Bone Engineering Research Articles

3D biodegradable shape changing composite scaffold with programmable porous structures for bone engineering

This study developed a biodegradable composite porous polyurethane scaffold based on polycaprolactone and polyethylene glycol by sequential in-situ foaming salt leaching and freeze-drying process with responsive shape changing performance. Biomineral hydroxyapatite (HA) was introduced into the polyurethane matrix as inorganic fillers. Infrared spectroscopy results proved a successful synthesis, scanning electron microscopy showed that the scaffold’s porosity decreased with the addition of HA while the average pore size increased. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of HA lowered the melting point of the scaffold, resulting in a transition temperature close to the human body temperature. From the bending experiments, it could be demonstrated that PUHA20 has excellent shape memory performance with shape fixity ratio >98.9% and shape recovery ratio >96.2%. Interestingly, the shape-changing capacity could be influenced by the porous structures with variation of HA content. The shape recovery speed was further accelerated when the material was immersed in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C. Additionally, in vitro mineralization experiments showed that the scaffold incorporating HA had good osteoconductivity, and implantation assessment proved that scaffolds had good in vivo biocompatibility. This scaffold is a promising candidate for implantation of bone defects.

Fabrication and finite element simulation of 3D printed poly L-lactic acid scaffolds coated with alginate/carbon nanotubes for bone engineering applications

Fabrication and finite element simulation of 3D printed poly L-lactic acid scaffolds coated with alginate/carbon nanotubes for bone engineering applications

Gentamycin-loaded halloysite-based hydrogel nanocomposites for bone tissue regeneration: fabrication, evaluation of the antibacterial activity and cell response

Biocompatible hydrogels are promising approaches for bone repair and engineering. A novel therapeutic nanocomposite hydrogel was designed based on triblock copolymer poly e-caprolactone (PCL)-polyethylene glycol-PCL and natural gelatin (PCEC/GEL) and reinforced with halloysite nanotube (HNT). Gentamicin (GM) loaded HNT was immobilized in polymeric hydrogel matrix to fabricate scaffolds using the freeze-drying method. Scaffolds were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), x-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods. The swelling ratio, density, porosity, degradation, and mechanical behavior were evaluated to investigate the effects of HNT on the physicochemical properties of the composite. Cell viability and cell attachment were investigated by microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay and SEM. Cell proliferation was observed without any cytotoxicity effect on human dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells (h-DPSCs). Alizarin red staining and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) assay were carried out to monitor the osteoconductivity of scaffolds on h-DPSCs which were seeded drop wise onto the top of scaffolds. The quantification of the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of osteogenic marker genes, bone morphogenetic protein 2, SPARK, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein and runt-related transcription factor 2 over a period of 21 d of cell seeding, demonstrated that cell-encapsulating PCEC/GEL/HNT-GM hydrogel scaffolds supported osteoblast differentiation of h-DPSCs into osteogenic cells through the up-regulation of related genes along with moderate effects on cell viability. Moreover, the antibiotics loading reduced bacterial growth while maintaining the osteogenic properties of the scaffold. Therefore, the bactericidal PCEC/GEL/HNT-GM hydrogel nanocomposite, with enhanced durability, maintenance the functionality of seeded cells in vitro that can be a remarkable dual-functional candidate for hard tissue reconstruction and customized bone implants fabrication via the direct incorporation of bactericidal drug to prevent infection.

Feasibility Studi Business Marketing Development and Inovation in CV Bonee Enggenering Bandung Indonesia

The world of business and industry has great potential and can be a major contributor to Indonesia's economic development. This research is the initial stage that provides the foundation for subsequent research with a focus on Innovation Strategy, Product Development and Market Orientation. The goal is to describe the mapping of potential markets with product innovation. product innovation developed to meet the market by determining the road map and research design. The theoretical basis for success in introducing new products to the market depends on market-oriented strategic management. Market orientation is defined as the industry's method of market intelligence relating to current and future customer needs, then spreading the adopted market intelligence results throughout the value chain and the industry's ability to respond. Methodology with literature study was used in this research and analysis. The determination of the Five Competitive Forces (FCF) variable is also measured through key Performance Indicators. The scoring results are then mapped to see the determining factors. The SWOT model is applied to conclude the strengths and opportunities, weaknesses and threats faced by CV Bone engineering to determine competitive strengths and innovation needs.

