End Of XIX Century Research Articles

Case study method in terms of activity-competent approach to teaching social workers

The article substantiates the relevance of the implementation of the case study method in the educational process of social workers training, as well as explores the methodological features of its development and implementation in the field of social work. The article defines the concept of “case study”, examines the historical aspect of its development, provides an overview of various classifications, offers recommendations on the methodological support of the educational process using the case study method. Article examines intercommunication of “activity” and “competence” approaches in organization of educational process, it assists to get practical experience of future specialists. For this reason, an educational process should be filled with teaching forms and methods to promote forming the practical abilities and skills. The method of case study plays the special role among of them. The first attempts to use this method were observed in practice of charitable organizations at the end of XIX century in the USA for social workers teaching. With a lack of textbooks and methodical manuals for professional training of specialists, the case study became the primary teaching method that included fixation, discussion, diagnostics of the real case of client. With the passing of the time, after development of the plenty specialized social work literature, case study does not lose the actuality and importance in the American teaching process. The article observes different case study classifications offered in scientific literature, namely: classifications of L. Kottrell, R. Stacke, L. Stenhaus, R. Yin. The typology proposed by R. Yin includes analytical (explanatory) and descriptive type of case study. It should be drawn upon and considered as the most suitable for an educational process within the “activity” and “competence” approach. The attention is focused on requirements to teacher qualifications, qualitative and quantitative structure of students group.

COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK ABROAD: HISTORY AND MODERN DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

For Ukraine, which is in the process of establishing social work in the community in connection with the implementation of the reform of decentralization and the transfer of a significant part of the powers from the «center to the local place», the study of foreign historical and contemporary experience of this process is extremely relevant. The history of developing community social work in the world goes back to the end of XIX century and is associated: with the settlement centers creation firstly in England, latterly in the USA for providing of a variety of social services to different categories of community residents due to their needs; employment of community workers; separation of community social work as a third method of social work; appearance of various movements standing up for the socially oppressed people; transferring of social work to local level and increasing the number of services social workers provide at the community level. The last events change community-based social work into individually oriented. As a result of all transformation that was going on in the process of community social work development abroad a number of European (Great Britain, Germany, France, Poland, Czech Republic, etc.), North America (Canada, USA) and Asia (India) countries have got a significant and long-standing experience of social work at the local level. It is characterized as a period of globalization and “McDonaldization” of social work as a field of professional activity. The principles of McDonald’s construction as a network of fast food establishments are laid as basic in the development of the society of the 21st century, and the relationships in it. Social work as a profession is no exception. In this process, we can highlight the positive steps that should be taken into consideration by domestic researchers and practitioners involved in the identified issues, as well as the steps that should be avoided in Ukraine and the ways of decentralizing social work as a system for providing social services at the place of residence of recipients. Studying foreign experience will allow highlighting positive ideas that can and should be implemented in Ukraine, taking into account national realities and avoiding mistakes.

GEOSPATIAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TRAMWAY TRANSPORT IN UKRAINE

In the article the current territorial trends of tramway transport in Ukraine are described. The history of the tram in Ukraine begins in the end of XIX century, when there lines were opened in several cities. The first tram systems in the cities of Kyiv, Lviv, Katerynoslav (Dnipro), Chernivtsi, Yelisavetgrad (Kropyvnytskyj) are builded. The largest peak of its development tram transport was in Ukraine in the early 1990s. At that time, there were 24 tram networks operating on the territory of the country with lines with a length of more than 2 thousand kilometers and carrying almost 2 billion passengers. In subsequent years, there was a significant decline in the development of tram transport in Ukraine - after 25 years the number of passengers decreased threefold, the wagons doubled, the tracks - by 300 km. Although new tram lines were built in 7 cities of the country, in most other systems they were closed and dismantled. The longest sections of tram lines were closed in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, and Avdiivka. At the same time, the number of new tracks in Vinnytsia, Lviv and Kryvyi Rih increased. The tram car crash in Dneprodzerzhynsk (Kamianske) in 1996 had a significant impact on reducing the length of tram networks in Ukraine. The largest reduction in the tram network was observed in Kyiv, mainly due to the active construction of the subway. Significant damage to the tram networks was caused by war in the eastern regions of Ukraine. They have stopped trams in several cities. In general tram networks were closed in the cities of Makiivka, Kadiivka, Kramatorsk, and tram traffic was stopped in Luhansk, Konstantynivka, Avdiivka and Molochne. The longest tram networks length at the end of 2018 are in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro and Kryvyj Rih. In Kyiv and Kryvyj Rih there are high-speed tram lines. In the article the production and structure of the tram rolling stock in Ukraine are analyzed. The production of tram carriage began in the 1920s, but was subsequently due to massive deliveries from Czechoslovakia and Russia is completed. In the 90-ies of the XX century, the production of tram wagons on the territory of Ukraine in the Dnipro, Odesa, Lugansk, Lviv and Kyiv. In the tram rolling stock of the country is dominated by Czech and Russian (soviet) carriages. Ukraine also operates more than 200 tram cars of its own production. The largest number of trams is concentrated in the cities of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa, Lviv. The oldest tram carriage operated in Vinnytsia and the newest ones in Kamianske. As of the beginning of year 2019 tram transport operates in 17 cities of Ukraine, with more than 2 thousand carriages running over 1.9 thousand km of network. The main problems in the development of tram systems are the obsolescence of infrastructure and rolling stock, constant under-financing of the tram industry, political and military instability. The future development of tram transport in Ukraine depends on access to EU funds and means, as well of low-cost and long-term investment resources.

