Energy Imbalance Research Articles

Nutritional Status of Children Attending Basic Schools Providing Mid-Day Meal A Comparative Study

World Health Organization has stated malnutrition as a condition where there is deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in an individual's energy and/or nutrient consumption. In Nepal, the government school is mandatory to provide MDM to students up to basic school level. Education system consists of one year of pre-primary to grade 8 known as basic schools. This study aimed to find out the nutritional status of schoolchildren attending basic schools in rural and urban municipalities providing and comparing between those children having midday meal in school with those who are not having. .A cross - sectional, analytical study was designed, multistage sampling techniques were used , where the lottery method was used for the selection of municipalities and schools and simple random sampling technique for the selection of students by using a table of random numbers. A total 276 students were selected of both genders. Data collecting included of anthropometric measurement and structured questionnaire of dietary habit. Among 276 students mean age was 7.76  3.229. MUAC of aged 3-8 years was 14.84  1.35 and BMI of aged above 8 years old was 14.98  2.50. Among them 50.4% were male. 4.3% among 3-5 years group presented with SAM. Age and sex was significantly associated with nutritional status p-value 0.007 and 0.008 respectively. Both parents’ education was associated with Nutritional status of child (p-value 0.001). Children not having MDM in school are more vulnerable of malnutrition (p-value 0.015). MDM is more significant for malnutrition (AOR: 0.364 CI: 0.139- 0.953, p-value 0.41). Nutritional status of those not having MDM in schools are likely to have malnutrition by 1.913times than those having MDM provided by schools (CI: 0.867-4.22, p-value 0.002). The prevalence of malnutrition is significantly associated with parents’ education, consumption of EDNP, and MDM provided by schools.

AdipoRon improves mitochondrial homeostasis and protects dopaminergic neurons through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats

The progressive decline of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been linked to an imbalance in energy and the failure of mitochondrial function. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the major intracellular energy sensor, regulates energy balance, and damage to nigral dopaminergic neurons induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is exacerbated in the absence of AMPK activity. This study aimed to examine the potential therapeutic advantages of AdipoRon, an AMPK activator, on motor function and mitochondrial homeostasis in a 6-OHDA-induced PD model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (10 μg) into the left medial forebrain bundle at two points, and after 7 days, they were treated with intranasal AdipoRon (0.1, 1, and 10 μg) or Levodopa (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 successive days. Following the last treatment day, motor behavior was evaluated through the Murprogo’s test, bar test, beam walking test, and apomorphine-induced rotation test. After euthanasia, the left substantia nigra (SN) was separated for evaluation of ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and protein expressions of AMPK, p-AMPK, and mitochondrial dynamics markers (Mfn-2 and Drp-1). Moreover, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) cells was quantified in the left substantia nigra. Intranasal AdipoRon effectively reversed muscle rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, and rotation caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, AdipoRon increased the phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, and improved mitochondrial dynamics in the SN. Furthermore, AdipoRon increased the number of TH+ cells in the SN of PD animals. These findings suggest that AdipoRon could protect dopaminergic neurons by activating the AMPK pathway and improving mitochondrial dysfunction.

Molecular mechanisms of the obesity associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome: An update.

Obesity is a prominent feature of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), which represents a major and growing public health problem. More than half of BBS patients carry mutations in one of eight genes that encode subunits of a protein complex known as the BBSome, which has emerged as a key regulator of energy and glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanisms underlying obesity in BBS are complex. Numerous studies have identified a high prevalence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome among individuals with BBS. However, the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. This review summarized evidence from experiments using mouse and cell models, focusing on the energy imbalance that leads to obesity in patients with BBS. The studies discussed in this review contribute to understanding the functional role of the BBSome in the obesity associated with BBS, laying the foundation for developing new preventive or therapeutic strategies for obese patients.

Early Life Energy Balance: The Development of Infant Energy Expenditure and Intake in the Context of Obesity.

