Enzymes In Male Rats Research Articles

Effect of oral dosage of Spirulina platensis and silver nanoparticles on glucose, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in male rats induced di-abetics by alloxan

Diabetes is believed to be one of the most important challenges that are facing societies around the world. The research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of 150 mg/ml of Spirulina platensis and 10 mg/ml of silver nanoparticles Ag-NPs on the sugar level, lipid profile, and liver enzyme concentration in male rats. Diabetes was induced with alloxan and bred for four weeks. The rats were divided randomly into five groups and every single group contained five rats; M1 was the control group, M2 was a treated diabetic rat, M3 treated diabetic rats with 10 mg/ml Ag-NPs, M4 treated diabetic rats with 150 mg/ml S. platensis and M5 group with diabetic rats that were treated with 10 mg/ml Ag-NPs + 150 mg/ml S. platensis. The results showed that the group of rats infected with Alloxan (M2) caused negative effects at a significant level (P<0.05) on the blood sugar level, while the group of rats treated with Ag-NPs (M3) or S. platensis (M4) or both (M5) showed a positive effect on the blood glucose rate, which reached 292.6, 210.5, and 199.3 mg/dl, respectively, compared to the (M2) group, which was 441.8 mg/dl. The results of the lipids profile, the group with diabetes (M2) showed an increase in the level of triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and a decrease in the level of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The treatment groups M3, M4, and M5 improved significantly positive blood lipid levels. The same situation applied to the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP, whose values decreased significantly in the treatment groups (M3, M4, and M5) compared to the infection group (M2).

Comparison of the effects of mycophenolate mofetil alone and with testosterone on sperm, sex hormones and antioxidant enzymes in male rats

Background: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant drug which is used to inhibit organ transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune diseases. Theoretically, such medications have spermatotoxic and genotoxic effects. However, evidence on the effects of MMF on fertility is limited and controversial.This study evaluated the effects of MMF and testosterone on sperm, sex hormones and antioxidant enzymes in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice randomly divided into 3 groups: 1- saline serum (control), 2- MMF and 3- MMF along with testosterone by subcutaneous injection, for 65 days. Change in body weight, sperm quality (concentration, motility and morphology), serum level of gonadotropin hormones, and testosterone, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum and epididymis were evaluated. Findings: Both MMF treatment groups compared to control showed a decrease in body weight, number and motility of sperm, level of testosterone, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and catalase) and TAC (P<0.05), and increase of gonadotropin hormones and sperm morphology abnormality (P<0.05). The adverse effects on sperm count and epididymis testosterone levels in the Mycophenolatemofetil +testosterone group was less than the Mycophenolate mofetil group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that Mycophenolatemofetil has adverse effects on sperm count, gonadotropins , testosterone and antioxidant pathway enzymes, and the use of testosterone cannot reduce the adverse effects of MMF. The adverse effects of Mycophenolate mofetil may be due to a decrease in the level of antioxidants.

Study of the Effect of Oil Extract of Dill (Anethumgraveolens L.) Plant on Oxidative Stress Parameters of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

This the study carried out inextracting of Anethum graveolensL. (dill) volatile oils belong to umbelliferae family and determent percentage of the oils, phytochemical screen were performed A. graveolens volatile oils extract and displayed positive results for Saponin, Cumarins, Phenol, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while Tannins negative results. and determent their impact oxidative stress Malonaldehyde and Lipid peroxidation level, the animal were divide in to five groups, each of which include three animals, the first groups was control groups, the second groups was injection with A. graveolensL. oils extract at a concentration of 25%mg/kg body weight (B.W), the third groups was injected with concentration of 50 mg/kg (B.W), the fourth groups was injected with concentration of 100 mg/kg (B.W) and five groups was injected with concentration of 200 mg/kg (B.W), was injected 7 days and 14 days and blood bled 30 days, the criteria foe stress (MDA and LPO) were defined to establish the effective duration and concentration, indicate the results the groups (G2, G3, G4 and G5) of male rats displayed significantly decline in MDA level (1.96, 2.52, 1.34 and 1.00μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.47μmol/L at the 7th day, G2, G3, G4, and G5 showed a considerable drop by day 14, however. (2.38, 1.93, 1.62 and 1.06μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.46μmol/L. While resultsLPO levels declined significantly in male rat groups (G2, G3, G4, and G5) (17.14, 13.4, 11.53 and 9.35μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 22.01μmol/L at the 7th day, while at the 14th day (G2,G3,G4 and G5) showed significantly decrease (25.05, 20.94, 18.73, 10.65 and 11.85μmol/L) respectively compared with control 25.05μmol/L. aim from this research is known protective role and antioxidant for dill volatile oil extract.