Елементи орнаменту на посуді заліщицької групи Трипілля

Clayware is the most common category of finds in Trypillian settlements. In addition, ceramic complex has specific features of morphological, technological and stylistic character. All this makes it an excellent material for exploring of different aspects of life of ancient societies. Ceramic complex responded most clearly to changes in environmental conditions, to the specifics of economic, social, cultural life of ancient collectives. At the same time, after reaching of a certain stage of development, ceramic obtained unchanged, stable forms. Therefore, significant changes in the ceramic industry required significant changes in the economic and social spheres. Instead, the ornamentation was characterized by rapid changes, triggered by various cultural and economic factors. We focus on the ornament because its changes in the ceramic collections of studied settlements were the most dynamic. Trypillian ornaments were examined from the appearance of the first finds in the end of XIX century and till now. During this period there were many methodological approaches to its study. Methods vary depending on what aspects are considered by researchers of the ornaments. For this purpose, classification systems were created, where those features that are important for the issue, which is being studied became the base. The work is dedicated to finding of patterns at painted ornament on the ceramic ware from the sites of Zalishchyky group of Trypillian culture, which allow to consider an ornament as a historical source. For this purpose, the database of painted ornament from material from sites of Zalishchyky group was established. Typical, used and rare elements of ornament are defined. Thus, the main features of Zalishchyky group's painting are outlined. A comparison of settlements of Zalishchyky group by elements of ornament is made. Key words: Trypillia, Zalishchyky group, ceramic ware, painted ornament.

Araneae.it: the online Catalog of Italian spiders, with addenda on other Arachnid Orders occurring in Italy (Arachnida: Araneae, Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpiones, Solifugae)

In this contribution we present the Catalog of Italian spiders, produced on the base of the available scientific information regarding spider species distribution in Italy. We analysed an amount of 1124 references, resulting in a list of 1670 species and subspecies, grouped in 434 genera and 53 families. Information on spider biodiversity in Italy has increased rapidly in the last years, going from 404 species at the end of XIX century, to 1400 in the 1990s, to the current 1670. However, the knowledge on the distribution of the Italian species is far from being complete and it seems likely that there are still new species to be found or described. The Italian spider fauna is characterized by the presence of a relevant number of endemic species (342). Concerning families, Linyphiidae show the highest number of species (477) and the highest number of endemics (114). Gnaphosidae (166) and Salticidae (144) follows in terms of species richness, while Dysderidae (72) and Agelenidae (38) follows as total number of endemics. Information regarding the regional distribution revealed great unbalance between Northern and Southern Italy, with very scarce records for some regions in the South. This work is accompanied by an online version freely available online at www.araneae.it, where all information is thoroughly detailed and regularly updated by the authors. Besides spiders, we also provide, the species lists of other Arachnid orders occurring in Italy (Opiliones, Palpigradi, Pseudoscorpionida, Scorpiones, Solifugae). The lists and the associated details are available in a dedicated section of the online version of the Catalog.

Sobre las ruinas del futuro: científicos en la ficción argentina de la última década

El presente artículo plantea la hipótesis de que en la literatura argentina de la última década la investigación científica ocupa un lugar de privilegio solo comparable al lugar que ocupó a fin del siglo XIX. A partir de un trabajo sobre Informe sobre ectoplasma animal, de Roque Larraquy y Diego Ontivero, de El archivo del honorable Doctor Rudolf Wolgang Gerhard, de Pablo Marquevichi y de Las constelaciones oscuras, de Pola Oloixarac se propone que la novedad de estos textos se relaciona con una nueva configuración disciplinar de la ficción.

