Enlightenment Movement Research Articles

THE FORMATION OF THE JADIDISM MOVEMENT

The Jadidist social-political movement, which emerged in Turkestan at the close of the 19th and the start of the 20th centuries, is covered in this article. The causes of the rise of Jadidism, the status of the early enlightenment movement within Jadidism, and recently established educational institutions are discussed. ‎

The Significance and Musical Features of Modern Korean Buddhist Hymns through Baek Yong-sung’s Buddhist Hymns

Chan-bul-ga (찬불가, 讚佛歌), which in English means ‘songs in praise of the Buddha’, refers to a style of Korean Buddhist hymn that emerged during the modernization of Korean Buddhism. Buddhist hymns—which can be considered to be based on Christian hymns—are characterized by the fact that they can be easily learned by the general public so that they can easily participate in Buddhist rituals together, unlike the existing Korean Buddhist musical styles of ‘Beom-pae (범패, 梵唄)’ and ‘Hwa-cheong (화청, 和請)’. The monk Baek Yong-sung (1864–1940), who embraced the function and effectiveness of these new religious music styles as one of his methods of propagation, participated in the independence movement after the 1910 Korea–Japan Annexation Treaty, and he led both the public enlightenment movement and the spread of Buddhism by creating Buddhist hymns. The present study seeks to examine Baek Yong-sung’s social activities and the context in which modern Buddhist hymns emerged. This study also explores the religious, social, and musical meanings of Buddhist hymns while focusing on his works ‘Wang-seng-ga (왕생가)’ and ‘Se-gye-gi-si-ga (세계기시가)’.

(The concept of nihilism and its reflection in Kurdish poetry of Sorani dialect)( Hashim Saraj )for example

The current research is an attempt to interpret the concept of nihilism from the ancient Greek era to the postmodern era from different perspectives. The study sheds light on nihilism from the perspectives of ancient Greek philosophy and the western world in general and the reflections of modern philosopher Schopenhauer on this topic. The research describes and explains the reflection of nihilism in kurdish classic, modern, and postmodern poetry. The purpose of the study is also to show the differences and similarities of nihilism from Western perspective to the Middle Eastern perspective by referencing several poets. It is a fact that this context is more influenced by social norms, religious beliefs, and culture. The study also analyses the poems of Hashim Saraj as a modern poet. As a poet, Saraj is influenced by the intellectual waves of enlightenment movement. Although he has a large number of poems about pessimism and despair, he could not neglect the impacts of his culture in his poetry. However, Sarah's pessimism is to reflect a positive aspect rather than a negative one.

An overview of muhammadiyah ideology as an enlightenment movement in indonesia


 
 
 
 Muhammadiyah adalah sebuah persyarikatan gerakan Islam. Tujuan dari gerakan ini yaitu menyebarkan Islam dan amar ma'ruf nahi munkar pada dua kelompok diantaranya individu dan masyarakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan sehingga peneliti dapat mengkaji kepribadian muhammadiyah. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan beberapa telaah dan mengeksplorasi buku, jurnal, dokumen, internet dan sumber lainnya yang relevan dengan topik permasalahan. Masuknya pemikiran politik dan cara-cara mengelola dan menggerakkan Muhammadiyah setelah Masyumi (Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia) dibubarkan dan orang-orang Muhammadiyah yang terlibat dalam Partai Politik Islam kembali ke Muhammadiyah mewarnai lahirnya Kepribadian Muhammadiyah (Nurhayati, 2020). Bahasan ini berisi apa itu Muhammadiyah, hakikat Muhammadiyah dan dasar amal usaha, pedoman amal usaha dan perjuangan Muhammadiyah, dan sifat Muhammadiyah semuanya dikaitkan dengan empat hal utama tersebut. Berdasarkan penjelasan diatas dapat ditarik sebuah rumusan masalah yaitu “bagaimana kepribadian Muhammadiyah itu?”
 
 
 

Premodern handcraft skills foster a language which opens an experiential pathway to local nature

ABSTRACT Handcraft skills provide premodern cultures with an experiential channel to encounter nature both in humans and in their environment. This essay sketches a dialectical overview – the roots of which can be traced via Hegel back to Heraclitus – of how handcrafts are entangled with other meaning-generating semiotic activities and participate in enriching the experiential content of verbal discourses as well. By eroding the handcraft culture, technical and social progress – realized in practice by the industrial revolution and ideologically supported by the movement of Enlightenment – has injured the experiential content of our language and thus impaired our natura experience.

