Extraction and Characterization of Natural Calcium Phosphate Materials from <i>Lutjanus johnii</i> and <i>Lutjanus sebae</i> Fish Bone Bio-Wastes

Abstract

Fish processing by-products, such as fish bone waste is usually considered as waste and will be disposed without fully utilizing it. Indeed, this by-product can serve as a cheap bio-resource for the production of high-value product, for instance, as an inexpensive source of calcium phosphate material. In this research, Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones were subjected to thermal calcination to yield different calcium phosphate products. XRD, FTIR and HRTEM-SAED results revealed that biphasic HAp/β-TCP mixture was obtained by heat treatment of Lutjanus johnii bone while a single-phase HAp was prepared from Lutjanus sebae bone. In addition, it was shown that both Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones had a merit in producing B-type carbonated composition that is advantageous for biomedical application. EDX result further corroborated the existence of inorganic elements such as Mg, Na and Sr. With their unique composition, the calcined products deriving from Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones can be further employed to form bioceramic scaffolds for bone engineering applications.