The use of hydropower potential of the rivers of Moscow basin

The purpose of this article is to study the changes in the ways of using the energy potential of the rivers of the Moscow River basin in the XVIII-XXI centuries. Analysis of the data of the General Survey suggests that in XVIII century the energy of flowing water was used for several kinds of mills: gristmills, saw mills and fulling mills. Energy of flowing water was applied for oil mills and blacksmith hammers. Analysis of literary data shows that the number of mills reduced at the end of XIX century. Only mills built on large rivers continued to work. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries small hydroelectric power stations were built instead of mill dams, and the modern hydropower facilities in Moscow basin are small stations of local meaning only. As a result, the maps showing the location of different kinds of mills in the Moscow river basin in XVIII century were composed for the first time. These maps are unique for this territory.

Meals of Cattle Feeders in Surkhan Oasis

Different varieties of meals, methods of making them and local ethno-cultural features of hospitality of cattle feeders in Southern Uzbekistan at the end of XIX century and at the beginning of XX century. Natural climate and daily household activities highly influenced the type of traditional meals in the area and the way they were consumed by the localswhich has been highlighted in the article.

Sanitation and hygiene school schools in Tobolsk province in the end of XIX century

In the article there is considered the history of the development of sanitary and hygienic standards in school institutions of Tobolsk province in the late XIX century. In comparative terms there is characterized the presented in that period the legal framework regulating of abidance by hygienic and sanitary standards in educational institutions. There was executed an careful analysis of hygienic conditions on the example of the Tobolsk male gymnasium with a comparison of similar conditions in another Siberian educational/childcare institution - the Yenisei female progymnasium. The main sources in the study were reports of educators: I. Gursky - about hygienic living conditions of the inmates of the Tobolsk gymnasium and P.M. Golovachev - about sanitary conditions in the Yenisei female gymnasium. Contemporaries paid a great attention to such health and safety standards as heating, ventilation, lighting, capacity of classrooms and boarding facilities, the violation of which led to a deterioration in the health of students and the growth of the epidemics in mention educational institutions

Kazakh tea ceremony: traditions and innovations

Today it is impossible to imagine the Kazakh meal without tea. However, it entered the everyday life of the Kazakhs relatively recently. For centuries, the basis of the life of the Kazakhs was nomadic transhumance cattle breeding, in which sheep and herd horse breeding prevailed. This type of economy for a long time determined the specificity of the somewhat monotonous Kazakh cuisine, which was based mainly on the use of meat and milk, as well as a small number of grain products, in particular millet. However, from the end of the XVIII century. Fundamentalchanges in the political and, as a result, economic life of the Kazakhs began. They entailed a process of settling on the land, more frequent contacts with neighboring nations; In the Kazakh diet began numerous borrowings and distribution of new products. Purpose of the study аt the end of XIX century in the diet of the Kazakhs, along with the name (the Kazakhs call it shai) tea is firmly entered. Key words: tea, cattle breeding, diet of the Kazakhs, meat and milk, economic life of the Kazakhs.

Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future

More than a century ago, independent groups raised the possibility of using bacteria to selectively infect tumours. Such treatment induces an immune reaction that can cause tumour rejection and protect the patient against further recurrences. One of the first holistic approximations to use bacteria in cancer treatment was performed by William Coley, considered the father of immune-therapy, at the end of XIX century. Since then, many groups have used different bacteria to test their antitumour activity in animal models and patients. The basis for this reactivity implies that innate immune responses activated upon bacteria recognition, also react against the tumour. Different publications have addressed several aspects of oncolytic bacteria. In the present review, we will focus on revisiting the historical aspects using bacteria as oncolytic agents and how they led to the current clinical trials. In addition, we address the molecules present in oncolytic bacteria that induce specific toxic effects against the tumors as well as the activation of host immune responses in order to trigger antitumour immunity. Finally, we discuss future perspectives that could be considered in the different fields implicated in the implementation of this kind of therapy in order to improve the current use of bacteria as oncolytic agents.