The effect of eight weeks of spirulina supplementation and resistance and interval aerobic training on skeletal muscle CXCL1 gene expression and liver enzymes in male rats

زمینه و هدف: کم‌تحرکی و در مقابل آن تمرین جزء عوامل مرتبط با شاخص‌های آسیب کبدی به‌شمار می‌روند. با وجود این هنوز نقش بسیاری از تمرین‌های ورزشی به‌ویژه تمرینات تناوبی و مقاومتی و مصرف برخی مکمل‌های غذایی از جمله اسپیرولینا بر عوامل ایمنی و التهابی کاملاٌ شناخته نشده است؛ بنابراین هدف از این پژوهش تعیین اثر هشت هفته مکمل‌دهی اسپیرولینا و تمرین مقاومتی و تناوبی هوازی بر فعالیت بافت کبد و بیان ژن CXCL1 در بافت عضلة موش‌های صحرایی نر بود.مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی، 60 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار با سن پنج هفته و میانگین وزن 6/24 ± 4/246 گرم به‌طور تصادفی به شش گروه تمرین تناوبی + مکمل اسپیرولینا، تمرین مقاومتی+ مکمل اسپیرولینا، کنترل+ مکمل اسپیرولینا، تمرین تناوبی+ سالین، تمرین مقاومتی+ سالین، کنترل+ سالین تقسیم‌ شدند. بر این اساس، مقدار مکمل اسپیرولینا در گروه‌های مصرفی مکمل اسپیرولینا 500 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن بود. گروه تمرین تناوبی به مدت هشت هفته و هر هفته پنج جلسه تمرین کردند. همچنین گروه تمرین مقاومتی با بار فزاینده سه جلسه در هفته فعالیت را اجرا کردند. 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسة تمرین، حیوانات در گروه‌های مورد آزمایش با ترکیب کتامین زایلازین بی‌هوش شدند و نمونة خون از ورید تحتانی گرفته شد و به‌سرعت بافت عضلة چهارسررانی نمونه‌برداری شد. میزان بیان ژن CXCL1در عضلة چهارسررانی و آنزیم‌های کبدی به‌عنوان شاخص عملکرد کبد در سرم اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های آماری با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس یکسویه انجام گرفت (05/0P£).نتایج: یافته‌ها نشان داد که پس از هشت هفته تمرین تناوبی و مقاومتی با بار فزاینده، در عضلة چهارسر رانی میزان بیان ژن CXCL1 گروه کنترل بیشتر بود، ولی تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نشد. همچنین، میزان آنزیم‌های کبدی به‌طور معناداری نسبت به گروه کنترل بیشتر بود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که مصرف اسپیرولینا به‌همراه تمرینات هوازی تناوبی و مقاومتی می‌تواند شاخص‌های عملکرد کبدی را در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به‌طور معناداری تغییر دهد. با این همه بیان ژن CXCL1 در گروه‌های مصرف‌کنندة اسپیرولینا و تمرینات هوازی و مقاومتی در بخشی با گروه کنترل تغییر معناداری نشان نداد.نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که مصرف اسپیرولینا و انجام تمرینات هوازی تناوبی و مقاومتی می‌تواند شاخص‌های عملکردی کبد و بیان ژن CXCL1 در بافت عضلة چهارسررانی را تا حدی تعدیل کند. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مصرف اسپیرولینا می‌تواند در بروز پاسخ‌های سازگاری مرتبط با آسیب‌های متابولیکی درگیر باشد.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil alleviates testis failure induced by Etoposide in male rats

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a shrub used to treat hepatic, intestinal, renal, respiratory, and reproductive failures. Etoposide a plant-based compound derived from Podophyllum pelltatum, has been used for human malignancies treatment. However, it induces testis, and hepatic failures. In the present study, impact of rosemary essential oil against testis failure, lipid parameters, and hepatic enzymes in male rats has been studied. Forty male Wistar albino rats were grouped in a completely randomized design with Etoposide injection (ETO), rosemary supplementation (ROS), with Etoposide injection and rosemary supplement (ETO+ROS), and control rats with no Etoposide injection and no rosemary (CON). The experiment lasted for seven consecutive weeks including one week as acclimatization time. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and blood samples were analyzed for serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), total Protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and testosterone. The left testis was harvested for histological examination. Results showed that rats with Etoposide injection had higher ALT, AST, and ALP the control rats. No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of glucose concentration in blood. Rosemary supplemntaion decreased cholesterol and TG concentration and increased HDL concentration in male rats. Furthermore, administration of rosemary essential oil increased blood testosterone but decreased ALT and AST. The epithelial height of seminiferous tubules was decreased significantly in ET as compared with CON. Rosemary essential oil lessened the adverse effect of Etopside on epithelial height in rat testis as it is shown in ET+ROS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of rosemary essential oil alleviated liver toxicity and functional testis damage induced by Etopside.

