Essential Oil Glands Research Articles

Фармакогностическое исследование сырья Nepeta pannonica

Фармакогностический анализ лекарственного растительного сырья является важным этапом введения вида в официальное использование. Объектом исследования являлись надземные органы Nepetapannonica(семейство Lamiaceae), для которого выполнен макро- и микроскопический анализ. Определены следующие диагностические признаки на макроскопическом уровне: лист — форма листовой пластинки, тип жилкования; стебель — тип ветвления побега, окраска, супротивное расположение листьев, слабое опушение; соцветие — расположение цветков; чашечка цветка — форма зубцов, тип опушения, мелкая ребристость; венчик цветка — форма и размеры, окраска. В качестве микроскопических признаков сырья определены форма клеток эпидермиса верхней и нижней сторон, участков над жилками; диацитные устьица, наличие мелких многоклеточных трихом и крупных эфирномасличных железок в строении листа, стебля, чашечки и венчика цветка; разделение мезофилла на столбчатую и губчатую ткани на поперечном срезе листа.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ МОРФОЛОГО-АНАТОМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ЦВЕТКОВ ЯБЛОНИ ЯГОДНОЙ И ДОМАШНЕЙ

At the stage of the analysis of scientific literature, the authors revealed the presence of publications characterizing the wide interest of researchers in the new medicinal plant raw apple blossoms of different types and varieties. The data confirming the presence of phenolic substances in the raw materials (coffee, cinnamon, m-coumaric, p-coumaric, ferulic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, salicylic, synaptic, syringic, vanilla and gallic acids) and flavonoid components (apigenin, isoquercitrin, luteolin, quercetin, quercitrin and rutin) were obtained. In the Russian Federation there is a significant stock of both wild and cultivated apple species, among which the domestic apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) and the berry apple tree (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh) are of scientific interest. Taking into account the lack of scientific information aimed at standardization of new raw materials, the authors analyzed the external and microscopic signs of apple and berry flowers dried by isothermal drying, as well as frozen. The analysis of external signs was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the OFS.1.5.1.0004.15 Flowers, microdiagnostic analysis was performed according to OFS.1.5.3.0003.15 Technique of microscopic and microchemical research of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations. Morphological features related to the size of flowers and the structure of sepals were revealed during microdiagnostic examination, diagnostic signs common to both species were revealed, as well as specific for each specific species. The general ones include the tortuosity of the epidermis, the type of stomatal apparatus, the presence of essential oil glands, as well as numerous sinuous simple hairs. Also common features are a significant number of calcium oxalate inclusions represented by druses and prismatic crystals. A specific feature of the berry apple tree is the presence of glands on multicellular legs along the edge of the stipule. The results of the work can be displayed in the relevant sections of the regulatory documentation being developed

Characteristics of Anatomical Structure and Essential Oil Glands of Leaf Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) and Spearmint (Mentha Spicata)

Mentha is one of the genera of the Lamiaceae family which can produce essential oils. Mentha species have antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and the most active compound that plays a role is menthol. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of variations in the anatomical structure and oil glands of the leaves of two Mentha species as essential oil producers. This type of research was descriptive qualitative in the form of leaf anatomy observations using the fresh and whole mount preparations for longitudinal incisions and the paraffin method for transverse incisions. The research results show that the anatomical structure of the leaves in M. piperita and M. spicata includes the shape, arrangement of epidermal cells and their derivatives, the structure of the tissues that make up the leaves, and variations in glandular and non-glandular trichomes including variations in type, structure, size, and location. The structure of essential oil glands in the leaves of M. piperita and M. spicata species has variations, including number, shape, size, distribution, location, and density. The results of the analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the Mentha species showed that M. piperita had more oil glands than M. spicata. This research has implications for better natural resource management, disaster prevention, and the development of agriculture and fisheries, and this research is the basis for better decision-making by local governments, stakeholders, and related institutions in planning regional development, environmental management, and resource allocation.