Magnetic nanowires substrate increases adipose-derived mesenchymal cells osteogenesis

Magnetic nanomaterials are increasingly impacting the field of biology and medicine. Their versatility in terms of shape, structure, composition, coating, and magnetic responsivity make them attractive for drug delivery, cell targeting and imaging. Adipose derived-mesenchymal cells (ASCs) are intensely scrutinized for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, differentiation into musculoskeletal lineages can be challenging. In this paper, we show that uncoated nickel nanowires (Ni NW) partially released from their alumina membrane offer a mechanically-responsive substrate with regular topography that can be used for the delivery of magneto-mechanical stimulation. We have used a tailored protocol for improving ASCs adherence to the substrate, and showed that cells retain their characteristic fibroblastic appearance, cytoskeletal fiber distribution and good viability. We report here for the first time significant increase in osteogenic but not adipogenic differentiation of ASCs on Ni NW exposed to 4 mT magnetic field compared to non-exposed. Moreover, magnetic actuation is shown to induce ASCs osteogenesis but not adipogenesis in the absence of external biochemical cues. While these findings need to be verified in vivo, the use of Ni NW substrate for inducing osteogenesis in the absence of specific differentiation factors is attractive for bone engineering. Implant coating with similar surfaces for orthopedic and dentistry could be as well envisaged as a modality to improve osteointegration.

The Proangiogenic Potential of Rat Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells with and without Cell-Sheet Induction: A Comparative Study.

A functional vasculature for survival remains a challenge for tissue regeneration, which is indispensable for oxygen and nutrient supply. Utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to alleviate tissue ischemia and repair dysfunctional or damaged endothelium is a promising strategy. Compared to other populations of MSCs, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) possess a more significant proangiogenic potential and are abundantly available. Cell sheet technology has recently been widely utilized in bone engineering. Compared to conventional methods of seeding seed cell suspension onto biological scaffolds, cell sheet technology prevents cell loss and preserves the extracellular matrix (ECM). Nevertheless, the proangiogenic potential of ASC sheets remains unknown. In this study, rat ASC sheets were constructed, and their macro- and microstructures were examined. In addition, we investigated the effects of ASCs and ASC sheets on the biological properties and angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells (ECs). The results demonstrated that the ASC sheets gradually thickened as the number of cells and ECM increased over time and that the cells were in an active state of secretion. Similar to ASC-CM, the conditioned medium (CM) of ASC sheets could significantly enhance the proliferative capacity of ECs. ASC sheet-CM has significant advantages over ASC-CM in promoting the migration and angiogenesis of ECs, where the exosomes secreted by ASC sheets play an essential role. Therefore, using ASC sheets for therapeutic tissue and organ regeneration angiogenesis may be a valuable strategy.

Anatomical scaffold application for the digital rebuilding of human lower jaw defects

Researchers are making huge efforts in the field of rebuilding the large missing parts of the human lower jaw, and this represents a major challenge in the field of bone engineering based on reconstruction on the basis of human bone implants. This challenge is to create customized designs that fit the physiological, genetic, and anatomical characteristics of each individual patient. Designing these implants specifically for each case will definitely improve and reduce the recovery period. In order to achieve an improvement in the lower jaw surgery process and clinical practice, the required design of a precise three-dimensional engineering scaffold whose external shape resembles the shape of the missing part of a lower jawbone will reduce the appearance of complications during recovery in addition to preserving the teeth to be implanted and meet mechanical as well as aesthetic requirements. The scaffolds that are designed and will be implanted to replace the missing parts of a lower jaw will be subject to great mechanical loads, for this reason, a scaffold that meets the anatomical conditions is designed on the basis of the 3D geometry of patterns be addressed in research. The process of changing the 3D patterns leads to the modification of the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Because of its complex structure, will be applying additive manufacturing techniques to manufacture this scaffold.