THE GENRE OF ROMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN LITERARY PROCESS (R.L. STEVENSON, H.R. HAGGARD)

The article is dedicated to the research of genre features of English neo-romantic adventure novel – romance. Comparative analysis of R. L. Stevenson’s novel “Treasure Island” and H. R. Haggard novel “King Solomon’s Mines” demonstrates the peculiarities of romance. Among them: an exotic chronotope – location for challenges for uncommon person, a hero – generous, noble-minded on one hand, and natural, understandable on the other hand, mythological motifs: salvation of beautiful girl, treasure hunts, searches of artifacts. In transitional period (the end XIX– the beginning XX) one of the main aims of this genre was to propagate the idea of the Britain Empire in clear and diverted forms. Fictional romance appeals more to the senses than to the mind. It can be distinguished as moral fantasy. The orientation on mass-reader made romance one of the best-sellers. A fascination with imperial ideas at the end of XIX century in Great Britain was outpoured in «activism» - an imperial flow, which became a lifestyle and united writers who propagate an imperial ideology, including such concepts, as patriotic service Britain, debt, adherence to the idea of national unity. The representatives of «romantic revival» – Stevenson, and especially Haggard, – joined them. Our study initiates a determination question of Haggard’s position from the point of modern literary process and in the context of «midl-literature». The distinguishing features of author’s variant of romance were selected in the process of research. Haggard addresses with actual issues to his contemporaries; reflects Britannic imperial mentality in the simplified form. So, Britain literature of «romantic revival» (the end of XIX–the beginning of XX) appeals to all classes and types of person and creates a paradigm of popular literature of the XX century.

Synthetic materials in art: a new comprehensive approach for the characterization of multi-material artworks by analytical pyrolysis

Modern art materials introduced since the end of XIX century include a large number of formulations of synthetic polymers and pigments, whose degradation processes and best preservation conditions are a major issue in heritage science. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) is widely used for the characterisation of polymeric materials and organic pigments, however the interpretation of the pyrograms obtained from samples containing different analytes is not straightforward. To improve our understanding on how these materials behave in complex matrices, we used evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) and multi shot Py-GC/MS to highlight and analyse the different fractions in a sample from a pop-art made of painted polyurethane (PU) foam. The study represents a proof of concept to evaluate EGA-MS potential in studying composite modern art materials in combination with multi-shot pyrolysis. The aim of the investigation was establishing the composition of the PU formulation, the paint binder and the pigments, thereby contributing to planning the stabilisation and conservation of the object. The polymers and the class of synthetic organic pigments present in the paint were assessed by determining their specific pyrolysis products and through comparisons with data in the literature. EGA-MS analysis provided both thermal and chemical information in one analytical run, so that we could select four temperatures for use in multi-shot Py-GC/MS analysis and thus to selectively study the different fractions evolved at different temperatures. Information on the various components of the mixture was obtained, including additives and organic pigments, separating them on the basis of their different thermal degradation temperatures. The multianalytical approach included also non-destructive ATR-FTIR and enabled us to characterize in detail different synthetic materials: polyether-based polyurethane produced by the polyaddition of 2,6-diisocyanate toluene, hexamethylene diisocyanate and polypropylene glycol, vinyl paint, and a mixture of β-naphthol and mono-azo as pigments. HPLC–DAD and HPLC–ESI–MS analyses confirmed the pigments, and provided a positive identification of two β-naphthols (PO5 and PR1) and two monoazo pigments (PY1 and PY3).

The Masses psychology in Latinamerican in Le Bon time’s

At the end of XIX century, the immense majority of independence fought and fratricidal wars where produced in America, a man, psychiatrist and political activist with a conservative view read Le Bon, and in opposition to his ideas, he decided to make his own interpretation of the role crowds play in history. That man, Jose Maria Ramos Mejia, faithful to his positivist convictions takes his country as a giant laboratory and the historical events that occurred to him as data from which he could create a hypothesis about how crowds have been the main character in history. All of this came to settle an amazing work, unfortunately it’s not well known in Latin America and worldwide. This article analyzes the ins and outs of this work.

THE ROLE OF THE STATE LANGUAGE IN THE ETHNIC PRESS: CRIMEAN EXPERIENCE

The article studies the functioning of the Crimean ethnic press from the end of XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century in the linguistic aspect, in particular, the role of the Russian language in Crimean ethnic publications of the past and the present is studied. Based on the analysis, the author draws conclusions about the main opportunities for using the state language in the ethnic press. The author believes that the ethnic press, which represents the interests of its ethnos and speaks on its behalf, should be extremely interested in giving information about the life of its people, its history, traditions, problems for as wide a range of readers as possible. And for this task, the ethnic press actively uses both state and languages of interethnic communication. This happened in Crimea, where, from the very moment of its appearance in January 1860, the ethnic press began to turn to the Russian language, striving to be as effective as possible in solving the problems of the represented ethnic groups and in promoting their achievements. According to the author, the Russian language in ethnic publications of the Crimea is non-alternative for editions of ethnic groups who have lost their native language; gives an opportunity to expand the audience for editions of ethnic groups, not all representatives of which have a sufficient command of their native language; promotes the increase of the audience at the expense of representatives of other peoples interested in this or that cultural-national autonomy, while promoting intercultural dialogue and a tolerant approach to solving confessional and national problems; helps the representation of a certain ethnos at the national and international levels.