Botanical Description, Cultivation Practices, Essential Oil Composition and Therapeutic Values of Origanum vulgare L. and its Future Prospective

The Lamiaceae family is of great diversity and variety, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Plants in this family are characterized by verticillaster inflorescence, two-lipped open-mouthed tubular corolla, opposite decussate leaves, quadrangular stem, etc. Most of the species belonging to the family are aromatic and possess essential oils. Origanum vulgare L., also known as Vantulsi or Badri tulsi, is an important herb that is commonly used for it’s aromatic properties. Oregano's leaves and flowering parts contain essential oil glands that produce volatile oil, which is what gives the plant its fragrance. Carvacrol and/or thymol make up the majority of the essential oil of Oregano, with γ-terpenine, p-cymene, linalool, terpenine 4-ol, and sabinene hydrate. These constituents are primarily responsible for the oil's antiviral, antiseptic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticoagulant, and energetic action properties. In this review article, we shed light on the origin, distribution, botanical description, cytological and breeding studies, essential oil and its constituents, biological activities, cultivation practices and therapeutic values of Origanum vulgare L.

Comprehensive genome-wide identification and transferability of chromosome-specific highly variable microsatellite markers from citrus species

Citrus species among the most important and widely consumed fruit in the world due to Vitamin C, essential oil glands, and flavonoids. Highly variable simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers are one of the most informative and versatile molecular markers used in perennial tree genetic research. SSR survey of Citrus sinensis and Citrus maxima were identified perfect SSRs spanning nine chromosomes. Furthermore, we categorized all SSR motifs into three major classes based on their tract lengths. We designed and validated a class I SSRs in the C. sinensis and C. maxima genome through electronic polymerase chain reaction (ePCR) and found 83.89% in C. sinensis and 78.52% in C. maxima SSRs producing a single amplicon. Then, we selected extremely variable SSRs (> 40 nt) from the ePCR-verified class I SSRs and in silico validated across seven draft genomes of citrus, which provided us a subset of 84.74% in C. sinensis and 77.53% in C. maxima highly polymorphic SSRs. Out of these, 129 primers were validated on 24 citrus genotypes through wet-lab experiment. We found 127 (98.45%) polymorphic HvSSRs on 24 genotypes. The utility of the developed HvSSRs was demonstrated by analysing genetic diversity of 181 citrus genotypes using 17 HvSSRs spanning nine citrus chromosomes and were divided into 11 main groups through 17 HvSSRs. These chromosome-specific SSRs will serve as a powerful genomic tool used for future QTL mapping, molecular breeding, investigation of population genetic diversity, comparative mapping, and evolutionary studies among citrus and other relative genera/species.

QUALITY RATE DETERMINATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF THE GENUS LAMIUM L. SPECIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE

The aim of the work. Studying the peculiarities of the morphological and anatomical structures of leaves, stems and flowers of some Lamium L. species growing widely in Western Ukraine with the definition of diagnostic features of their raw materials. Materials and Methods. The objects of the research were the air-dry and freshly harvested and fixed in a mixture of glycerin-alcohol-water (1: 1: 1) raw materials of some Lamium L. species. The raw material has been examined with the naked eye and with a magnifying glass (x10) in daylight. The anatomical features of plants' organs have been studied on the prepared epidermis and preparations from the surface under a microscope Delta Optical Genetic Pro (Poland). The obtained data has been recorded using schematic drawings and photographs. Results and Discussion. The analysis of diagnostic features of Lamium galeobdolon plant raw material have been performed with herb of Lamium album L., Lamium glaberrimum (C. Koch) Taliev, Lamium purpureum L. which can be impure. The features have been established: numerous simple thin-walled 1–2–3 cellular hairs. At the base of the hairs there are weak nodular swellings of the basal cell, the base is slightly expanded and immersed in the base, which is formed by several epidermal cells. On the epidermis of the stem and leaves there are glands that have a short 2-cell stalk and 4- or 5-6-cell spherical head. Other studied species of the genus Lamium are characterized by the following features. Lamium album: multicellular and unicellular hairs, glandular hairs with a unicellular stalk and 8–12 cell head; and also with a unicellular leg and a two-, four-cell head. Lamium purpureum: typical are simple two-celled hairs with a coarse warty surface, head hairs and branched hairs are on the inside of the corolla tube, essential oil glands. Lamium glaberrimum: short two-celled with wide cavity hairs with a warty surface, tortuous epidermis of the lower side of the leaf blade and underdeveloped glands are rarely found. Conclusion.The morphological and anatomical studies of leaves, stems, and flowers of Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz (syn. Galeobdolon luteum Huds.) comparatively with the aboveground organs of Lamium album L., Lamium glaberrimum (C. Koch) Taliev, and Lamium purpureum L. have been conducted. The diagnostic features of raw materials of these species have been established. The obtained results will be used to develop the parameters of standardization of the studied Lamium galeobdolon plant raw material.