This review aims to provide a summary of the current knowledge on measurement tools and most recent evidence for prenatal and postnatal modulators of energy balance in young infants. The prevention of pediatric obesity depends upon curating the perfect imbalance of energy intake to energy expenditure, taking into consideration the energy needs for healthy growth. We summarize the recent evidence for the programming of fetal and infant metabolism influenced by maternal preconception health, prenatal metabolic milieu, and physical activity behaviors. In the early postnatal environment, caregiver feeding behaviors shape the extent of energy imbalance through dictating quantity and modality of infant energy intake. There are biological and behavioral contributors to improper infant energy imbalance. Furthermore, caregiver and clinician education on overfeeding and clinical tools to prescribe and monitor infant overgrowth are absent. Ultimately, the lack of high-quality and modern research of infant energy expenditure underpins the lack of advancement in clinical guidelines and the needed prevention of pediatric obesity.

Chemotherapy effects on mitochondrial function in adipose tissue in oesophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas with or without associated cachexia: protocol for a prospective, comparative observational study (ChiFMeOE)

IntroductionCachexia is strongly associated with digestive cancers, particularly oesogastric cancer. Mitochondria in adipose tissue are involved in the regulation of metabolism and physiopathology of cancer cachexia in animal studies. Chemotherapeutic...

Triad of female athletes

The female sports triad is a spectrum of dysfunctions related to energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. Energy availability is considered the trigger for the triad. Scientists have proven that women who do sports consume approximately 30% less energy and carbohydrates in relation to their body weight. Sufficient energy availability ensures the presence of a menstrual cycle, directly affects the stimulation of the production of female sex hormones (estrogen in particular). Thus, it prevents resorption of bone tissue. When energy availability is too low, a physiological mechanism reduces the amount of energy used for cell maintenance, thermoregulation, growth, and reproductive function. This compensation tends to restore energy balance and promotes survival, but impairs health. Low body weight in women of reproductive age, particularly in adolescence and the first reproductive age, is a biological marker of somatic and reproductive dysfunction. Osteoporosis in young female athletes is manifested by fractures unusual for young women or by frequent and multiple bone fractures during an athletic career. In this review article, an analytical review of literary and informational sources regarding the history of research on the problem of the triad of female athletes is carried out. The specifics of the negative impact of the athlete triad on the female body, the components of the athlete triad (amenorrhea, eating disorders, and osteoporosis) are examined in detail. The article focuses on its main cause - energy imbalance. The impact of the triad of female athletes on the psyche and behavior is considered. The question of its consequences for health both in the short-term and in the long-term perspective is considered. The prevention of RED-S syndrome was also investigated. The purpose of the study: Systematization of current knowledge about the triad of female athletes (relative energy deficiency syndrome (RED-S)). Research methods. Theoretical analysis of literary sources, systematization, generalization of scientific-methodical and special literature.

Energy budget trends over the Korean peninsula in the past 20 years

The term “Energy Budget” represents the incoming solar energy, outgoing amounts of energy, and the energy retained in the Earth’s atmosphere. This article aims to analyze the energy budget trend in the Korean Peninsula over the period from 2001 to 2022, focusing on the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI) and the role of cloud cover and how it influences shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation. Using the dataset obtained from NASA’s CERES satellite, the article investigates the amount of reflected and emitted energy globally and compares it with the Korean peninsula. The findings indicate that globally, the total wave which is the sum of all longwave, shortwave, and cloud shortwave radiation has increased in trend. The plot also displays a decrease in Cloud fraction (CL fraction) or cloud coverage. Contrary to this, the Korean peninsula displayed a relatively stable level of total radiation and an increase in CL fraction. However, further analysis is needed to understand the factors behind these regional differences, including the potential influence of monsoon circulation patterns.

