End Of XIX Century Research Articles

The financial activity of district hospitals of the Irkutsk general-governorship in the end of XIX century

The article presents results of the study of archive sources and reference publications. The unknown facts of subsidization of district hospitals of the Irkutsk general-governorship, items and amount of current and supernumerary expenses and sources of financial allocations are revealed. The scope of financial accountability made up by directors and hospital supervisors, office and council of hospitals as well care of charge of patients is impressive. The concrete data concerning food allowance of employees and servants of civilian hospitals and provision of clothing and salaries is presented. The prices of bread, forage and goods permit to evaluate income level of physicians working in the Eastern Siberia. The role of the Department of Public Charity in financing of civil hospitals of the Irkutsk general-governorship in last third of the XIX century is revealed. The article uses terminology corresponding to analyzed time period.

Methodological approach to assessing the development of the Russian currency market

The content of the concept of ownership as one of the earliest accounting concepts is revealed in the article. A historical analysis of the proprietary concept is carried out according to foreign and domestic primary sources. It is proven that in Russia, the proprietary concept has been developed since the end of XIX century by such authors as F.V. Ezersky, I.P. Russiyan, I.F. Valitsky, V.D. Belov, and N.I(u.). Popov. Historically, the first author’s presentation of the proprietary concept is contained in the Russian triple accounting system of F.V. Yezersky, the first publications of which can be attributed to the period starting from 1864.

Relics of Animism in the traditional beliefs of Kazakh and Tuvan people (the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century): comparative analysis

The article is devoted to the problems of studying of religious wordldview in the ethnography of Kazakh and Tuvan people. It is known that in the modern period Tuvans practices Buddhism, partly Christianity and traditional beliefs (also like several other South Siberian folks – Khakasses, Altayans, Shors), Kazakhs are Muslims of Sunni direction and the Khanafi school of thought. These peoples has common historical roots and traditional worldview, that is related with religious beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples. The religion and religious culture of ancient Turks is little-known to modern science. As is well known, new information can be obtained by different methods. That’s why the aim of this article is uncover the components of religious beliefs, existing of which is not caused by canonic Buddhism of Tuvans and Islam of Kazakhs, pre-Islamic elements in the traditional worldview of Kazakhs and pre-Buddhic relics in the beliefs of Tuvans. Theoretical and methodological basis of this are advances of ethnology in the modern emphirical and theoretical studies of religious beliefs and rites. The chronological framework of research includes the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century. The author of article comes to conclusion that the religious beliefs of Kazakh and Tuvan peoples in the period of the end of XIX century – the beginning of XX century were syncretistic. This syncretism found explicit expression in the traditional ritualism.

Activities of “flying” medical teams in the Arkhangelsk province (end of XIX century – 1920)

The article presents a historical example of solving the issue of providing public health care in hard-to-reach and sparsely populated territories in the context of a lack of medical personnel and the danger of outbreaks of epidemic diseases. The data concerns mobile medical units, specifically their management experience and recruiting in the Far North of the European part of Russia. Particular attention is paid to little-known facts relating to the last quarter of the XIX century and the First World War. In the Arkhangelsk province, the successful experience of “flying” medical teams, tested in the conditions of warfare, began to be applied in peacetime for temporary workers at the time of fishing and hunting on the remote deserted coasts of the northern seas. Due to the expansion of social infrastructure, the need for “medical units” disappeared, but was again requested in 1916-1920, when, in conditions of war and the mobilisation of medical personnel in the army, the civilian population of remote districts did not receive sufficient medical care, which created the danger of massive epidemics. A feature of this period was the widespread involvement of women doctors in the mobile medical units, even before the officially adopted resolution on their mobilisation in wartime. The activities of mobile medical units allowed reducing the risk of epidemics by localising individual cases and preventing them from spreading among the population, which in war conditions could lead to a quarantine of the Arkhangelsk port and paralyse economic and military relations with allies. Mobile anti-epidemic units became widespread in the following decades (especially during the years of the Civil and Great Patriotic / World War II). They were and continue to be of particular importance for assisting the population of remote northern territories, primarily leading a nomadic lifestyle. The article is based on analysing a large number of original archival sources.

