Employment Trends Research Articles

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ТРУДОВОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ ПЕНСИОНЕРОВ В РАЗРЕЗЕ ЗАНЯТИЙ И ВИДОВ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В 2017–2022 ГГ.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate trends in the employment process of pensioners in 2017 (before the reform) and 2022. The subject of the study is data on distribution by occupation (according to the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations-2014) and by type of economic activity of pensioners over working age by five-year age groups. The study used the method of dynamic and categorical comparison of employment characteristics of persons over working age. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: 1) general employment trends of working people over working age were determined; 2) employment trends of men and women of retirement age were identified; 3) features of employment dynamics by gender and age were established. An attempt was made to assess the contribution of previous pension generations (who were already old-age pensioners in 2017) to the change in indicators as a whole. Data indicate a steady decline in the number of workers of retirement age engaged in unskilled labor. The share of employed older workers in management positions is gradually declining. The most noticeable changes are occurring in the employment structure of men of retirement age, as their share among highly qualified specialists is declining. At the same time, the share of women in this category increased by 4 percentage points. There is a reduction in the share of older workers in organizations and enterprises with significant state participation and their flow into the sphere of trade and services. As a result of the study, a scientifically based conclusion was made that to level out the described negative processes, it is advisable (taking into account the difference in life expectancy of men and women) to reduce the retirement age limit for men.

Dynamic Analysis and Forecasting of Employment Market Trends of College Graduates under Big Data Environment

Abstract Predictive analysis of the job market before the employment of college graduates provides a direction to improve the quality of college students’ employment and better articulates the enrollment, training, and employment of colleges and universities. This paper utilizes the missing value filling algorithm and the ADASYN algorithm to preprocess the collected data related to the job market and graduates. Based on the HMIGW algorithm, a data feature selection method is proposed, and the feature collection is obtained after the feature selection process of each data series. Then, the XGBoost algorithm is used to predict and analyze the employment market trend. It was found that the accuracy of the model in analyzing and predicting the dynamics of employment market trends among college graduates reached 97.105% on average. After predicting the employment trend of graduates of a certain major in college S, it is found that the proportion of graduates who enter the Internet industry to work between 2020 and 2030 is relatively high, and the overall employment change trend of the agriculture and forestry job market is large. This paper can provide college graduates with a reference for choosing a career, and the predicted employment market trend can provide support for the development of employment guidance in colleges and universities. In future research, we can consider expanding the scope of the study and optimizing the prediction model.

The Employment Trend of Music Industry and the Construction of Career Planning Model for Music Majors in Higher Vocational Colleges and Universities

Abstract This study addresses the current challenges facing music major graduates, particularly the narrow scope of employment opportunities and intense job market competition. Focusing on students from higher vocational colleges and universities, this paper presents a novel career planning model specifically tailored for music majors. Utilizing the enhanced K-Means++ algorithm, this model clusters students by calculating distances between their features and constructs detailed profiles based on basic personal information. Furthermore, a hybrid recommendation model that combines feature attributes into novel cross-features is introduced. This model employs deep learning techniques to refine the predictive accuracy of the employment recommendations. Central to this approach is the development of a career planning recommendation system. For empirical validation, this study utilized data from the 2024 music major graduates of Jiaying College in Guangdong Province, China. Analysis revealed that post-intervention, students’ awareness of career planning significantly increased, with mean values exceeding 3, marking a substantial improvement from their pre-intervention assessments. Statistically significant enhancements were observed in career maturity, particularly in the dimensions of self-knowledge and self-confidence (P<0.01), as well as in their understanding of the occupational landscape (P<0.05). Additionally, students demonstrated a notable increase in their adversity quotient and in leveraging social support, with both metrics showing significant improvements (P<0.05). This study highlights the effectiveness of the proposed career planning model in fostering a more comprehensive and informed approach to career readiness among music majors.

SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA IN THE FACE OF GROWING POPULATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT: HIGHLIGHTING THE UNDERCURRENT DETERMINANTS AT PLAY

There has been a pressure on consecutive governments and policymakers to create enough jobs in India so that the workforce of India can be used improved and the population can be self-sustainable by becoming economically strong. The creation of jobs, in addition to safeguarding that the working population becomes economically productive, is also a vital avenue for fighting poverty and lack of proper use of intellectual, manual and skill-based potentials of the individuals. India has come to enjoy a distinct advantage in labour market compared to most developed and less developed countries due to the fast changing age distribution of population. India has experienced fairly consistent changes in the first indicator, especially after the 1991 reforms, but the trend in employment has not revealed any consistent or clear pattern. Though the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) shows increment in worker to population ratio and narrowing of the gender gap in employment in recent past, the unemployment scenario of India still remains disappointing. The present study aims to analyze the factors leading to unemployment and its impact on the Indian economy. The study focusses on how growing population leads to unemployment. The study makes use of secondary data sources and focusses on the present scenario of unemployment in India. The paper analyzes how an increase in population, poverty, illiteracy, inflation and lack of full employment can lead to a slowdown in the growth of the economy.

Informal Employment Trends in Nepal

The paper assessed both formal and informal employment trends based on panel data (1991-2022) estimated by ILO model. Various forms of employments (e.g., labour force participation, employment to population ratio, unemployment, wage and salaried workers, self-employed workers, contributing family workers, vulnerable employment and employment by economic classes, and contribution of informal economy to GDP) are presented and discussed statistically. Over the years, level of poverty is declined considerably. Indirect techniques such as MIMIC and DGE models were used to estimate the proportion of informal economy to GDP, suggesting Nepal is in the second position after Sri Lanka among the South Asian countries.

Employability study bachelor of science in entrepreneurship graduates of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology San Isidro Campus

The employability of graduates can be effectively measured by evaluating the efficacy of the programs given by various universities and institutes. the use of tracer studies, which are essential in offering insightful feedback on how relevant these initiatives are to the dynamic labor market. particular study was designed to ascertain the employment status of graduates who completed the Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship program between 2017 and 2021 at the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, specifically at the San Isidro Campus. To achieve this goal, a descriptive research method was employed, utilizing a adopted survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for data collection. This approach was chosen for its effectiveness in gathering detailed information about the graduates' current employment situations. The results of the study were quite revealing, indicating that out of 505 graduates 365 alumni who participated, that graduates from batch 2019-2020, were majority were female, were 25-26 years of age, CSE professional eligible, were mostly not National Certificate holder, majority were employed, as accounting clerk, with monthly salary range of 10,000-19.999, assigned in accounting and finance department, having a position of marketing assistant. On the data on their first job, the results graduates find their job less than 1 year after graduation, stayed on their first job for less than 1 year, were on contractual basis and the reason for leaving their first job is for better salary. The factor that influence them to find their present job is from recommendation from relatives and friends. The reason for delay in employment is cause by delay in issuance of school credentials. And for competitive skills of the graduates communication skill is very important to be more competitive. These findings are significant as they offer insights into the employment trends and the market absorption rate of graduates from this specific program, thus providing a measure of the program's success in preparing students for the job market.

Overcoming Complex Employment Barriers for Older Individuals: Measures and Opportunities for Enhancement

In the context of the rapidly ageing Lithuanian society, it is important to create the conditions for the effective use of the potential of older people, including the sphere of employment. Although the employment rate of older Lithuanians is higher than the EU average, older people remain a vulnerable group of workers, especially in the face of labour market crises. The withdrawal from the labor market is attributable to inadequacies in qualifications or education that fail to align with the exigencies of the labor market, compromised health, adverse working conditions, and assorted factors concomitantly diminishing employment prospects. Reintegration into the labor market poses a formidable challenge for older individuals who have previously disengaged from it. The complex causes of older people’s exit from the labour market imply a comprehensive solution, but so far the country’s policies for older people have not sufficiently developed an integrated approach to enhancing employability, and the application of pesonalised measures is the responsibility of particular institutions. The aim of the article is to assess the capacities of the current institutional infrastructure of public employment policies to respond to complex obstacles to the employment of elderly individuals and to identify relevant directions for the development of institutional collaboration in this sphere. Based on the latest statistical and analytical information, the paper identifies the current trends in employment and unemployment of the country’s elderly population and identifies the main factors determining their vulnerability in the labour market. It analyses the employment measures implemented by the Public Employment Service for currently unemployed older people. Based on the analysis, proposals are presented for the improvement of the measures in place, with particular emphasis on the development of institutional cooperation in the provision of comprehensive integration services.