ORIENTAÇÃO FARMACÊUTICA E OS RISCOS DA SEMAGLUTIDA: NAVEGANDO COM SEGURANÇA NA PERDA DE PESO

The overall objective is to understand the adverse effects and dangers associated with the inappropriate use of these medications, as well as the importance of professional guidance for safe weight loss. The methodology adopted was an integrative literature review, with searches in the LILACS and SCIELO databases, between 2019 and 2024, using terms such as “use”, “medication” and “weight loss”. Inclusion criteria were articles relevant to the topic, published in Portuguese and available in full. Editorials, reports and bulletins were excluded. In development, the study addresses obesity as a multifactorial condition, commonly associated with an energy imbalance. It discusses the use of semaglutide, a medication used off-label for weight loss, highlighting its mechanisms of action, efficacy and side effects. It is concluded that, despite the benefits in weight reduction, the indiscriminate use of semaglutide without medical guidance can lead to serious complications. Pharmacists play an essential role in guiding patients on the safe use of these medications, promoting an integrated and safe approach to weight loss. The study emphasizes the importance of responsible and informed practices for managing obesity, preventing risks to physical and mental health.

Smart self-assembled polymeric-MMT/Moringa Oleifera L. particles by solvent replacement method

Obesity, stemming from metabolic syndrome and energy imbalance, is a common health concern characterized by excess energy consumption and fat buildup. Moringa Oleifera L. (MO), known for its anti-obesity properties, is extracted via Soxhlet extraction. MO is extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. To evaluate the antioxidant properties of MO powder, several analyses were conducted, including the assessment of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) activity, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity. The TPC and TFC, DPPH activity, and ABTS activity values were determined to be 386.7 mg GAE/g and 82.33 mg QE/g, 32.86 %, and 49.4 % respectively. To improve drug delivery, the freeze-dried MO powder was encapsulated within a polymeric carrier, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). Moreover, the incorporation of montmorillonite (MMT) into the MO-loaded PCL nanoparticles enhanced the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of MO. Nanoprecipitation was employed as a method to produce the nanoparticles, and the effects of four key parameters were studied: the ratio of aqueous phase volume to organic volume (1.5 – 10), stirring speed (400 rpm – 1200 rpm), mass weightage of MO (1 % -5 %), and mass weightage of MMT (2 % - 5 %). Design Expert was utilized for full factorial analysis to assess the impact of these parameters on encapsulation efficiency and drug loading. The optimal formulation was achieved at the ratio of aqueous phase volume to the organic volume of 1.5, stirring speed of 400 rpm, mass weightage of MO at 1 %, and mass weightage of MMT at 5% The expected encapsulation efficiency is 91.33 % and drug loading is 6.49 %.

Downregulation of glucose-energy metabolism via AMPK signaling pathway in granulosa cells of diminished ovarian reserve patients

Glucose metabolism plays a crucial role in the function of granulosa cells (GCs) and the development of follicles. In cases of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), alterations in these processes can impact female fertility. This study aims to investigate changes in glucose-energy metabolism in GCs of young DOR patients aged 20 to 35 years and their correlation with the onset and progression of DOR. 72 DOR cases and 75 women with normal ovarian reserve (NOR) as controls were included based on the POSEIDON and Bologna criteria. Samples of GCs and follicular fluid (FF) were collected for a comprehensive analysis involving transcriptomics, metabolomics, RT-qPCR, JC-1 staining, and flow cytometry. The study identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites in GCs of DOR and NOR groups, revealing 7 common pathways related to glucose-energy metabolism, along with 11 downregulated genes and 14 metabolites. Key substances in the glucose-energy metabolism pathway, such as succinate, lactate, NADP, ATP, and ADP, showed decreased levels, with the DOR group exhibiting a reduced ADP/ATP ratio. Downregulation of genes involved in glycolysis (HK, PGK, LDH1), the TCA cycle (CS), and gluconeogenesis (PCK) was observed, along with reduced glucose content and expression of glucose transporter genes (GLUT1 and GLUT3) in DOR GCs. Additionally, decreased AMPK pathway activity and impaired mitochondrial function in DOR suggest a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted energy metabolism. Above all, the decline in glucose-energy metabolism in DOR is closely associated with its onset and progression. Reduced glucose uptake and impaired mitochondrial function in DOR GCs lead to internal energy imbalances, hindering the AMPK signaling pathway, limiting energy production and supply, and ultimately impacting follicle development and maturation.