Study of certain Antioxidant Enzyme Levels in Albino Male Rats Infected with Hymenolepis nana

Current work aims to study the levels of certain antioxidant enzymes in male rats with Hymenolepis nana. 40 albino male rats were used in current work. Thirty male rats infected with H. nanaa and 10 male rats as control group. The direct examination of feces by using microscope was done to diagnosis the adult worms, tapeworm segments and larvae. The findings of present work demonstrated that the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and catalase in an infected rat’s show significant (p less than 0.05) reduce compared with control rats. So, the study found a direct relationship between H. nana and antioxidant enzymes where the levels of antioxidant enzymes significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in infected rats.

Chemical Characterization of Taif Rose (Rosa damascena) Methanolic Extract and Its Physiological Effect on Liver Functions, Blood Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Heart Vitality against Cadmium Chloride Toxicity.

Exposure to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) causes an imbalance in the oxidant status of the body by triggering the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study investigated the effect of Rosa damascena (R. damascena) extract on oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and the injured cardiac tissue of male rats exposed to CdCl2. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: the vehicle control (1 mg/kg normal saline), the CdCl2-treated group (5 mg/kg), the R. damascena extract group (100 mg Kg), and the combination of CdCl2 and R. damascena extract group. Male rats exposed to CdCl2 showed multiple significant histopathological changes in the liver and heart, including inflammatory cell infiltration and degenerative alterations. Successive exposure to CdCl2 elevated the levels of hepatic and cardiac reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-alpha) (TNF-α) and interleukin -6 (IL-6) and decreased antioxidant defences. The extracts significantly increased the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), whereas it dramatically decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the mRNA of TNF-α and IL-6. R. damascena administration prevented liver and heart injury; suppressed excessive ROS generation, LPO, and inflammatory responses; and enhanced antioxidant defences. In addition, R. damascena upregulated the mRNA of TNF-α and IL-6 in CdCl2-administered male rats. In conclusion, R. damascena modulated the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by CdCl2. The hepatic and cardiac tissue damage and histopathological alterations resulting from the CdCl2-induced oxidative stress were counteracted by the administration of R. damascena extracts. R. damascena enhanced antioxidant defence enzymes in male rats.

Effect of aspirin administration on body weight and liver enzymes in male rats

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of aspirin on body weight and some liver enzyme in rats. The study was done in Veterinary Medicine College, Baghdad University. We used seventy two male rats and randomly divided into three groups (24 in each group). Group-1 was considered as control, Group-2 animals were treated by 40 mg/kg body weight (low-dose) of asprin and the Group-3 was treated by 100 mg/kg body weight (high-dose) of aspirin. The results showed no significant difference in bodyweight gain from 0 to 10 days in all groups, while the low and high-dose asprin treated rats showed decline in bodyweight gain on day 20 and day 30 of aspirin treatment. The liver enzymes, AST and ALT, increased significantly in high-dose of aspirin treated group on day 20 and 30 while the ALP was increased on all time-points in high-dose asprin treated group.

Selenium/Chitosan-Folic Acid Metal Complex Ameliorates Hepatic Damage and Oxidative Injury in Male Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride

Continuous exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) imbalances the oxidative status in the body. The current study investigated the effect of the selenium/chitosan-folic (Se/chitosan-folic acid) novel metal complex on oxidative injury and tissue damage in the hepatic tissues of male rats exposed to (NaF). Male rats received NaF (10.3 mg/kg) and Se/chitosan-folic acid (0.5 mg/Kg) orally for successive 30 days. Male rats exposed to NaF showed multi-histopathological alterations in the hepatic tissues including degenerative changes. NaF exposure elevated hepatic oxidative stress markers, lipid peroxidation, and lowered the antioxidant defense enzymes. Se/chitosan-folic acid novel complex supplementation significantly prevented hepatic injury, suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lipid peroxidation, and enhanced the antioxidant defense enzymes. In addition, Se/chitosan-folic acid supplementation improved the hepatic tissues of NaF-exposed male rats. In conclusion, the Se/chitosan-folic acid novel metal complex protects against NaF-induced oxidative injury and tissue injury in the hepatic tissues of male rats. The Se/chitosan-folic acid novel metal complex upregulated the hepatic tissues and enhanced the antioxidant defense enzymes in male rats.