Job Opportunities and Labour Market Participation: A Case Study of Jammu City, India

The study explores the scope of job opportunities and labour market participation of youth in Jammu City, India. In recent years, India has observed significant changes in its economic conditions and the study provides an understanding of different aspects of job opportunities and labour market participation at the regional level and helps in framing informed policy decisions. The study uses a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative data analysis to find the relationship between the variables and qualitative interviews with local respondents. Quantitative analysis examines employment trends in various occupational sectors and the impact of education and gender on labour market participation. Qualitative interviews provide insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by respondents for labour market participation in Jammu City. The paper discusses educational attainment, the relationship between labour market participation and insufficient job opportunities, transition patterns, educational and working status. The study reveals that Jammu City's labour market is diverse, in both general and vocational educational respondents and factors such as education, job opportunities, gender and geographic location influence labour market participation. Moreover, the study reveals large participation of respondents in informal jobs and self-employment due to the lack of government jobs and the worse political situation of the state. The study draws implications for policymakers to promote inclusive economic growth and improve labour market outcomes in this region. Furthermore, research and policy measures also address the complexities of job opportunities and labour market participation in Jammu City which ultimately enhances the overall socio-economic well-being of the study area.

Research on the Mechanism of Entrepreneurship Education on College Students’ Entrepreneurial Willingness and Its Future Prediction

The strength of college students’ entrepreneurial willingness is a barometer for measuring the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education. It is also an important avenue for college students to expand their employment opportunities and enhance the quality of their employment in the face of new employment trends. Comprehensive universities offer a wide range of disciplines and great professional specialization. It is of great significance to explore the diversity results in college students’ entrepreneurship education indicators. According to the data on the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship willingness in comprehensive universities in Jiangsu province, various factors such as subject characteristics, work experience, educational background, and family environment significantly impact college students’ willingness to become entrepreneurs. The implementation of entrepreneurship education, including the awakening of entrepreneurial consciousness, the cultivation of entrepreneurial abilities, and the improvement of entrepreneurial willingness, has a direct impact on college students’ willingness to start their own businesses.

POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC EMPLOYMENT RECOVERY BY HEALTHCARE SECTOR IN US RACIAL MAJORITY-MINORITY COUNTIES

Abstract Health care sector employment trends following the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed a labor force participation gap. Racial/ethnic composition differences between counties may contribute to an uneven labor market recovery. This study’s objectives were to compare post-pandemic employment recovery between five health care sectors (ambulatory services (AS), home health care (HHC), nursing and residential care (NRC), assisted living (AL), nursing facilities/homes (NH)), and to examine whether health care sector recovery differences exist between racial majority-minority (MM) and non-racial MM counties in the USA. First Quarter 2020 and fourth Quarter 2022 data from the US Bureau of Labour Statistics Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) were used to calculate cumulative percentage change in health care sector employment. The Race Origin Variables from the latest 2021 data from the American Community Survey were used to identify racial MM counties. The sector with the greatest number of counties with positive employment recovery was the AS sector in 1562/3176 (49%) counties, and 252/468 (54%) MM counties. The NH sector had the lowest number of counties with positive employment recovery in 170/2818 (6%) counties, and 34/389 (9%) MM counties. This is the first analysis of post-pandemic health care sector employment recovery examining MM counties. Differences in county and state policies may account for varying degrees of recovery. Further research is necessary for the development of best practice guidelines and policies to improve post-pandemic health care employment recovery and the quality of nursing home care among older adults.

Breaking through the glass ceiling: unveiling women’s representation by gender and race in the higher education hierarchy