Three-dimensional analysis of multiple inclined borehole heat exchangers

This research develops and applies a numerical modelling method for inclined borehole heat exchangers (BHE) in ground-source heat pump systems. Inclined BHEs have the advantage of reducing the ground-level footprint of the overall BHE field. Computational modelling of the ground heat transfer using the commercial code COMSOL Multiphysics has revealed that inclined BHEs offer additional performance benefits compared to vertical BHE fields. When heat is injected constantly, both types of fields perform similarly at first, but over a longer period of time, the inclined BHE fields show significant benefits due to the increased ground volume in the deeper portion of the field. Similar conclusions are reached when transient loading conditions are considered. Notably, when cooling dominates, inclined BHE fields outperform vertical ones for a simulated period of 10 years. This indicates that inclined BHE fields are better equipped to handle imbalanced energy loads. To summarize, inclined BHE fields offer advantages in ground-volume utilization and resilience to energy load imbalances compared to vertical fields.

Temporal and tissue-specific regulation of energy metabolism in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus during nitrite stress and recovery

Nitrite is a common pollutant in aquaculture systems that poses a significant threat to aquatic animals. Energy metabolism is critical in ensuring survival of animals under environmental stressors. However, regulation of energy metabolism in crustaceans under nitrite stress has not been well understood. Here we investigated energy metabolism regulation during nitrite stress and recovery in different tissues of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus, an important aquaculture species in China. Our results revealed that nitrite can cause tissue hypoxia and impair energy homeostasis, and energy balance cannot be restored even after a 96-hour recovery. Following exposure, mobilization of glycogen and lipids exhibited different temporal patterns. In response to energy imbalance, AMPK signaling was activated to counter energy imbalance. However, prolonged nitrite stress impaired AMPK signaling, leading to a further decline in energy supply. The findings improve our understanding for nitrite toxicity in P. trituberculatus, and provide valuable information for aquaculture management.

Enhancing energy efficiency and imbalance handling in botnet detection in IoT networks: a multi-stage feature reduction and weighted approach

Enhancing energy efficiency and imbalance handling in botnet detection in IoT networks: a multi-stage feature reduction and weighted approach

Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor and high vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels are associated with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Energy imbalance and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of CKD. We examined the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on CKD in patients with type 2 DM. Patients with type 2 DM were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Fasting serum was prepared to measure the BDNF and VCAM-1 levels. An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was used as the criterion for identifying patients with CKD. Of the 548 enrolled participants, 156 had CKD. Patients with CKD exhibited significantly lower BDNF (median of 21.4 ng/mL, interquartile range [IQR]: 17.0-27.0 ng/mL vs. median of 25.9 ng/mL, IQR: 21.0-30.4 ng/mL, P <0.001) and higher VCAM-1 (median of 917 ng/mL, IQR: 761-1172 ng/mL vs. median of 669 ng/mL, IQR: 552-857 ng/mL, P <0.001) levels than those without CKD. Serum BDNF levels were inversely correlated with VCAM-1 levels (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.210, P <0.001). The patients were divided into four subgroups based on median BDNF and VCAM-1 levels (24.88 ng/mL and 750 ng/mL, respectively). Notably, patients in the high VCAM-1 and low BDNF group had the highest prevalence (50%) of CKD. Multivariate logistic regression revealed a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) of CKD in the high VCAM-1 and low BDNF group (OR = 3.885, 95% CI: 1.766-8.547, P <0.001), followed by that in the high VCAM-1 and high BDNF group (OR = 3.099, 95% CI: 1.373-6.992, P =0.006) compared with that in the low VCAM-1 and high BDNF group. However, the risk of CKD in the low VCAM-1 and low BDNF group was not significantly different from that in the low VCAM-1 and high BDNF group (P =0.266). CKD in patients with type 2 DM is associated with low serum BDNF and high VCAM-1 levels. BDNF and VCAM-1 have a synergistic effect on CKD. Thus, BDNF and VCAM-1 can be potential biomarkers for CKD risk stratification in patients with type 2 DM.