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Calcium Phosphate Materials from <i>Lutjanus johnii</i> and <i>Lutjanus sebae</i> Fish Bone Bio-Wastes

Fish processing by-products, such as fish bone waste is usually considered as waste and will be disposed without fully utilizing it. Indeed, this by-product can serve as a cheap bio-resource for the production of high-value product, for instance, as an inexpensive source of calcium phosphate material. In this research, Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones were subjected to thermal calcination to yield different calcium phosphate products. XRD, FTIR and HRTEM-SAED results revealed that biphasic HAp/β-TCP mixture was obtained by heat treatment of Lutjanus johnii bone while a single-phase HAp was prepared from Lutjanus sebae bone. In addition, it was shown that both Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones had a merit in producing B-type carbonated composition that is advantageous for biomedical application. EDX result further corroborated the existence of inorganic elements such as Mg, Na and Sr. With their unique composition, the calcined products deriving from Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones can be further employed to form bioceramic scaffolds for bone engineering applications.

Rational design and additive manufacturing of alumina-based lattice structures for bone implant

Porous scaffolds can be used for treating bone defects. To manufacture porous scaffolds similar to bone, two types of ceramic scaffolds with different porosity, namely, octagon and rhombus scaffolds were designed and fabricated by Digital Lighting Process technology. Compression test, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and in vitro cell experiment were conducted for systematic investigation of the properties of the scaffolds. The results showed that the elastic modulus of alumina octagon and rhombus lattice structure was within 0.5–4 GPa. Through the CFD simulation, the permeability of the scaffold was found to be in the range of 4.10 × 10−9 to 2.32 × 10−8 m2 and the wall shear stress of different structures ranged from 4.9 × 10−4 to 84.4 mPa. Live/dead staining and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed that all groups were biocompatible and beneficial to cell proliferation except for octagon structure with 1.049 mm pore and rhombus structure with 0.6 mm pore. Analysis of the results of the mechanical properties, CFD simulations, and in vitro cell studies indicated that the porous scaffolds suitable for bone engineering were 0.566 mm-pore-size octagon unit and 1.0 mm-pore-size rhombus unit with elastic modulus of 3834.9 and 599.8 MPa, respectively.

A Novel Cell Delivery System Exploiting Synergy between Fresh Titanium and Fibronectin.

Delivering and retaining cells in areas of interest is an ongoing challenge in tissue engineering. Here we introduce a novel approach to fabricate osteoblast-loaded titanium suitable for cell delivery for bone integration, regeneration, and engineering. We hypothesized that titanium age influences the efficiency of protein adsorption and cell loading onto titanium surfaces. Fresh (newly machined) and 1-month-old (aged) commercial grade 4 titanium disks were prepared. Fresh titanium surfaces were hydrophilic, whereas aged surfaces were hydrophobic. Twice the amount of type 1 collagen and fibronectin adsorbed to fresh titanium surfaces than aged titanium surfaces after a short incubation period of three hours, and 2.5-times more fibronectin than collagen adsorbed regardless of titanium age. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were incubated on protein-adsorbed titanium surfaces for three hours, and osteoblast loading was most efficient on fresh titanium adsorbed with fibronectin. The number of osteoblasts loaded using this synergy between fresh titanium and fibronectin was nine times greater than that on aged titanium with no protein adsorption. The loaded cells were confirmed to be firmly attached and functional. The number of loaded cells was strongly correlated with the amount of protein adsorbed regardless of the protein type, with fibronectin simply more efficiently adsorbed on titanium surfaces than collagen. The role of surface hydrophilicity of fresh titanium surfaces in increasing protein adsorption or cell loading was unclear. The hydrophilicity of protein-adsorbed titanium increased with the amount of protein but was not the primary determinant of cell loading. In conclusion, the osteoblast loading efficiency was dependent on the age of the titanium and the amount of protein adsorption. In addition, the efficiency of protein adsorption was specific to the protein, with fibronectin being much more efficient than collagen. This is a novel strategy to effectively deliver osteoblasts ex vivo and in vivo using titanium as a vehicle.

Improved osteogenic differentiation by extremely low electromagnetic field exposure: possible application for bone engineering.