Anatomical study of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.

Currently, the arsenal of the pharmaceutical market has significantly expanded with highly effective drugs of plant origin. More than 1000 essential-oil-bearing plants grow in the flora of Kazakhstan. Of great interest are some species from the families Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, which have not been studied at all before, or for which there is only brief information about the chemical composition and biological properties. In this respect, the Lamiaceae L. family, which is one of the leading in the flora of Kazakhstan, is of interest. So, on the territory of the republic in this family, there are 233 species, united in 45 genera. Among them, the most famous are plants of the genus Dracocephalum, which are a rich and very common source of essential oils. The purpose of our study - to analyze the anatomical parameters of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L. and to reveal the diagnostic features of plants at the microscopic level. Materials And Methods. The object of the study was the aerial parts (leaves, inflorescences and stems) of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.In the study of the aerial organs of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L., dry samples of raw materials were softened in a mixture of glycerin-alcohol-distilled water in a ratio 1:1:1 (Strauss-Fleming mixture). Surface preparations and sections were made manually. The slides were photographed using Altami Studio software; the photographs were processed using Paint 10.0. When describing the anatomical structure, the principles set forth in the works of V.N. Vekhova, L.I. Results and Discussion. Preliminary pharmacognostic investigation of vegetative material was done and diagnostic signs were identified. The detail microscopy revealed the presence of one type of trichrome on leaves’ epidermis; essential oil glandular. Type of mesophyll, structure of trichromes; form and location of epidermal cells, the presence of rare simple trichomes along the edge are discovered. Conclusion. As a results of the anatomical features of the raw material were established, among them the shape and structure of epidermal cells of the leaf and stem, the shape and location of essential oil glands and trichomes, the structure of the leaf and stem on the cross section are diagnostic features of the raw material of Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. and Dracocephalum nutans L.

Morphological characteristics and anatomical features of the perennial herb Ajania fastigiata (C.Winkl.) Poljakov (Asteraceae)

Medicinal plants are currently the most relevant objects of research. Since the final product that is obtained from useful plants belongs to the most valuable medicines. Particularly interesting plants in medicine are those containing essential oils, for example, species of the genus Artemisia, but few people know that closely related species of the genus Ajaniaare also rich in essential oils. The genus Ajaniabelongs to the Asteraceae family. Only 2 species of this genus are found in Kazakhstan: Ajania fruticulosa(Ledeb.) Poljak (shrub) and Ajania fastigiata (C.Winkl.) Poljak (perennial plant).Our object of research is Ajania fastigiata, which is dis-tributed throughout the mountainous territory of the Southern and Southeastern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is little studied in terms of precise morphological and anatomical features, knowledge of which makes it possible to quickly determine and refine the species. The nearest point in the Trans-Ili Alatau was chosen for the prototype. The research methods were classical botanical and anatomical. When analyzing the approximate population, the morphological data of the species for this territory were clarified. Anatomical studies have shown that the leaves of Ajania fastigiata contain essential oil glands and receptacles for metabolic products. The stems of this species have a characteristic arrangement of sclerenchyma in separate strands.