Energy Deficit and Factors Associated with Energy Balance during a Combat Deployment in U.S. Army Special Operation Forces Soldiers.

Forty-six SOF Soldiers (age: 30.1 ± 3.5 yrs, body mass index: 27.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2) completed surveys on demographic data, mission activity characteristics, gastrointestinal issues, ration consumption, resilience, mood state, and dietary intake using a 127-question food frequency questionnaire at the end of a six-month deployment. EE was estimated using a SOF-specific prediction equation with a physical activity factor of 2.1. A paired t-test compared reported energy intake (EI) with estimated energy expenditure (EE). Pearson correlations identified significant variables associated with energy balance, which were then incorporated into a multiple linear regression model. The regression analysis included Profile of Mood States (POMS) anger and POMS depression as predictor variables to determine their influence on energy balance. Reported mean EI was 2512 ± 1059 kcal·d-1, while estimated mean EE was 5272 ± 525 kcal·d-1. The mean energy imbalance was -2854 kcal/d (95% CI: -2655 to -3055, p < 0.001), with all participants in negative energy balance (range: -492 to -3813 kcal/d). POMS depression (r = 0.517, p < 0.01) and POMS anger (r = 0.363, p = 0.020) were associated with energy balance. The regression model was significant (R2 = 0.23, F (2, 38) = 7.02, p < 0.01), with POMS depression significantly predicting energy balance (β = 50.76, p = 0.011). Deployed SOF Soldiers reported high EE and limited EI, which may negatively impact performance. Higher POMS depression scores were associated with lower energy deficits. Future studies should investigate the relationship between mood and energy balance, using direct measures of EI and EE.

Obesidad y sobrepeso

Obesity is a chronic, recurrent, heterogeneous, complex disease. It arises from an energy imbalance due to a sedentary lifestyle, excess calorie intake, or both, to which various genetic, social, behavioral, psychological, metabolic, cellular, and molecular factors must be added. This condition is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue. This increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, with important biological, psychological, and social implications. Its prevalence has increased globally, affecting all demographic groups. Multidisciplinary treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and is sometimes supplemented with medication. In extreme cases, bariatric surgery can improve the metabolic profile. This update will also focus in general on how excess weight behaves in pregnant patients, older adult patients, and patients with type 1 diabetes.

Surface energy fluxes in a drip-irrigated agroecosystem: Unique advection effect of oasis

Surface energy fluxes, mainly encompassing the net radiation (Rn), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (Hs), and soil heat flux (Gs), play an important role in the land-atmosphere interactions. However, almost all sites face the problem of energy imbalance, and advection fluxes associated with large inhomogeneous surfaces have been ignored, especially in arid oasis areas. In this study, a three-year continuous measurement of energy fluxes with an eddy covariance system was conducted in a drip-irrigated oasis agroecosystem in Northwest China. Reanalysis data including air temperature (Ta), soil moisture (θ), and leaf area index (LAI) in our cropland and surrounding deserts were also collected. The results showed that multi-year mean turbulent fluxes (LE+Hs) accounted for 75 ± 8 % (mean ± standard deviation) of available energy (Rn–Gs). To be precise, LE took up 72 ± 10 % of available energy, and 7.8 ± 2.8 % of it was induced by higher sensible heat advection, proving a pronounced advection effect in this study. When advection was present, most likely during the heading stage, the threshold value for the Priestley–Taylor parameter α, an indicator to reflect the advection effect, fell in the range of 0.88–1.34. Additionally, after a significant irrigation event, α showed a good linear relationship with differences in air temperature (ΔTa), soil moisture (Δθ), and leaf area index (ΔLAI) between our cropland and surrounding deserts. It's worth mentioning that Δθ was the most significant factor, showing a negative correlation with the advection effect. This study has deepened our understanding of the energy balance in oasis agriculture, emphasizing that the advection effect should not be overlooked.

