with varies time were 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2 hours with the percentage obtained FAME row is 73.97; 78.09; 91.75; and 89.83%. Characterizations of methyl laurate were (1) density: 857.97; 857.97; 859.90; and 860.00 kg/m3, (2) % FFA: 0.16; 0.12; 0.09; 0.07% and acid value: 0.44; 0.32; 0.24; 0.14 mg-KOH/g sample. (3) Functional groups showed similarities value with the methyl laurate standard by the FT-IR spectrophotometer, the presence of ester compounds such as C = O; C-O; C-H; CH3; and RCOOR.

A new route for the synthesis of La-Ca oxide supported on nano activated carbon via vacuum impregnation method for one pot esterification-transesterification reaction

Advanced carbon nanorod promoted binary CaO-La2O3 system with improved physical properties, tailored surface morphology and chemistry were developed in vacuum-impregnating methods. The nanostructured catalyst (CaO–La2O3/AC nanocatalyst) was prepared to convert high FFA waste cooking oil into biodiesel via one step esterification-transesterification reaction. The novel catalyst was characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, BET, TPD-CO2 and TPD-NH3. The high catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst was mainly depends on the high acid and basic density of active sites that contributed from the synergic effect between mesoporous carbon and binary metallic system, which allowed more occurrence of simultaneous esterification-transesterification process of high FFA waste oil without additional pretreatment step. Result showed maximum 98.6±0.5% with acid value 0.4±0.5mg KOH/g of triglyceride conversion under optimal condition at 3% of catalyst, methanol:oil ratio of 16:1, 100°C within 4h of reaction. Furthermore, bi-metallic catalyst with stable carbon nanorod support capable to maintained high reusability with high FAME yield (>98%) with low acid value (<0.5mg KOH/g) for 5 cycles.