Christianity and Law in the Enlightenment

The European and American Enlightenment movements of 1688 to 1815 transformed the Western legal tradition, notably in areas of constitutional law, criminal law, private law, legal and political theory, and legal education. Particularly the American and French Revolutions effected massive and sometimes violent changes to traditional patterns of law, politics, and society — separating church and state and placing a new premium on democratic rule of law by the general will and public opinion. These legal reforms were grounded in part in new Enlightenment liberal beliefs in deism, rationalism, individualism, and nationalism — ideas that came to strong expression in the many new constitutions and codes issued in the later 18th and 19th centuries. Even so, Enlightenment legal reformers often worked side by side with Christian legal reformers, and they reconstructed traditional Christian legal teachings more than they created laws anew. As a consequence, until the mid-19th century, there was more continuity than discontinuity between Enlightenment-based legal teachings and practices and those of the Western Christian tradition. The Enlightenment, however, provided new secular logics for many of the traditional laws that it adopted and then adapted, and these secular teachings would later fuel the more strident post-Christian, if not anti-Christian, legal campaign of modern liberalism.

Formation and Development of Education in Nakhchivan (End of the XIX Century Before the Early XX Century)

The article discusses the development of school and pedagogical thought in Nakhchivan before and during autonomy. It has been established that, in Nakhchivan, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan, they always pay special attention to education and also take care of it. Studies show that before gaining autonomy in Nakhchivan, new types of urban and emergency educational institutions were created. It should be noted that, the enlightenment movements, science and education, the highest peak of the early twentieth century. During this period, an extensive network of the Nakhchivan education system was created and our people were involved in education. As a result, all the enlightenment captured in this period in Nakhchivan rose to the very high level achieved great success in science and education. Teachers in the social and economic recovery of the country of Nakhchivan stubborn struggle against the old educational system for the reconstruction of old schools. It is still not effective. The old form of training and education in the synopsis took the first steps towards a new one. Progressive changes in education in the development of Nakhichevan enlightening ideas and gave an impetus to the formation of a local educated class. At that time, the achievements of education and culture made basis for future success.

企劃論文] 광학서포 연구 서설

Along with Hoedongseogwan(匯東書館), Gwanghakseopo(廣學書舖) is evaluated as one of the representative bookstores and publishers in the early modern eras. Nevertheless, even its basic information, such as the foundation year, its purpose and its promoter, has been wrongly known primarily because it was confused with Gwanghaksa which used the common headword, ‘Gwanghak(廣 學)’. In a w ord, G wanghakseopo w as t he p ub l isher which began a s Kimsangmanchaeksa(金相萬冊肆) that Kim Sangman founded under the Jungbu Pojeonbyeong(中部 布廛屛門下) around 1900 and then changed its name as Gwanghakseopo after 1906 and survived until the second half of 1920s. Its original purpose was to release imported books, but it began to actively publish books including 〈The Tears of Blood(血의淚)〉 after 1907, until the Japanese colonial rule prohibited the release of books and confiscated them in 1910. In particular, it established itself as the representative publisher intended for the enlightenment movement, by publishing the books of the contemporary enlightened intellectuals including Sin Chaeho(申采浩), Jang Jiyeong(張志淵), Yuwonpyo(劉元杓), etc. However, by the 1910s, Gwanghakseopo was not as active in publishing as it had been in the past. Because of this, it is undervalued as the place where Chinese classics were published. However, this is only a small part of the book that Gwanghakseopo has covered. Therefore, the evaluation of optical support needs to be rethought.

The Development, Evolution and Characteristics of Evolutionism in China in the Early 20th Century

Since modern times, the feudal autocratic Qing government and the advanced western capitalist countries have been defeated many times in the battle, and the reflection on the defeat provides the background for the spread of evolution. Under the birth of the theory of evolution, the Chinese national bourgeoisie actively explored the road of China's independence and prosperity. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu spread the theory of evolution to provide public opinion support for the Reform. After the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform, more reformers were forced to join the camp of bourgeois revolutionaries. A group of bourgeois revolutionaries, such as Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Taiyan, vigorously propagated the revolutionary evolution theory, and the emergence of modern nationalism, especially in the debate on evolution between revolutionaries and reformists, highlighted the characteristics of revolutionary evolution. The development of evolutionism in China at the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of Republic was not only influenced by western science and culture, but also restricted by Chinese traditional culture. The spread and development of the theory of evolution not only promoted the development of China's Enlightenment movement, but also led to the vigorous revolution of 1911 in the early 20th century.