Исследование анатомического строения надземных органов катальпы прекрасной 1-го года вегетации

Woody-shrub vegetation has a key role in greening the urban environment. The excellent decorative qualities of the catalpa are important when choosing a woody plant for introduction in the conditions of the Karaganda region. Seedlings for a particular region must be grown locally to improve their adaptive properties. For a more complete study of the biological features of the species, an anatomical study of young catalpa plants was carried out. It was found that the leaf of the catalpa of the dorsal-ventral type, the stomata of the diacytic type, the cells of the epidermis with winding walls, trichomes and essential-oil glands are located on it; the petiole of the leaf is rounded in shape, with well-developed mechanical tissues around conductive bundles. On the internal structure of the stem and root, the beginning of the formation of cork tissue and the transition to a non-bundle type of structure of the conductive system is observed. In general, the structure of the catalpa is excellent evidence of the mesoxerophyte structure of the plant, which shows its demands on humidification conditions. Leaves are light type, that is, plants when planning green construction must be placed in areas with sufficient lighting. The results obtained will be supplemented by the study of anatomical indicators of plants of subsequent years of development

Фармакогностическое исследование сырья Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.

Введение новых видов растений в медицинскую практику требует проведения фармакогностического исследования, в том числе определение макро- и микроскопических показателей растительного сырья.В статье изложены результаты анатомо-морфологического исследования надземных органов трехре-берника непахучего (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.), собранного в природных условиях в фазе цветения. Растение проявляет антикоагулянтные свойства, обладает мягчительными, спазмоли-тическими и анальгезирующими свойствами, а также проявляет антибактериальную активность. По итогам анализа морфологических и анатомических показателей трехреберника непахучего определе-ны диагностические признаки сырья на макро- и микроскопическом уровнях. Так, на макроскопиче-ском уровне определены следующие признаки: форма, цвет стебля с поверхности и цвет на изломе;форма и степень рассечения листовой пластины, форма конечных долек листочков; форма цветочной корзинки, особенности строения листочков обвертки, цветоложа; строение и форма трубчатых и колокольчатых цветков. На микроскопическом уровне признаки сырья Tripleurospermum inodorum следующие: форма и структура стебля, размещение основных тканей; форма и строение клеток эпидермиса венчика цветка и листочков обвертки, расположение вместилищ и эфирно-масличных железок. Полученные результаты могут войти в проект нормативных документов на растительное сырье данного вида.

PECULIARITIES OF MORPHO-ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF GYPSYWORT (LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS L.) IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH SILICON-BASED MICROFERTILIZER

Background. For the comprehension the mechanisms of adaptation and increasing the bioproductivity of the Gypsywort, at the level of variability of micromorphological and anatomical features of the epidermis of the leaf plate and stem, it is proposed to study the reactions of plants to the use of micronutrients with adaptagenic properties.
 Scientific originality. For the first time in the conditions of crop rotation, the adaptogenic effect of the micro-fertilizer Siliplant on the plants of the Gypsywort at the degree of the epidermal structures of the leaf and stem was shown and confirmed.
 This work aim is to identify the morpho-anatomical features of Gypsywort, emerged as the result of exogenous treatment of plants with microfertilizer Siliplant.
 Materials and methods. The Gypsywort’s plants, growing in the conditions of field crop rotation at the experimental field, were treated in the budding by micro-fertilizer Siliplant (0.055 gallons per acre). The control variant was treated with water. The consumption of the solution was 32,07 gallons per acre. The research material was collected under the second-year plants during the mass flowering phase. Leaf plates of the middle part of the shoots (10 pcs.) were taken from plants (5 pcs. of each variant). The anatomical method of analysis included microscopy and microphotography. A 9x Ernst Zeits Wetzlar light microscope and a 14.0 Mp USB 2.0 C-Mount camera were used for the study. The sample consisted of 10 measurements, statistical processing of the results was performed in Microsoft Excel. For each studied trait, its average value (M), the error of the mean (m) and the coefficient of variation (Cv%) were determined.
 Results. The number and size of stomata were determined, the classification of trichomes was refined, their distribution, the density of pubescence and the number of essential oil glands were studied explored depending on the treatments of plants with Si-based microfertilizer. It has been found out that in plants growing in the field practically do not have hydathodes and pubescence increases.
 Conclusion. Treatment of plants with silicon Si-based microfertilizer contributes to their adaptation to xeromorphic conditions: pubescence decreases, the number of essential oil glands increases, the growth of the bark and xylem elements intensifies. The increased number of stomates and their sizes in the variant with silicon-containing microfertilizer, compared to the control samples indicates its anti-stress effect on the gypsywort plants. The established features of the anatomical structure of plants can also be important in determining the authenticity of medicinal raw materials of Lycopus europaeus L. plants during microscopic analysis.