Human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLSCs) are a promising cell type model for regenerative medicine applications due to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and non-tumorigenic potentials. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are reported to affect biological properties such as cell proliferation and differentiation and modulate gene expression profile. In this study, we investigated the effects of an intermittent ELF-EMF exposure (6 h/day) for the standard differentiation period (28 days) and for 10 days in hPDLSCs in the presence or not of osteogenic differentiation medium (OM). We evaluated cell proliferation, de novo calcium deposition and osteogenic differentiation marker expression in sham and ELF-EMF-exposed cells. After ELF-EMF exposure, compared with sham-exposed, an increase in cell proliferation rate (p < 0.001) and de novo calcium deposition (p < 0.001) was observed after 10 days of exposure. Real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that COL1A1 and RUNX-2 gene expression and COL1A1, RUNX-2 and OPN protein expression were upregulated respectively in the cells exposed to ELF-EMF exposure along with or without OM for 10 days. Altogether, these results suggested that the promotion of osteogenic differentiation is more efficient in ELF-EMF-exposed hPDLSCs. Moreover, our analyses indicated that there is an early induction of hPDLSC differentiation after ELF-EMF application.

Bone Engineering Scaffolds With Exosomes: A Promising Strategy for Bone Defects Repair.

The treatment of bone defects is still an intractable clinical problem, despite the fact that numerous treatments are currently available. In recent decades, bone engineering scaffolds have become a promising tool to fill in the defect sites and remedy the deficiencies of bone grafts. By virtue of bone formation, vascular growth, and inflammation modulation, the combination of bone engineering scaffolds with cell-based and cell-free therapy is widely used in bone defect repair. As a key element of cell-free therapy, exosomes with bioactive molecules overcome the deficiencies of cell-based therapy and promote bone tissue regeneration via the potential of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation. Hence, this review aimed at overviewing the bone defect microenvironment and healing mechanism, summarizing current advances in bone engineering scaffolds and exosomes in bone defects to probe for future applications.

In vitro and in vivo examination of the osteogenic ability of 3d scaffold chitosan-hydroxyapatite : a systematic review

Background: Alveolar bone resorption in dentistry cases can be caused by several factors. Some of which are periodontal disease, post-tooth extraction trauma, post enucleation cyst, and post-tumor surgery. The idea of bone tissue engineering, especially biomaterials will be focused on precise scaffold design in terms of physicochemical in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and specific organ tissue formation. Chitosan can be combined with Hydroxyapatite in form of scaffold 3D design for bone remodeling procedure. Purpose: discover Osteogenic ability with scaffold 3D chitosan-Hydroxyapatite in vitro and in vivo. Method: utilizing literature review by collecting, compiling similarities, and concluding references related to Osteogenic ability with scaffold 3D chitosan-Hydroxyapatite in vitro and in vivo on bone remodelling process. Results: based on journal research with keywords of 3D Scaffold, Chitosan, Hydroxyapatite, Bone Engineering, in vitro and in vivo, a total of 15 journal articles were used as references. Conclusion: Scaffold integrates bone tissue and provide effective room for new bone formation. Scaffold 3D ( combination of chitosan and collagen) plays significant part in bone regeneration and becomes natural polymer containing ion complex as to maximalize characteristics of osteoconductivity contained. Scaffold chitosan/hydroaxipatite possesses osteogenic ability integral to repair bone fracture.

Current Advances and Future Perspectives of Advanced Polymer Processing for Bone and Tissue Engineering: Morphological Control and Applications.

Advanced polymer processing has received extensive attention due to its unique control of complex force fields and customizability, and has been widely applied in various fields, especially in preparation of functional devices for bioengineering and biotechnology. This review aims to provide an overview of various advanced polymer processing techniques including rotation extrusion, electrospinning, micro injection molding, 3D printing and their recent progresses in the field of cell proliferation, bone repair, and artificial blood vessels. This review dose not only attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of advanced polymer processing, but also aims to guide for design and fabrication of next-generation device for biomedical engineering.