Effect of Nicotine Administration on Body Weight and Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

The study was conducted in Basrah University – veterinary medicine college, used about (60) sixty male rats divided into two groups randomly, control group and nicotine treated group with 0.5 mg / kg / BW, the result showed no significant difference in growth rats compared to control group also significant increase of liver enzymes compared to the control groups.

The Effects of Pentoxifylline on Memory in Male Rats Treated with Zinc Oxide NPs

Background: Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) present irreversible effects on the nervous system, memory, and learning. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline on memory impairments, CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, and blood serum antioxidant enzymes in male rats treated with zinc oxide NPs. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into the control, zinc oxide NPs (1.25 mg/kg), pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg), and pentoxifylline with zinc oxide NPs groups. In all study groups, saline, zinc oxide NPs, and pentoxifylline were intraperitoneally injected 30 minutes before training. In the co-treatment group, pentoxifylline was injected one hour before injecting Zno NPs. After performing the behavioral test, the tested animals’ brains were fixed and the number of healthy neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was counted. In all research groups, malondialdehyde levels, total antioxidant power, superoxide dismutase levels, and glutathione peroxidase in blood serum were measured. Results: Zinc oxide nanoparticles decreased memory and the number of healthy neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and increased oxidative stress in blood serum, compared to the controls. In the co-treatment group, using pentoxifylline improved the above-mentioned factors and reached the level of the control group. Pentoxifylline alone presented no significant effect on the aforementioned characteristics, compared to the control group. Conclusion: ZnO NPs may decrease memory retrieval and cause cell death in the pyramidal neurons of the CA1 region of the hippocampus by increasing oxidative stress. Pentoxifylline, as a potent antioxidant, can prevent the harmful effects of ZnO NPs.

The effects of NO on the urea cycle pathway in short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in rats

Short-term hypoxic states can influence the health and life activities of lowlanders who travel shortly to high altitudes, in transitory situations, such as surgical ischemia-reperfusion (to one or several organs), and in some sporting activities, such as parachuting and extreme skiing, mountain rescue teams, regular commercial flight crews, in which the subject may not even notice the hypoxia. NO is an integral part of the human physiological response to hypoxia. Until recently, the urea cycle (UC) was only considered as an important mechanism for neutralizing ammonia. We are the first to reveal an interrelation in hypoxic states between the activities of NO-synthase and UC enzymes in male rats' liver, kidney and brain. In the presented work, we have shown that during short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) all enzymes of UC play an important role in the maintenance of NO quantity. The results allow thinking that kidney and brain argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) and liver ASS and ASL can be different isoenzymes. It is worth mentioning that the results have revealed new sides of l-arginine metabolism in a hypoxic state in male rats.

Liver Function of Male Rats Exposed to Manganese at Different Time Points.

As an essential trace element in the human body, manganese (Mn) is involved in many important biochemical reactions. However, excessive exposure to manganese can cause multiple systematic damages to the body. This study aims to investigate the effects of manganese exposure on serum hepatic enzymes in male rats at different time points. After adaptive feeding for 7days, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected intraperitoneally with 30mg/kg MnCl2·4H2O once a day for 21days at zeitgeber time point 2 (ZT2), ZT8, ZT14, and ZT20, respectively. We found that short-term repeated exposure to manganese caused slower body weight gain and increased relative liver and spleen weight index in male rats at different time points. Moreover, serum total bile acid (TBA) increased while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased at ZT2, ZT8, and ZT20. Cholinesterase (ChE) decreased at ZT2 and ZT20, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) decreased at ZT2, ZT14, and ZT20, and acid phosphatase (ACP) decreased at ZT2 and ZT14. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased at ZT2, ZT14, and ZT20, but increased at ZT8. Alanine amino transferase (ALT) decreased at ZT2 and ZT20, but increased at ZT8. There was a negative correlation between relative liver weight index with AST, ACP, ALP, and LDH, while a positive correlation with TBA. However, relative spleen weight index had a positive correlation with relative liver weight index and TBA, while a negative correlation with ALT, AST, ACP, ALP, LDH, and ChE. Our study shows that the injury of liver function is caused by short-term repeated manganese exposure at different time points. The time effect should be considered in manganese toxicity evaluation.