한국전쟁기 국립국악원 개원 전후의 상황과 김동민 가(家)의 관계 연구

This study examines the history of the National Gugak Center, which opened in
 Busan, the temporary capital during the Korean War. Due to a lack of historical
 records in this period, it analyzes the oral records about Kim Dongmin, who
 provided a temporary office for Guwanggung aakbu (舊王宮雅樂部) for about three
 months right after evacuation, to establish the influence of the Kim Dongmin's
 family that affected the birth of the National Gugak Center.
 The oral materials of Kim Dongmin and Son Jaesook, which serve as the basic
 material for this study, were recorded by the folk music scholar Lee Bohyeong in
 1991. They show in detail the relationship between Kim Dongmin and the early
 days of the National Gugak Center. Based on them, this study summarizes the
 circumstance at that time by reviewing Kim Cheonheung's book, the National
 Gugak Center's 50th and 70th anniversary collections, and newspaper articles.
 Then, an oral interview was conducted with Kim Dongmin's eldest daughter, Kim
 Ongyeong, to cross-verify the facts.
 The results of this study are as follows. First, the National Gugak Center was
 provided with a temporary office at Kim Dongmin's house at 6 Toseong-dong 3ga,
 Seo-gu, Busan, from the end of December 1950 until its official opening in April
 1951. Second, after the opening of the National Gugak Center, the first dance
 class for beginners was held by Kim Dongmin's Folk Dance Research Institute.
 Third, in 1952, when Busan's first dance play, Chunhyangjeon, was performed on
 'the 1st Folk Dance Presentation', the musicians of the National Gugak Center,
 including Sung Kyungrin and Kim Chunheung, were in charge of the commentary and accompaniment. This fact played an important role in the birth of the
 National Gugak Center, and can be seen to be due to the passion and support of
 Kim Dongmin, a lover of Korean traditional music and instigator of the Korean
 traditional music enlightenment movement.
 In summary, Kim Dongmin greatly influenced the development of the National
 Gugak Center in Busan by providing a place for dance lessons and holding
 collaborative performances. This study is meaningful in that it newly established
 the situation before and after the opening of the National Gugak Center, which
 has not been well known so far, and shed new light on its historical significance.

위당 정인보의 실심 감통과 경세제민

This article reexamines Jeong In-bo’s lifelong studies and achievements from the perspective of understanding him as a statesman. Keenly empathizing the pain of the people who lost their nation, he recognizes that it was the task of the times to reclaim national sovereignty and relieve the people from suffering. He finds the cause of the collapse of Joseon inside Joseon, and diagnoses that all problems originated from ‘thinking of promoting one’s own interests (自私念)’. What he suggested to resolve these problems is ‘to awaken the sincere mind’. He believes that separation can be turned into oneness, conflict into love, and slaughter into revitalization only when ‘thinking of promotion of one’s own interest’ is overcome by awakening the sincere mind of all Joseon people. While studying Yangming studies, Jeong In-bo realized that the sincere mind has the ability to empathize, and verified this realization by his own experience. Through this experience, he submitted ‘empathy of the sincere mind’ as a statecraft principle that can save the world. All of his activities including educational, academic, media and political activities, aim at ‘governing a nation and saving the people’ according to the statecraft principle of ‘empathy of the sincere mind’. Jeong In-bo paved the way for advancing Korean Studies by awakening the importance of Korean Studies to his colleagues and students who worked at Yonhee College. Furthermore, with a deep understanding of Joseon’s reality after liberation, he adopted ‘strengthening and raising the national spirit’, which was the spirit of the times, as his educational ideology, and suggested a way for the nation to move forward by seeking detailed practical plans. He also brought the thoughts and works of Silhak scholars in the late Joseon dynasty into light; from his view, these scholars related to the nation and its people through the sincere mind and academically explored the way to save the nation and its people. He inspired the sense of subjectivity of the people by exploring Joseon’s spirit of 5,000 years in his research on Joseon history, enhancing the sense of identity of our nation. He struggled to solve the problems of the times by spreading his academic achievements through the media and carrying out an enlightenment movement to awaken the sincere mind of the people. Even in his short political term in Syngman Rhee’s government, he tried to correct the bureaucracy. All these academic works and activities of Jeong In-bo were motivated by the determination to save the world.