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl)

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28±0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

Floral studies of palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) W. Watson] and chemical insights during inflorescence development

Palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) W. Watson] is an economically crucial aromatic grass species commercially cultivated for its essential oil. The essential oil has high demand in cosmetics, tobacco products, and perfumery industries. The present study investigates the inflorescence development of palmarosa into ten distinct stages. Light microscopy and morphological observations led to identifying these stages. The pollen is monoporate and spherical in shape (22–32 μm) that is available from the first inflorescence development stage. The stigma becomes receptive at stage - 5. The inflorescence development stage - 6 indicates the highest pollen availability as well as viability. The florets are small lacking sepal and petals, suggesting an anemophilous mechanism of pollination. The open-pollination conditions are best suitable for a good seed set than self-pollinated conditions. The floral biology of palmarosa suggested cross-pollination breeding behavior. Scanning electron microscopy of leaves reveals the presence of essential oil glands (120–145 μm) responsible for its essential oil's rose-like aroma. The analysis of essential oil through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed considerable variations of metabolites in the leaves, inflorescence, and whole plant (excluding roots). Multivariate clustering of oil data showed that the amount of geraniol increases towards maturity. In contrast, the amount of neryl acetate was observed highest at immature stages, and it decreases towards mature inflorescence stages.

THE ANATOMICAL-MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OREGANO ORDINARY ($ORIGANUM~VULGARE~\mathrm{L.}$) WIDLY GROWING IN ARMENIAN FLORA DURING THE PRE-BLOSSOMING PERIOD

The article reports the results of microscopic studies of the oregano leaf in the pre-blossom period. In particular, the following anatomical and morphological features of the oregano leaf during the pre-blossom period were revealed: sinuous cuticle, multicellular simple trichomes, capitate trichomes, stomata, essential oil glands. The latter were located only in the central part, and were absent at the margins. The essential oil glands were of high density mostly in the central part of the raw materials preparation, which were harvested from the regions of dry climatic conditions as opposed to the raw materials harvested from the region of wet climatic conditions. The results of the investigation were definitely conditioned by the climatic features of the regions.

Biotechnology for the Production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Plant Material and its Pharmacognostic Analysis

The paper describes a technique for micropropagation of S. baicalensis. It implies the use of seeds as primary explants, reproduction of an actively proliferating culture on an MS medium containing 1.0-0.5 μM kinetin and 0.25 μM IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 0.05 μM GA (gibberellic acid), rooting of shoots on a medium containing 1 μM IBA. A microscopic analysis of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) grown in a tissue culture made it possible to establish the following diagnostic signs: - for the leaf – diacytic stomatal complex, simple warty hairs and capitate hairs; essential oil glands with 4.6 and 8 excretory cells; - for the stem – simple warty and capitate hairs, prosenchyme cells in the epidermis. Biologically active substances of 70% ethanol extracts from progeny plants were screened. Tanins, xanthones, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds were found to be present. A quantitative analysis of some biologically active substances made it possible to obtain the following data: the content of extractives amounted to 12.50±1.03%, with the tannins to make up 8.25±0.62% and a total of flavonoids to be in the range of 5.8±0.2%. For the first time, the content of xanthones was determined in progeny plants of S. baicalensis in terms of mangiferin to be 48±0.01% per ADM.