Nano-bioactive glass incorporated polymeric apatite/tricalcium phosphate cement composite supports proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells

Apatite/Tricalcium phosphate composite cement composed with polyacrylic acid (PAA-apatite/TCP) has previously been reported to be a great promise for orthopedic applications. However, it was investigated that PAA could inhibit apatite phase conversion and result in poor bioactivity. To improve those limitations, PAA-apatite/TCP cement modified with the bioactive glass nanoparticle (0–1.5 wt%) was investigated for physical properties, phase formation after setting and bioactivity. In addition, human Adipose-derived Stem/Stromal cells (hASCs), which were isolated from human adipose tissue and represent a widely implemented cell type for tissue engineering applications, were selected to determine their biological response to the bioactive glass modified PAA-apatite/TCP cement. The results indicated that the PAA-apatite/TCP cement added with bioactive glass cement decreased setting time and enhanced apatite phase transformation and bioactivity, as compared with the control cement. For in vitro testing, hASCs viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential were assessed under two cell culture conditions. In details, cells were either cultured with cement-preconditioned medium (indirect setting) or with cement (direct setting). The indirect culture presented a lower proliferation rate as compared with the control medium. In contrast, the result of direct culture indicated a higher proliferation rate on both control cement and 1 wt% bioactive glass incorporated cement, as compared with coverslip control. Moreover, the increase in Alkaline Phosphatase activity following osteogenic stimuli indicated that both cements supported osteogenic commitment. In conclusion, these in vitro data lay the basis for a deeper investigation of 1 wt% bioactive glass incorporated cement as a promising formula for clinical applications in bone engineering and orthopedics.

Bone Cell Exosomes and Emerging Strategies in Bone Engineering.

Bone tissue remodeling is a highly regulated process balancing bone formation and resorption through complex cellular crosstalk between resident bone and microenvironment cells. This cellular communication is mediated by direct cell and cell–matrix contact, autocrine, endocrine, and paracrine receptor mediated mechanisms such as local soluble signaling molecules and extracellular vesicles including nanometer sized exosomes. An impairment in this balanced process leads to development of pathological conditions. Bone tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field with potential to address bone defects and disorders by synthesizing three-dimensional bone substitutes embedded with cells for clinical implantation. However, current cell-based therapeutic approaches have faced hurdles due to safety and ethical concerns, challenging their clinical translation. Recent studies on exosome-regulated bone homeostasis and regeneration have gained interest as prospective cell free therapy in conjugation with tissue engineered bone grafts. However, exosome research is still in its nascent stages of bone tissue engineering. In this review, we specifically describe the role of exosomes secreted by cells within bone microenvironment such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cell cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and even tumor cells during bone homeostasis and crosstalk. We also review exosome-based osteoinductive functionalization strategies for various bone-based biomaterials such as ceramics, polymers, and metals in bone tissue engineering. We further highlight biomaterials as carrier agents for exosome delivery to bone defect sites and, finally, the influence of various biomaterials in modulation of cell exosome secretome.

Modified Histopathological Protocol for Poly-ɛ-Caprolactone Scaffolds Preserving Their Trabecular, Honeycomb-like Structure.

Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) is now widely studied in relation to the engineering of bone, cartilage, tendons, and other tissues. Standard histological protocols can destroy the carefully created trabecular and honeycomb-like architecture of PCL scaffolds, and could lead to scaffold fibers swelling, resulting in the displacement or compression of tissues inside the scaffold. The aim of this study was to modify a standard histopathological protocol for PCL scaffold preparation and evaluate it on porous cylindrical PCL scaffolds in a rat model. In 16 inbred Wag rats, 2 PCL scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously to both inguinal areas. Two months after implantation, harvested scaffolds were first subjected to μCT imaging, and then to histopathological analysis with standard (left inguinal area) and modified histopathological protocols (right inguinal area). To standardize the results, soft tissue percentages (STPs) were calculated on scaffold cross-sections obtained from both histopathological protocols and compared with corresponding µCT cross-sections. The modified protocol enabled the assessment of almost 10× more soft tissues on the scaffold cross-section than the standard procedure. Moreover, STP was only 1.5% lower than in the corresponding µCT cross-sections assessed before the histopathological procedure. The presented modification of the histopathological protocol is cheap, reproducible, and allows for a comprehensive evaluation of PCL scaffolds while maintaining their trabecular, honeycomb-like structure on cross-sections.