Normality and Disability in H. G. Wells's "The Country of the Blind".

Describing someone as disabled means evaluating their relationship with their environment, body, and self. Such descriptions pivot on the person's perceived limitations due to their atypical embodiment. However, impairments are not inherently pathological, nor are disabilities necessarily deviations from biological normality, a discrepancy often articulated in science fiction via the presentation of radically altered environments. In such settings, non-impaired individuals can be shown to be unsuited to the world they find themselves in. One prime example of this comes courtesy of H. G. Wells's "The Country of the Blind." This paper demonstrates science fiction's capacity to decouple disability's normative quality from classical medical models stemming from the medical Enlightenment movement by challenging the idea of the biologically normal. It first provides a brief account of disability before exploring the concept of medical normality. It then problematizes the biologically consistent being, arguing that health is only understandable when environmentally situated. Next, the paper provides an overview of "The Country of the Blind" before analyzing how it challenges the idea of biological normality, framing it as a social product rather than a universal constant. Finally, the paper concludes that science fiction narratives effectively interrogate our world's seemingly consistent trends by envisioning (un)desirable alternatives.

Fransız Örgüt Kültürü: Fransız Devrimi’nin Etkileri ve Hofstede’nin Kültür Boyutları Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

The French Revolution of 1789 which is one of the most important events in European and World history, affects other societies as well as the French society. Famous for its nationalism, traditionalism and uniqueness, France is seen as the pioneer of European civilization, particularly after the Enlightenment movement and the French Revolution. By breaking down the feudal structure of the Ancien Régime (Old order) period in which the greater proportion of the population lived in rural areas where the king was standing as a central authority of the society consisted of three estates in which the influence of the church and traditions were strong, the French Revolution was proposed with the hope of creating a modern France and building a free future influened by the Enlightenment movement. How did this Revolution affect French national culture and organizational culture? How effective was the change brought by the French Revolution in terms of society, industry, business organizations and business life? Certain results have been achieved in this review which tried to find answers to these questions by making an evaluation in terms of the cultural dimensions that Hofstede expressed as ‘individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, time orientation, and indulgence-constraint’. Keywords: French Revolution, Enlightenment, national culture, organizational culture, business life.

권오설의 민족혁명운동론 수용과정과 민족해방운동 전술

Kwon Oh-seol, who participated in the national liberation movement led by the communist group in Colonial Joseon in the 1920s, participated in the enlightenment movement before accepting socialism. Previous studies have identified his activities as influenced by the national independence movement in the 1910s, but did not to elaborate on his acceptance of socialism and the development of the national liberation movement centered on the popular movement. this paper tried to clarify the relationship between his activities and the national liberation movement by specifically reviewing his growth background and acceptance of socialism, and the theory of national revolutionary movement. Kwon Oh-seol was able to forming an enlightened consciousness of life improvement and a revolutionary class consciousness and possible to participate in the national liberation movement based on the national revolutionary movement. he planned The 6·10 National Movement in 1926 and tried to embrace the Old faction of Cheondogyo and the student class while attempting to raise the public’s consciousness of national liberation. Kwon Oh-seol’s national liberation movement were formed based on the consciousness of life improvement and Comintern’s theory of the National Revolutionary Movement.