Study of the morphological and anatomic signs of the flowers of the chrysanthemum hortorum bailey sort pectoral (pharmacognostic analysis)

The aim. To study of the morphological and anatomical features of the structure of inflorescences of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey, variety Pectoral.Materials and methods. The inflorescences of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey, cultivar Pectoral were used for the analysis. The raw materials were harvested in the phase of mass flowering of plants in September-October 2019 at the experimental plots of the department of floral and ornamental plants of the National Botanical Garden named after M.M. Grishko of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv.Results. The investigated inflorescences are represented by bright orange double baskets, consisting of seated semiflorets and disk flowers arranged spirally on a convex bare anthoclinium. The involucrum of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey inflorescences of the Pectoral variety has a dense structure with elongated leathery leaves. The marginal flowers of the anthodium are red-orange, pseudo-ligate female; the middle flowers are yellow, tubular, bisexual. The apex and edge of the epidermal cells of pseudo-ligate flowers are characterized by papillary growth and slight folding of the cuticle; at the base of the corolla lingula there are cells with calcium oxalate crystals in the form of small druses. The anatomical structure of tubular flowers is characterized by essential oil glands, typical for the Asteraceae family. The epidermis of the wrapper leaves is represented by oval cells with numerous essential oil glands and large surface outgrowths.Conclusions. The main diagnostic morphological and anatomical features of the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum × hortorum Bailey cultivar Pectoral have been established, which can be further used in the identification of new medicinal plant materials

The Anatomical Structure of Vegetative Organs <i>Lavandula officinalis</i> Chaix in the Introduction of Tashkent Botanical Garden

The article presents the results of research carried out by light microscopy of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs (leaf, root and stem) Lavandula officinalis Chaix of the family Lamiaceae introduced into the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Our studies have shown that the presence or absence of trichomes can serve as an informative sign. In L. officinalis trichomes are simple unicellular two-terminal; three-terminal and multi-terminal. Lavender leaf hairs accumulate essential oils under the cuticle of secreting cells, the cuticle are tightly attached to the membranes of the secretory cells due to the absence of excretion products. Based on the results of a study of the morphological and anatomical features of the leaf of L. officinalis, it has been established that the forms of covering hairs and essential oil glands are of diagnostic value. In the epidermal, palisade and cortex parenchymal cells of the vegetative organs, yellow-orange essential (lavender) oil is noted. Identified diagnostic features that can be used in taxonomy and can be used to identify plant materials can also be used to develop indicators of authenticity in this type of raw material.

Epidermal structures of leaves in some Mentha х piperita L. varieties in connection with they productivity

Relevance. It is known that peppermint (Mentha х piperita L.) is characterized by significant polymorphism, due to both genetic factors and growing conditions. Cultivated varieties and populations are distinguished by their economically significant characteristics, such as yield, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases, the content and composition of essential oil. Identification of new highly productive varieties and populations of Mentha x piperita L., distinguished by high productivity of essential oil in the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, as well as identification of morphological features characteristic of highly productive varieties, remains relevant.Methods. The object of the study was plants of 8 varieties of 2 year old plants and samples of Mentha x piperita L. from the collection of the SI Botanical Garden Rostovtsev RGAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev and from the collection of the Botanical Garden of All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), were used as the object of the study. Peppermint leaves (FS.2.5.0029.15 Peppermint leaves) and essential oil (GOST R 53593-2009) are used as herbal medicinal products. Microscopy used Primo Star Carl Zeiss light microscopes and LOMO MIKMED-1. Quantitative determination of the essential oil was carried out by distillation with water vapor, followed by measuring the volume of the resulting oil (GF RF XIV). The oil content was expressed in volumetric-weight percent in terms of dry raw materials.Results. As a result of a comparative study of the epidermal structures of the leaves of plants of 8 varieties of Mentha х piperita L., the density of stomata, the type of stomatal apparatus, density of location and length of multicellular trichomes, density and diameter of essential oil glands, and content of essential oil were determined. The variety specificity and variation of these indices are noted over a wide range, which is explained by the significant intraspecific variability characteristic of the genus Mint (Mentha L.). The most promising varieties of essential oil content were identified.