Effect of pH on bio-inspired synthesis of L-Lysine templated bioactive glass hybrid xerogels for tailored textural and rheological properties

In this investigation, tailored mesoporous L-lysine-bioactive glass (LBG) hybrid xerogels were first time synthesized by bioinspired method at ambient conditions. L-lysine molecules were incorporated in bioactive glass (BG) network through physiochemical interaction. Its step-wise addition of various BG precursors with L-lysine took place at its three pKa (2.18, 8.94, 10.54) and pI (9.74) values respectively. These LBG hybrid xerogels were thoroughly characterized before and after interaction with simulated body fluid (SBF). Interestingly, elemental analysis on xerogels reported 45S5 composition for inorganic contents of LBG_8.94 and LBG_9.74. In contrast, LBG_2.18 and LBG_10.54 contained higher SiO2 and corroborating discrete bioactivity behaviour of xerogels. Nitrogen sorption analysis confirmed the mesoporous nature of all four LBG xerogels with different pore size, pore volume and surface area. Importantly, observed unique controlled 7-Dehydrocholesterol release pattern of each LBG xerogels highlighted the importance of their tuneable textural property. Reported viscoelastic nature of freshly prepared LBG xerogels by rheological analysis promised its non-invasive injectability. These new generation materials not only promise to serve nutrients for cell growth but also contain tailored textural as well as rheological properties for targeted bone engineering applications.

3D biocompatible bone engineering foams with tunable mechanical properties and porous structures

AbstractLarge bone defects due to accidental injuries and fractures as well as the mismatch between the implant material and the defect site are major problems in biomedicine. Bone tissue engineering offers a solution to this problem. In this paper, a series of three‐dimensional porous composite scaffolds with shape memory were prepared using polycaprolactone and polytetrahydrofuran as soft segment materials, hexamethylene diisocyanate as hard segment materials and amorphous calcium phosphate/calcium citrate (CAP) as inorganic fillers. The scaffolds have tunable mechanical properties, melt temperature, surface wettability, a pore size range of 100–800 μm and a high degree of connectivity. In vitro mineralization showed good mineral deposition and energy dispersion spectrometer displayed uniform distribution of Ca and P elements on the surface. The composite scaffold exhibited good shape memory properties at 37°C. The shape fixation rate (Rf) and shape recovery rate (Rr) were maintained at 94.1% and 94.4% after five compression cycles. The resulting scaffold promoted MG63 cell proliferation to some extent. The scaffold is expected to be used clinically for the treatment of large bone defects.

BMP-2 incorporated biomimetic CaP coating functionalized 3D printed Ti6Al4V scaffold induces ectopic bone formation in a dog model

The use of Ti6Al4V in bone engineering is limited, due to the biological inertia of the surface. In this study, a porous Ti6Al4V scaffold with mechanical properties similar to cancellous bone was designed and 3D-printed. Under physiological conditions, the scaffold was immersed firstly in a 5-fold-concentrated simulated body fluid, then ina supersaturated CaP solution containing BMP-2, to form a bone-like porous micro/nano structured biomimetic coating on the surface. Scaffolds were implanted in the muscle pouches created in six beagle dogs and were retrieved four weeks later for histologic and histomorphometric analysis. Results showed that BMP-2 integrated biomimetic CaP coating induced ectopic bone formation, which was absent in other two groups. Soft tissue infiltrated the scaffold's outside 1 mm layer, while the new-formed bone was evenly distributed in the longitudinal and horizontal directions within the rest of the scaffold based on BA/TA, BIC and BA measurements. In conclusion, the BMP-2 incorporated biomimetic CaP coating creates a micro/nano surface structure on the Ti6Al4V scaffold, which helps to increase biocompatibility. The integrated BMP-2 is capable of inducing ectopic bone formation in vivo. The proposed combination may have the potential for bone reconstruction, but further studies are needed to explore its clinical applicability.