Nigella sativa Oil and Chromium Picolinate Ameliorate Fructose-Induced Hyperinsulinemia by Enhancing Insulin Signaling and Suppressing Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in Male Rats.

In vivo and in vitro studies suggested that chromium enhances insulin sensitivity by promoting insulin receptor signaling. However, its effect on insulin clearance has not been yet identified. Nigella sativa, a widely used spice, possesses an antidiabetic activity. We, therefore, hypothesized that chromium picolinate may alter insulin clearance by modulating insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in insulin-resistant rats. We evaluated also the effect of Nigella sativa oil on insulin signaling and degradation with respect to chromium picolinate. To assess these hypotheses, insulin resistance was induced in 30 male Wistar albino rats through daily oral administration of high-fructose water (HFW, 20% w/v) for 45days. These rats were then divided into three groups (n=10/group). They were given either no treatment (control group) or Nigella sativa oil (500mg/kgbw/day) or chromium picoloinate (200μg/kgbw/day) orally along with HFW (20% w/v) for 45days. Nigella sativa oil or chromium picolinate concurrent administration with HFW significantly decreased body weight, serum lipids, glucagon, insulin resistance, and hepatic IDE level but increased its mRNA expression and insulin receptor phosphorlyation as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level as compared to control group values, suggesting their potential as modulators for insulin signaling and clearance. However, Nigella sativa oil exerted better improvement in feeding efficacy ratio as well as the levels of glucagon, insulin, insulin resistance, hepatic IDE level and insulin receptor phosphorylation than chromium picolinate, suggesting its greater insulin sensitizing capacity. Our data, for the first time, prove that Nigella sativa oil and chromium picolinate monotherapy can reduce fructose-induced insulin resistance by reduction of hepatic IDE protein and activation of insulin receptor signaling.

The interaction effects of resistance training and sustanon abuse on liver antioxidant activities and serum enzymes in male rats.

BackgroundAnabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic drugs derived from testosterone, the uncontrolled usage of which may lead to serious side effects. Previous studies have shown that resistance training (RT) is the main exercise modality practiced by AAS abusers. Thus, this work was carried out to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of sustanon (Su) as an example of AAS in trained male rats.MethodsRats were divided into sedentary/non-Su, sedentary/Su, RT/non-Su, and RT/Su. Su-administration groups received Su 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once a week for 8 weeks. In the 8-week RT, the rats climbed a vertical ladder 3 days/week.ResultsAfter Su administration, the mean values of serum parameters related to hepatic function were within normal ranges. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were higher (P < 0.05) in the liver of Su-treated rats. Chronic exercise alone did not change any of the above parameters.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that the 8-week injection of Su, either with or without concurrent RT upregulation of enzymatic antioxidant activities and RT, did not attenuate the increase of enzymatic activities due to the Su administration. Furthermore, Su abuse in this dose did not make any severe liver damage.

Evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of the roots of native edible asparagus in Iran (&lt;i&gt;Asparagus officinalis&lt;/i&gt; L) on the concentration of liver factors in male rats treated with cadmium chloride

Introduction : Cadmium is of the environmental pollutants and is considered as a part of the list of 126 top elements of environmental pollutants which has a long half-life in the body and is estimated at about 10 to 30 years. The use of herbal medicines because of having many antioxidants and lack of side effects is increasing in the today world to be a good alternative for chemical drugs. So the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of the root of native edible asparagus in Iran ( Asparagus officinalis L.) on the concentration of liver enzymes in male rats exposed to cadmium chloride. Method : 72 male rats were accidentally divided into the control, sham and test groups (100 mg/kg asparagus extract, 200 mg/kg asparagus extract, 400 mg/kg asparagus extract, 5 mg/kg cadmium chloride, cadmium chloride and 100 mg/kg asparagus extract, cadmium chloride and 200 mg/kg asparagus extract, cadmium chloride and 400 mg/kg asparagus extract). All injections were performed by gavage for 28 consecutive days. One-Way ANOVA and Duncan at the significance level of 5% were used for statistical analysis. Results : Cadmium chloride increased the averages of serum ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin significantly and decreased the averages of serum albumin and total protein significantly. Two doses of 200 and 400 of asparagus extract reduced the averages of serum ALT, AST and ALP significantly compared to the group which received cadmium chloride and each three doses of asparagus extract could reduce bilirubin concentration significantly compared to the group which received cadmium chloride. Two doses of 200 and 400 asparagus extract increased the averages of serum albumin and total protein significantly compared to the receivers of cadmium chloride. 400 mg/kg asparagus extract had the greatest effect on improving and adjusting the studied liver parameters. Conclusion : The extract of asparagus root has probably improved the destructive effects of cadmium chloride due to abundant antioxidant property. Of course, 400 mg dose has had the most effect in this study. keywords : Cadmium chloride; roots of native edible.