УГОРЩИНА В ЛІТЕРАТУРНІЙ І НАУКОВІЙ СПАДЩИНІ ІВАНА ФРАНКА

The article investigates the Ivan Franko’s literature, historical-literature and historical works, dedicated to the Hungary. Its themes/motives is the main subject in text of short novel “The clean race”, which are investigated in such aspects, as ideas, symbolic details and other. The author of article interprets too historical and literary senses and messages of I. Franko’s scientific Hungarian studies, dedicated to the old time and actual new events, personage & problems in Austrian-Hungarian monarchy of the middle and end of XIX-th century. Ivan Franko’s reasoning about old literature, folklore, historic events of the XIX-th century, as it proved in article, is still marked by deeply special knowledges, accurate definitions and symbolic assessments, interesting literary parallels, exspressed with meaning of the case with critical remarks. And its analyzed specifics of Hungary reception and using of his ideas of harmonisation of the international relations between Hungary and Ukraine. With good reason, in this article is emphasized I. Franko’s skills as an observer and ethnopsychologist, a master of political senses, and finally as writer-democrat and scientist-polihistor, who promoted humanism, patriotism and high idealism, Ukrainian and Hungarian struggle for freedom.

APPLICATION OF PYROLYSIS GAS AS A FUEL FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to show the opportunities of application of the pyrolysis gas as a fuel for gas turbine power plants based on decommissioned gas turbine engines, including those from aircraft – either turboprop or turboshaft, or both, and also those used on ground vehicles such as tanks and marine engines as well. Methods: The article describes the technology of pyrolysis of different materials for obtaining pyrolysis gas and its further application as a fuel for internal combustion engines was developed in the end of XIX century and was successfully applied for automobile, marine and railway locomotive piston engines till the mid ХХ century when large oil reservoirs were discovered all around the World. Results: the current research not only proves that there exists an economic benefit of application of pyrolysis technology even at nowadays, but also an ecological one, allowing getting rid of garbage Discussion: The proposed examples of successful pyrolysis technology application can be a good basis for further research of transferring modern engines to the pyrolysis gas fuels.

THE ARTS EDUCATION SYSTEM IN BULGARIA

The development of art education in Bulgaria is determined by factors like historical circumstances, industrial development, professional experience and competence. They all decide the methods and approaches in art pedagogical practice, influenced to a great extend by the science approaches in England, Russia and America. In the past there was lack of traditions in the field of art pedagogy, so the teachers in art used the foreign experience. The subject “arts” appears in the Bulgarian schools at the end of XIX century, the first program in arts - in 1885. Many art programs have been created since then and their content has been improved up to nowadays. The paper gives a brief overview of the art education system in Bulgaria development from its beginnings in 1396 to the present day.

Comparing Lexicons Diachronically in Italian Literary Corpora

The goal of the article is to provide a comparison between several words from Florentine vernacular language and modern Italian language, using software written by the author. This paper focuses on two corpora: the first one includes a selection of Florentine vernacular literature and the second one a group of literary books written in a modern Italian language from the end of XIX Century up until the present. The article demonstrates the use of some features of the software to compare the two corpora, ranking the lexicographic entries using different strategies. It is possible to analyse the lexicon taking into consideration different types of sorting, using only three parameters: the word frequency, the percentage of frequency according to the number of words in the corpus, and the percentage of texts where the word is found in the corpus. From these parameters a fourth parameter also arises the level of persistence of words in each corpus. The software allows observing the differences in the use of lexicon in various periods of history, comparing the Florentine vernacular language, which was used in the Italian peninsula till the beginning of XIX Century, to the modern Italian language.

Fractional Calculus in Russia at the End of XIX Century

In this survey paper, we analyze the development of Fractional Calculus in Russia at the end of the XIX century, in particular, the results by A. V. Letnikov, N. Ya. Sonine, and P. A. Nekrasov. Some of the discussed results are either unknown or inaccessible.