Artemisia jacutica Drob. as the source of terpenoids

The object of research is Artemisia jacutica Drob. from Absinthium section, Asteracea family. The aerial part of A. jacutica was collected in Buryatia in 2017-2018. In this research we identified three types of terpenoid-containing structures: nonspecialized parenchyma cells with the inclusion of essential oils’ droplets, schizogenous intercellular space and essential oil glands. Also, we isolated the essential oil from the aerial part, and identified its component composition using GC-MS method. The dominant components were γ-eudesmol, chamazulene, neryl-3-methylbutanoate, neryl-isobutanoate and geranyl-3-methylbutanoate. Using IR-spectroscopy we made the screening of the sum of extractives for the presence of γ-lactones in water, ethanol and chloroform extracts. Then, the quantitative content of the total sum of sesquiterpene lactones from samples collected in 2017 and 2018 was 1.13±0.04 % and 1.05±0.07 %, respectively. More than that, we identified arglabin in CO2- and chloroform (1:10) extracts using HPLC-UV method. The extract yield was 0.79% and 2.39%, respectively. The yield of arglabin in these extracts was 0.001% and 1.15%, respectively.

MORPHOMETRIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL RESEARCH OF MELISSA OFFICINALIS L. HERB FROM THE COLLECTION OF NIKITSKY BOTANIC GARDEN

The article presents the results of morphological-anatomical, morphometric and histochemical studies of the aerial part of Melissa officinalis L., a selection variety sample from the collection of Nikitsky Botanical Garden – National Science Center (NBG-NSC) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Crimea. The data on the morphology, histochemistry and morphometry of the main diagnostic microscopic signs of the Melissa officinalis L. herb, which are crucial for establishing the authenticity of medicinal plant materials, and also show the localization of secretion of metabolites and the heterogeneous nature of Melissa essential oil, have been obtained.The aim. Is to determine the microdiagnostic signs and biometric characteristics of the Melissa officinalis L. variety sample, introduced in Nikitsky Botanical Garden, to study the possibility of using histochemical reactions for the analysis of tissues and secretory structures of the studied species.Materials and methods. The plant material was provided by Nikitsky Botanical Garden. The study of microscopic signs, morphometric characteristics as well as histochemical tests, were performed according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIII edition, using a Micromed-1 light microscope, a Micromed Micrometer 3 LUM fluorescent microscope and a Digital Eyepiece microscope camera MD 3.2 digital camera. The photos were edited in the program Paint. NET.3.5.11.Results. The main diagnostic microscopic signs of the herb of the Melissa officinalis L. selection variety sample can be called as follows: simple unicellular conical, nonbranching hairs, simple multicellular conical hairs, capitate hairs with a multicellular leg and a funnel-shaped head and with a unicellular leg and a spherical head, essential oil glands of a radial-type with 6-8 excretory cells. These signs have been diagnosed in the crushed raw materials. A quantitative assessment of the morphological and anatomical signs of the leaf (leaf thickness, height of the cells of the upper and lower epidermis, stoma density per 1 mm2 of the epidermis), stem, calyx and corolla was carried out. The size of cells, stoma, trichomes, as well as the frequency of the location of trichomes have been analyzed, too. The presence and localization of lipids, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, essential oil, terpenoids, alkaloids in tissues and trichomes of the herb have been studied by histochemical methods using light and fluorescent microscopy.Conclusion. Morphological and anatomical study of the herb of the Melissa officinalis L. selection variety sample from the Nikitsky Botanical Garden collection has been carried out, diagnostically significant microscopic signs of raw materials have been revealed and their biometric characteristics have been established. For the first time the localization of characteristic secreted biologically active substances in the tissues and secretory structures of the herb has been studied by histochemical methods. The results of the experimental studies complement the scientific literature data and can be used to confirm the authenticity, identification and standardization of the aerial parts of this variety sample.