Chronic High Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on Blood Cell, Lipoprotein Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

Background: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a doping agent and it is used by athletes. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the chronic, high doses of ND administration on Blood cell, lipid profile, and Liver enzymes in male rats. Materials and Methods: This experiment was executed on 30 wistar- Albino male rats divided, after weighing, in control, placebo, and test groups (n = 10). Test group received 15 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) ND for duration of 8 weeks. Group placebo received the same volume of placebo although control group did not receive any agent during the trial period. At the end, animals were anes- thetized by diethyl ether, scarified, and then blood samples were collected from cervical vessels immediately. Blood cell, lipoprotein profile, and liver enzymes were measured by ordinary methods. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS V. 15, via ANOVA and Tukey test. Results were expressed as mean SD. Statistical dierence was significantly recognized by P 0.05. Results: Results showed that AST, ALT, cell blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrite, and cholesterol values in group test were in- creased significantly compared to those of other groups; however, HDL value in this group decreased noticeably compared to con- trol and Placebo groups. Conclusions: Present study revealed that chronic high doses of ND administration alter the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and blood parameter in male rats.

Relationships between Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Rats with Experimental Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

We analyzed the dynamics of neuropathic pain development and changes in catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brain, liver, and skeletal muscles of male Wistar rats with 1-month streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. A decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold was revealed that progressed during the disease progress. Insulin treatment restored nociceptive threshold in diabetic animals to the control values. Catalase activity in the liver and skeletal muscles of diabetic rats increased by 1.5 and 2 times, respectively, in comparison with the control, while insulin treatment reduced enzyme activity to the control level. In the brain, catalase activity was reduced by 1.5 times and insulin therapy did affect this parameter. SOD activity in the studied tissues remained unchanged during diabetes and was not affected by insulin therapy. A strong negative correlation between nociceptive threshold in rats and catalase activity in their liver and skeletal muscles was found.

The Effect of Busulfan on Body Weight, Testis Weight and MDA Enzymes in Male Rats

Objectives: Busulfan is one of the anti-cancer drugs, despite of the tremendous usefulness in biotechnology and therapy of chronic diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, ovarian cancer and it can lead to impaired spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to seen body and testicular weight and serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) enzyme in rat was performed following the use of busulfan. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 20 adult male rats ranging in age from 6 to 8 weeks , Animals in the two group includes a control group and the experimental group that received 50 mg/ kg busulfan as a single intra peritoneal injection and after 8 weeks, body and testis weight and serum MDA levels were measured. Then Data were analyzed with SPSS 16. P 0.05). Testicular weight in both control and experimental groups, respectively, were 1.45 gr and gr 0 .960. Difference between the two groups was significant decreased (P>0.05). Comparison of serum MDA of control and experimental groups, were showed 3.81±1.5 and 6.9±1.1 nmol/lit. No difference between the two groups was significant increased (P>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of busulfan can reduced body weight and testicular weight, and increased serum MDA and could be side effects in reproduction process.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibition enhances intestinal fatty acid oxidation and reduces energy intake in rats

Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and is highly expressed in the small intestine. Because DGAT-1 knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, we investigated the acute effects of intragastric (IG) infusion of a small molecule diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor (DGAT-1i) on eating, circulating fat metabolites, indirect calorimetry, and hepatic and intestinal expression of key fat catabolism enzymes in male rats adapted to an 8 h feeding-16 h deprivation schedule. Also, the DGAT-1i effect on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was investigated in enterocyte cell culture models. IG DGAT-1i infusions reduced energy intake compared with vehicle in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, but scarcely in chow-fed rats. IG DGAT-1i also blunted the postprandial increase in serum TAG and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels only in HFD-fed rats, in which it lowered the respiratory quotient and increased intestinal, but not hepatic, protein levels of Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and of mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Finally, the DGAT-1i enhanced FAO in CaCo2 (EC50 = 0.3494) and HuTu80 (EC50 = 0.00762) cells. Thus, pharmacological DGAT-1 inhibition leads to an increase in intestinal FAO and ketogenesis when dietary fat is available. This may contribute to the observed eating-inhibitory effect.