Changes of knowledge of the fauna volume: species discovery curve in case of silken-fungus beetles of the Carpathians

The approach to the analysis of the fauna composition and completeness of its detection through the concept of “species discovery curve” is considered. Beetles of the family Cryptophagidae were taken as a model group. The dynamics of the accumulation of the information about the composition and volume of the Cryptophagidae fauna of the Ukrainian Carpathians during the eight stages of their study (the middle XIX, late XIX and the end of XIX century, the beginning of the XX century, the period until 1930–1940; middle and second half of XX century, and the current state for 1999 and 2021) are presented. In general, the composition of the cryptophagid fauna in the Ukrainian Carpathians is estimated at 116 species. This is 16 % more compared to what was known 100 years ago, i.e. each stage of the study adds about 5 % to the known species richness of this group of beetles. The components of fauna changes are analysed separately: 1) due to the changes in the nomenclature of existing species, 2) as a result of finding rare species (i.e. strengthening research efforts), 3) due to division or vice versa – combining existing species into two or three “small” species that were previously considered as morphs, varieties, or were not distinguished.

The Research of the Publicistic Style in the Creative Activity of the Representatives of Nakhchivan Literary Environment at the End of XIX Century and at the Beginning of XX Century

The work of the representatives of the Nakhchivan literary environment at the end of the XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century in the field of publicism has been investigated in this article. The activity of the writers who had an exceptional role in the development of the literary language in the press was recorded systematically and at the same time, the linguistic features of the publicistic style of the Azerbaijani literary language have been researched. In the article not only the publicistic heritage of the representatives of Nakhchivan literary environment at the end of the XIX century and at the beginning of the XX century was investigated but also the language-style features of the articles of the literary environment representatives who worked in this field have been analyzed. In the publicism of the writers from Nakhchivan, the writing professionalism displayed it distinctly and they benefited from its strong description means. Different from fiction, publicism reaches the readers quickly through the pages of the newspapers and discusses the hot topics of daily life. In this meaning, the publicistic articles of the representatives of the literary environment not only create the social-political scene of the time they lived but also with the artistic language qualities describe that time in detail.

Кастилла эластичная (Castilla elastica Cerv.) – почти забытый каучуконос

When writing this botanical and historical review, it was necessary to get acquainted with the works of different authors from the XVII to the XXI century, written in Latin, old Spanish, old French, Spanish, French, German, Dutch, English and Russian. It shows the development of knowledge about growing on the American continents rubber-bearing trees, including their species definition and a botanical description. The main attention is paid to the Castilla elastica Cerv. from the Moraceae family, which served as a source of raw materials for the manufacture of an analogue of modern vulcanized rubber for ancient peoples of Mesoamerica and was then for many years the main rubber-bearing plant, whereas the priority have been given to Hevea brasiliensis (Wild. ex A. Juss.) Muell.-Arg. only after the beginning of plantation cultivation of this species in the end of XIX century. However, interest in Castilla did not completely disappear, and in the coming millennium, attempts were made to resume plantations. Sequencing of individual fragments of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of Castilla species has also begun. The history of the appearance of the second erroneous name of this genus as Castilloa and the long process of returning the original name Castilla are described.

НОВІТНІ ІСТОРИКО-КРАЄЗНАВЧІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МАЄТКОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

Based on an analysis of contemporary literature, this article reviews areas of new Ukrainian studies on local history of the manorial estates culture in Ukraine. This study began at the end of XIX century and took place during the Soviet period continuing today. Today a lot of publications belong to professional historians and local historians but previous years this topic was explored mostly by art critics and architects. Now there are several trends in this field: 1) the biographical and personal historiographic; 2) the socio-economic; 3) related to local lore and cultural heritage studies; 4) the complex. Representatives of the biographical and personal historiographic trend conduct genealogical studies of Ukrainian culture figures who lived in manorial estates creating a unique cultural world at the end of XVII – the beginning of XX centuries. Usage of numerous archival documents and focus on one or a few famous persons of Ukrainian estate culture are the features of this trend. The second socio-economic approach to the Ukrainian estate culture studies covers analysis of nobleman’s and landlords’ estates, in particular, focusing on their economic indicators and social impact. The third trend related to local lore and cultural heritage studies is represented by real enthusiasts are museum historians, journalists and specialists in monument studies who explores and popularizes the domestic cultural heritage, supports transformation of manorial estates to museums and pays attention to recovering of abandoned sites. These scholars apply results of their practical activity in actualization, protection and public usage of manorial estates cultural heritage. The last complex trend considers a manorial estate as a holistic system. Its representatives focus on complex studies of components and a whole cultural universe of Ukrainian manorial estates.