Microgrid optimisation: blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer energy trading

ABSTRACT Microgrids efficiently integrate renewable energy sources, supporting green and sustainable energy goals. However, with the widespread adoption of renewable energy, microgrids encounter new challenges in energy management. This paper proposes a blockchain-based P2P energy trading market for microgrids, along with a coordinated trading mechanism for optimal energy trading and scheduling. To ensure transaction fulfilment, market stability, and incentivise participation, a compliance trading deposit mechanism is introduced. Simulation results demonstrate that this approach effectively facilitates P2P energy trading and significantly reduces energy imbalances within microgrids.

Understanding the response of tropical overturning circulations to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing

Abstract While observational records provide evidence for strengthening of the Pacific Walker circulation and the boreal winter Hadley cell (HC) over the last few decades, the underlying causes are not well understood. This study investigates the radiative effects of CO2 and anthropogenic aerosols on regional variations in the intensity of tropical meridional (Hadley-like) and zonal (Walker-like) overturning circulations, based on a suite of experiments using the IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM) along with supplementary analysis of observed and reanalysis datasets. Two key findings emerge from our study (i) strengthening of the Pacific Walker circulation with enhanced zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients and precipitation increase over the tropical Indo-Pacific, in response to global warming via ocean-atmosphere coupled feedbacks (ii) aerosol-induced intensification of regional meridional overturning circulation over the (0 − 120◦E) longitudinal domain resulting from inter hemispheric energy imbalance and southward shift of the southern hemispheric (SH) rainfall belt extending eastward from Africa across the Indian Ocean. Our results suggest that the combined radiative influence of increased CO2 and northern hemispheric (NH) anthropogenic aerosols reinforces the regional meridional overturning circulation, by enhancing convection over the SH and promoting widespread descent over the NH subtropics and mid-latitudes covering northern Africa, Mediterranean, parts of middle-East, West and South Asia. The present findings have important implications for the regional water resources, agriculture and environment.

Mobility and Temperature Sensitive Energy Efficient Routing (MTS-EER) protocol in a wireless body area network

Sensor technology advancements have provided the platform to implement wireless body area networks, thanks to the nanosized sensor units capable of sensing, aggregating, and forwarding physiological information. The collected information is routed to the desired destination unit for data analysis and decision-making in remote healthcare. However, improving energy utilization remains a brain-teasing problem for the research community, especially considering imbalanced energy consumption and postural movements. Mobility contributes to disconnectivity issues, high energy drainage, and retransmission delays. In addition, the sensor node’s thermal level also poses a challenge in maintaining safer and reliable data transmission. To overcome these issues, a novel Mobility and Temperature Sensitive Energy-Efficient Routing ¬(MTS-EER) algorithm has been proposed that includes a two-step process. In step 1, an Intelligent Path Estimation Function (IPEF) is designed considering the sensor’s mobility, temperature, and energy level. IPEF depends on crucial parameters i.e.: - residual energy, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), distance, total energy, and most importantly temperature of the sensor unit. The sensor node with the least IPEF is selected as the Cluster Head (CH). In step 2, an optimized and sustainable energy conservation model (OSECM) is implemented based on the Adaptive Transmission Power (ATP) and the Power Management Module (PMM). The ATP conserves the energy via intelligently varying the transmission power and PMM manages the sleep pattern of sensor nodes to yield a high network lifetime and efficient energy utilization. The algorithm includes a clustering approach with dual sink nodes to conserve energy and improve reliability. Finally, the results are compared with the recent state-of-the-art research work. The proposed algorithm provides better results considering residual energy, throughput, network lifetime, and end-to-end delay.