Dynamics of homeostasis and the outcome of sarcoidosis of the respiratory system in the treatment of corticosteroids

The outcome of sarcoidosis of the respiratory system is closely linked to the state of homeostasis and reactivity. Monitoring their status is possible through immunological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Within common medical institutions re-executing these studies is not always possible for a number of reasons. Therefore, the research for the availability and informative criteria of homeostasis and reactivity state was initiated at the end of XIXth century and continues until now. At the Department of Phthisiopulmonology of the First St.-Petersburg state medical University Academy I. P. Pavlov. University, new accessible and informative diagnostic criteria for estimation the state of homeostatic balance of the organism are developed. They are based on research of the general adaptation syndrome and the discovery of antistress types of adaptive reactions of the organism. In this regard, based on the leukogram evaluation following diagnostic criteria were developed and tested: leukocyte-lymphocytic index, types of adaptive reactions, entropy and redundancy of formed elements of white blood cells, extent of disturbance of homeostasis, indices of proliferation and differentiation of monocytes and reactivity types. Unfortunately, in the pulmonology clinics, they are used today only in single cases. The monitoring of homeostasis and reactivity indicators in patients with respiratory system sarcoidosis had a high working performance. It is established that in sarcoidosis the best treatment effect with corticosteroids with minimal residual changes of respiratory system took place in patients with the appropriate type of reactivity and normal range of other indicators. Pathological reactivity of an organism, especially hyporeactive and areactive types, are always accompanied by formation of pronounced residual sarcoidosis changes in the respiratory tract, which is the basis for the subsequent exacerbation (recurrence) of sarcoidosis.

Vl. Solovyov and the Holy See Explication of the Idea of Christian Unity at the End of the 19th Century

In the face of political rhetoric about Russia being outside of Europe both in the West and in Russia itself, it is all the more necessary to remember that European and Russian culture grew out of the same source: Christianity. Therefore, inter-confessional dialogue between Russian Orthodoxy and the Roman Catholic Church is particularly relevant today. In this context, scholars have focused attention on the Russian philosopher Vl.S. Solovyov, who has been described as the forerunner of the ecumenical movement. The current article seeks to enrich accounts of Solovyov’s thought by shining a spotlight on the context of spiritual thought in Russia in his day. The article also shows how Russian emperors (particularly Alexander III) promoted the idea of a rapprochement with the Holy See. The author argues that these mutual initiatives of the Holy See and the Russian government were the political foundation for Vl. S. Solovyov’s famous theocratic project. The author worked with the funds of Vatican Secret Archive, concerning relationships between Russian government and the Holy See at the end of XIX century (State Secretary fund 247), personal fund of Leo XIII and the Holy See connection’s with Slavic religious figures (State Secretary fund 283, 248, 1D).

Il ruolo di Igino Benvenuto Supino per la conoscenza, tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio artistico italiano

Igino Benvenuto Supino belongs to the small group of art historians and scientists which realized, in the end of XIX century, that the photography (understood as workshop, opportunity to a personal examination) might be able to help the knowledge about artistic heritage and contribute to the growth of Art History, a newbirth subject, and involvement related in research, educational and renovation. Supino made full use of new technique for impression of images both photographing in person and directing of Bargello, and making numerous publications, and using it as visual aid during the teaching of Art History in University of Bologna in 1907.

Neoescolástica y 98. Otra "lectura" de la crisis de fin de siglo

In the end of XIX century, the Spanish neon-scholastic mainly in her ethical-social and political direction, came near to the main problems of this time. This paper analyze the thought of Catalan priest Torras i Bages and his contribution with his regionalistic doctrine inspired by neon-tomismo, to the configuration of the traditional and catholic catalanism of beginnings of century XX.

Contexto sociocultural de la generación del 98 (1895-1905)

The next origin of the generation of the 98 is inserted in the complex Spanish sociocultural panorama in the end of XIX century. “Regeneracionisme”, regionalisme, the social and religious questions, the war against the U.S.A., the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, to more of the political crisis of the Restoration, are the circumstances to consider.