(Re)visions télévisuelles de la colonisation du Nord – série médiatique d’Un homme et son péché de Claude-Henri Grignon

Claude-Henri Grignon’s novel Un homme et son péché presents the life of French Canadian colonial settlers of the Laurentides region at the end of XIXth century. It depicts a realistic image of the colonisation period of Quebec history. The novel is at the origin of a media series that englobes a radio adaptation, three filmic adaptations, theater adaptations, a comic, and two television series. The aim of this article is to discuss the vision of colonisation by analysing two television series based on Un homme et son péché: Les Belles Histoires des pays d’en haut broadcast from 1956 to 1970 and Les Pays d’en haut broadcast from 2016 to 2019 on ICI Radio-Canada Télé 1. The analysis will try to trace modifications inherent to the process of adaptation on different levels (protagonists, representation of space, ideological discourse) and their influence on the vision of the colonisation period.

Vida y obra de la mexicana Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza: The Mexican life of Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza, between the politics and controversy

Juana GutiA©rrez de Mendoza was a Mexican woman that broke with the stereotypes of her epoch, cataloged under the adjective of rebel, transgressor a revolutionary. Was born in Mexico, in transition epoch, humble and with great mental ability that permitted in a progress take advantage in crisis of 1910, occupy new spaces and position herself on the principal objective of this research is to analyze the life and trajectory of confirmation of this Mexican writer, explaining the origin and development of the public and politic scene in Mexico at the end of XIX century and the beginning of XXcentury, with the purpose to show the existence of a feminine intellectually of the epoch.

Structure and profitability of the noble household according to the estimated descriptions of the State Nobility land bank at the end of XIX century (according to the materials of the Kazan province)

Introduction. The study of the processes that took place in the post-reform era in the noble economy is one of the main foundations of the analysis of the capitalist evolution of the agrarian sphere of the late XIX – early XX centuries. After the reform of 1861, the local nobility, adapting to the needs of the time, switched to new forms and methods of management, which led to significant changes in the production structure of their estates. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the valuables contained in the files of the Kazan branch of the State Noble Land Bank, extracted from the fund of the specified credit institution, located in the vaults of the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. Results. The information contained in the appraisal list makes it possible to successfully consider the structure of estates, their material base, as well as the degree of profitability of the main branches of economic activity. Of course, not all inventories contained detailed information about the pledged property, many of them lacked some elements, in particular, there could be no listing of income and expenses and other valuable information, but in general they revealed the structure, degree of capitalization and profitability of the noble households Kazan province of the period under review. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, the study showed that, by the end of the 19th century, noble economies were rather large economic complexes with a well-developed material and production base, where labor was most often carried out on the job of civilian workers, or wasp processing, most of the estates had a variety of agricultural machines and inventory, horse breeding was quite developed, livestock breeding was less developed.

A influência do higienismo na educação goiana: um estudo do regulamento e do programa de ensino de 1930