근·현대 동아시아의 재가불교사상과 운동

Rhi Ki-Young's Buddhist thought is to gain an insight into the world through the fundamental spirit of Mahāyāna Buddhism and constantly reproduce it in reality. He sees the starting point of Lay Buddhism in Korea as Wonhyo who realized Minjung Buddhism. He also thinks that the origin of Lay Buddhism lies in Jinsokbuli(眞俗不二) based on prajñā(般若), the ideological backbone of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It aims to transcend the limits of the system and realize Buddha Dharma in reality. In addition, it is in the spirit of Mahāyāna Bodhisattva who brought about a great transformation beyond early Buddhism. This allows all thoughts and practices in Mahāyāna Sūtras to lead up to the virtues of bodhisattvas. He insists on building true saṃgha(僧伽) that becomes one through Buddha Dharma, going beyond all sectarian ceremonies. Furthermore, he makes social practice a top priority, as seen from the fact that Rhi Ki-Young founded the Korean Institute for Buddhist Studies regarding Lay Buddhism Movement. He emphasizes that members of society become bodhisattvas and create Buddha Land in every corner of society. Also, his goal is to establish the real Pure Land through Bodhisattvas’ Way. The ultimate goal of Bodhisattva is peace. It is said that it was Wonhyo who wanted to realize peace that would remove the sufferings of the world. In the end, the ultimate aim of Lay Buddhism is to realize the Pure Land in this land where we live. Rhi Ki-Young's Lay Buddhist Movement is in line with East Asian modern and contemporary Lay Buddhist Movement. In order to demonstrate this, this study aims to examine the enlightenment movement of Lay Buddhists and the establishment of lay Buddhist groups or organizations. As for the former, it suggests Chinese Yang Wen-hui, Japanese Inoue Enryō, and Korean Han Yong-Un. As for the latter, representative examples include the Buddhist reform through Taixu's theory of Human Buddhism, Korean Lay Buddhist organizations including Won Buddhism, and Japanese Lay Buddhist organizations including the Newly Young Buddhist Alliance led by Senō Giro(妹尾義郎). Most of all, the Lay Buddhist movement awakens the importance of the role of Lay Bodhisattva in modern society. This is because it is the subject that embodies the virtues of a bodhisattva led by six paramitas. Besides, it needs to go one step further into reality and implement Engaged Buddhism. Mahāyāna Buddhism is the movement of Buddha Dharma, and the key today is Engaged Buddhism. In conclusion, this study has found that Rhi Ki-Young's Lay Buddhist thought can be a way to save us in the face of the crisis of mankind.

ԱՎԱՏԱԿԱՆ ԿԵՆՍԱԿԵՐՊԻ ԿԱԶՄԱԼՈՒԾՄԱՆ ՊԱՀՊԱՆՈՂԱԿԱՆ ԱՐՁԱԳԱՆՔԸ Պերճ Պռոշյանի «Սոս և Վարդիթեր» և «Հացի խնդիր» վեպերում

If, thanks to the enlightenment movement, traditional thinking, the values that organize patriarchal life, the nature of human relations and the emotional manifestations of psychology have radically changed, then conservative culture had a completely traditional epistemological context. Enlightenment attitude formed in the minds of a new structure of perception of time, revived the order of the future, making it the main focus of activity. In the context of this worldview, history has already been perceived in the past, present and future dimensions of time. Meanwhile, conservatives envisioned the future as a sprawling present. And traditionalists perceived defamation as damage to morality and the traditional way of life. All the ideological content and emotional depth of Proshyan's works is an artistic expression of this historical process. It is characterized as a unique defensive cultural confrontation with artistic potential, character building, and a historically unique storytelling typology.

ТанзиматәдебиетініңтанымалөкіліНамыкКемалшығармаларындағыжаңасарындар

The liberation and enlightenment movements of the late XIX-early XX centuries stimulatedthe growth of political, socio-social consciousness of the Turkic peoples. Poets and writers of that periodtried with great enthusiasm to spread innovative ideas. On its basis, the thematic content of literature hasexpanded,andtheartisticlevelhasincreased.IntheliteratureoftheTurkicpeoples,theplaceofpreviouslywritten romantic works was occupied by works of a realistic orientation related to real life, everyday life,andtheenvironment.The Tanzimat period, which had a great influence on the awakening of the spiritual life of Turkishsociety,hasaspecialplaceinthehistoryofTurkishliterature.AlmostallthepoetsandwritersoftheTanzimatperiodwerecomposedofrepresentativesoftheanti-Western,innovative,andscientificintelligentsia.One of the most famous representatives of this period, N. Kemal, was a poet, writer, journalist, playwright, andcritic, that is, a versatile “octagonal one-sided”. N. Kemal widely considered social, political, and socialtopics in his works and, like other representatives of the Tanzimat period, tried to save his country frombackwardness, illiteracy, and ignorance. Therefore, in his works, he emphasized the spiritual values of theTurkishpeopleandtriedtounitereligion andcivilization.IntThisarticle,considerstheconceptsof“homeland,nation,freedom,equality,andeducation”,whichare widely considered in the works of Namik Kemal, a well-known representative of Tanzimat literature,are considered.