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar as influências higienistas no Regulamento e no Programa de Ensino de Goiás de 1930, considerando que nesses documentos poderiam ser encontradas prescrições consonantes aos pressupostos médicos higienistas que efervesceram no Brasil no final do século XIX e início do século XX. O método utilizado, para isso, foi a análise de conteúdo feita a partir de seleção, categorização, decodificação e interpretação de excertos dos documentos. Os dados explicitaram que há um alinhamento entre as orientações contidas nesses documentos e o ideário higienista, constatado pela inclusão da disciplina de educação física, pela inculcação dos hábitos de higiene que, além de estudados, deveriam ser praticados, pelas prescrições quanto ao planejamento das construções dos prédios escolares, sendo necessário que elas fossem isoladas, centralizadas, iluminadas, ventiladas de forma a garantir silêncio e limpeza a fim de disciplinar mentes e corpos. Orientação sobre o mobiliário escolar também era especificado no sentido de evitar deformações e favorecer o desenvolvimento saudável do corpo. Havia ainda a presença do médico e do dentista escolar entre os profissionais da educação, responsáveis por examinar, promover a profilaxia, corrigir, tratar e, quando necessário, afastar alunos que apresentassem moléstias contagiosas ou repulsivas, cegos, surdos, mudos. A partir do estudo realizado, conclui-se que o higienismo teve forte influência no processo pedagógico dos anos de 1930 na educação goiana, além de ser notória que essa educação se desenvolveu sob a égide da exclusão dos indivíduos considerados incapazes de frequentar o ambiente escolar.

Role of the Ministry of Justice in Improvement of Judicial System of National Suburbs Russian Empire (end of XIX century – 1914)

Role of the Ministry of Justice in Improvement of Judicial System of National Suburbs Russian Empire (end of XIX century – 1914)

Spatial location of the parks-monuments of garden arts in the border of the Сhernivetsk region

The spatial placement of landmarks in the Chernivtsi region has been investigated. The coefficients of territorial concentration were calculated and the types of landscape planning in the Chernivtsi region were analyzed. Landmarks are landmarks of historical, cultural and architectural heritage. In Ukraine, there are 414 parks of local importance, of which 40 are located in the Chernivtsi region. All of them were created in the middle or end of XIX century, and therefore today, due to its neglected state, it is necessary to carefully study and carry out reconstruction and restoration in order to be used in the recreational and tourist sphere. In the second half of the twentieth century. Due to the reconstruction activities, the structure of many parks has changed significantly, most of them have lost their former landscape appearance: quiet and peaceful in their functional purpose have been transformed into recreation parks with appropriate infrastructure. Today, restored parkland is gradually becoming a major recreation and tourism destination. However, their condition requires a detailed study, awareness of the aesthetic, ecological and natural importance of these territories, which are part of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine. The total number of local objects sites is 306, 40 of them are parks with the status of nature conservation sites of local importance (S = 239.4 ha, 6.26% of the total number of Ukraine), while in Ukraine there are 276. In spatial terms, both within Ukraine and the Chernivtsi region, they are distributed unevenly, although in terms of number Chernivtsi region, in comparison with other regions of Ukraine, occupies the first place. Territorial differentiation testifies to the historical features of the settlement and development of districts, the present state of their conservation and functioning. Parks are the objects of modern scientific research, since the Chernivtsi region has the largest number of them in other areas. They are placed in accordance with the cross-border principle of favorable and diverse NPCs. The largest number of parks is in the Storozhynets district and Chernivtsi, the smallest in the Kelmeniec and Sokyryan districts. The park area is rotating from 0.5 ha (Klinovsky) to 63.5 ha. According to the spatial and architectural characteristics of the parks of the Chernivtsi region, they belong to semi-open parks, by type of park landscape - to parks and regular ones. In terms of the territorial concentration of the parks, the following picture is observed here: very few of them exist in Zastavna, Kelmenetsky, Novoselytsky, Sokyryan and Khotyn districts; few in the Vyzhnytsia and Hlybotsky districts; average number in the Hertsaev and Kitsman districts, many and many in the Storozhynets district and Chernivtsi.

Преподавание Закона Божия в земских начальных училищах на Гжельском народном промысле в 1880-х гг.

The article deals with the teaching of the Law of God (Religious Education) in the primary schools of Gzhel traditional folk craft at the end of the XIX century, located on the territory of Bogorodsky district of Moscow province. The Law of God was a compulsory subject in all primary and secondary schools of pre-revolutionary Russia, and the process of developing the most effective methods of its teaching in primary rural schools took place at the end of XIX century. The article shows how Bogorodskaya Zemstvo Council participated in the development of primary education in the County, and what actions it took.