El papel de las mujeres en los primeros años de la RSEAPT

This article tries to offer a detailed approach to the activity and functions carried out by women in the first stage of existence of the Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Tenerife (1777-1800), in a review process of the role played by the female class at the beginning of this centennial institution. The foundation and implementation of the RSEAPT represented a notable boost in the socioeconomic and educational framework of the time, implanting among the population, in all its sectors, the foundations of the Enlightenment movement and its universal principles of freedom, equality and fraternity

오사운동 시기 孫文集團의 민권정치론

The May Fourth Movement is a revolutionary epoch-making event in modern Chinese history. Even 100 years later today many scholars have continued to research and reappraise. It was an intellectual revolution that advocated national independence and individual liberation, a significant turning point in modern history, a decisive moment for socialism to take root in China, and became an ideal model for enlightenment movement or political participation. In particular, democracy was a core value that penentrating the May Fourth along with science, and therefore considerable study has been conducted on the relationship between the May Fourth Movement and democratic thought. However, the overall research trends was to emphasize radicalization and disconnection. They argue that democratic discussion and practice during the May Fourth were fundamentally radical or at least moved toward radicalization. Accordingly, this paper examines democratic theory of Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist group to find their political ideals, as well as review the mainstream of May Fourth understanding.BR First of all, in the case of Sun Yat-sen, the leader of Kuomintang, he led Constitutional Protection Movement, emphasizing the restoration of National Assembly, and the establishment of parliamentary democracy. Even during the May Fourth, when mass political movement broke out, Sun repeatedly suggested complete restoration of National Assembly as an only solution to deal with political turmoil. Kuomintang theorists such as Liao Zhongkai, Zhu Zhixin, Dai Jitao, who developed Sun’s democratic theory also defended parliamentary democracy, while demanded direct civil rights like Initiative, Referendum, Recall. In other words, they aimed for moderate political reform to maintain representative democracy with introducing some elements of direct democracy. On the other hand, Nationalist group took a relatively negative attitude towards radical revolution such as Russian October Revolution. This was clearly different from the so-called people

Western European Intellectual Practices of a New Type in Russian Everyday Life at Early 18th Century (case of Feofan Prokopovich)

The focus of this study is the views of Feofan Prokopovich, a unique Orthodox thinker whose world outlook was shaped by an obvious influence of the ideas of the Protestant and Catholic Enlightenment. Talking about the Enlightenment, modern historiography focuses on the versatility of the phenomenon, preferring to talk about the Enlightenment, including the religious or confessional Enlightenment, aimed at rethinking the role of religion and the church. The Religious Enlightenment was a pan-European phenomenon that embraced Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism, and Orthodoxy, and grew out of the desire to create an intelligent religion free of superstition and serving society. The intellectual movement of the religious Enlightenment sought to reconcile the natural philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries with a religious worldview, while trying to overcome the extremes of religious fanaticism, on the one hand, and nihilism and godlessness, on the other. The process of forming a new intellectual environment is marked by the coexistence and mutual influence of the most diverse, sometimes poorly compatible traditions, their transformation and modification. Comprehensively arguing the need for unlimited autocracy in Russia, Feofan Prokopovich, nevertheless, actively used the discourse of the Enlightenment in his writings, discussing the problem of the origin of the state, the mode of government, the boundaries of the power of the monarch, the rights and duties of subjects. On the example of Feofan Prokopovich, we can talk about the emergence and rooting of intellectual practices of a new type in Russian everyday life. The integration of Western European ideas and practices into Russian culture was ambiguous, multifaceted and depended on their adaptation to the socio-political space of Russia. Being well acquainted with the works of European authors of the 17th early 18th centuries, he rather took on the formal side of their discussions on socio-political topics, adapted a conceptual glossary that was new for the Russian educated public, which opened up opportunities for talking about politics in a new way.