This retrospective study examined progress towards diversity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity amongst senior higher education academics and managers in England and Wales. The study aimed to assess any evidence of competing diversity agendas and the impact of diversity initiatives on female racial minorities. This study investigates the advancement of diversity at the nexus of gender and ethnicity within senior academic and management roles in higher education across England and Wales. Using employment records of senior staff from higher education institutions were used to assess trends in race and gender, it retrospectively examines trends in employment for ethnic minority women and the effectiveness of diversity awards from 2012 to 2019. We also collected data on the receipt of Athena SWAN or Race Equality Charter awards by higher education institutions. Mixed-effects modelling was employed to analyse the correlation between institutions awarded the Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze and variances in the representation of women from racial minorities. Results indicate that the representation of ethnic minority females in senior roles showed a marked increase over the study period. However, disparities were observed, with Black females showing fewer signs of advancement. Institutions that received Athena SWAN Silver or Race Equality Charter Bronze awards demonstrated increasing gender and racial diversity, with no evidence of competing diversity effects. The study found evidence of progress in advancing gender and ethnic diversity in senior academic and leadership positions in higher education in England and Wales. Despite this, certain racial groups, such as Black females, faced greater challenges in advancement. The positive impact of diversity initiatives was observed, with no evidence of conflicting diversity agendas. Further research is recommended to investigate structural factors affecting ethnic minorities in higher education, and to assess the potential influences of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic on the diversity agenda.

Assessing and Forecasting Current and Future Trends of ICT Employment in European Enterprises

In the current context, the labor market volatility in the information and communications technology sector (ICT), the challenges faced by companies in identifying and hiring these specialists, as well as the challenges faced by specialists in this field in terms of employment and job retention, necessitate a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the ICT labor market developments in close correlation with the current trends of digitalization of the economy. On this premise, the research presented in this article seeks to examine data about European firms that have engaged or tried to hire ICT specialists in the period 2014-2020, as well as the trends for the period 2021-2030. The purpose of the research will be to provide, on the one hand, the development of the selected variables for research during the analysis period and, on the other hand, the trends related to the ICT labor market for the categories of enterprises under study. The study aim will serve as the basis for the development of research questions and hypotheses, which will be tested using two types of methodological techniques, namely linear analysis and linear regression-based predictions.

Занятость в неформальном секторе экономики в северных регионах России

This article explores employment in the informal sector across Russian northern regions and studies factors that affect the employment rate in this sector. The research aims to examine various facets of this subject, encompassing the role of informal employment in job creation. Drawing on data from international organizations, domestic research, and statistics, the study reveals the significant role played by the informal sector in the country's economy. Utilizing a production approach, the article analyzes the structure of informal employment in the northern regions of Russia and identifies three groups of factors influencing employment rates. For these three groups, indicators were chosen that formed the basis for the analysis of employment trends in the informal sector. Using official statistics for 2005-2022 while considering the comparability of data collection and processing methods, the study assesses the level of informal employment in northern regions and studies how it is influenced by the economic factors under question. Despite a high Gross Regional Product (GRP) per capita, the study reveals that existing institutions do not contribute to the population settling in the North. The article highlights variations in informal employment rates. It underscores the importance of stimulating sector formalization, improving the quality of life in the North, and supporting economic growth. The study's results can inform regional policies addressing employment and social services.

The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment trends

The worldwide crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic forced companies providing non-essential services to adapt to the WHO's recommended social isolation measures. Consequently, there was a need to develop the ability to reorganize work away from traditional company locations, leading to the widespread adoption of practices such as freelancing, remote work, "single office," or "home office." This article investigates the impact of this evolving trend on the quality of life for employees in comparison to the conventional work model. To gather data, the research employed survey-type questionnaires constructed with statements grounded in relevant literature. Managers overseeing remote teams from various sectors were objectively queried about their agreement levels regarding themes related to the effects of home office on employee quality of life during the pandemic. The findings were then discussed using a SWOT analysis, focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with this new work context. The article concludes by outlining a post-pandemic scenario for companies and employees, particularly in the continued adoption of home office practices.

Agricultural Labour: An Analysis on Employment, Age-Wise Engagement and Comparative Study

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, accounting for 18.3% of our GDP. The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in terms of employment and food security in India. Its main components are land, labour, and capital, with a particular focus on agricultural labourers. This study aims to shed light on the current scenario of agricultural labour by examining the number of people employed and their average age. It relies on secondary data collected from the Ministry of Agriculture, Periodic Labor Force Survey, and various other statistical surveys. The study analyses the employment trends of agricultural labourers while comparing them to past trends to highlight the significant change. It further delves into the age-wise engagement and distribution of the labourers and discusses the potential impact of this. The study also compares agricultural labour with labour in other sectors and briefly discusses the impact of emerging sectors on agriculture. This study's aim is to provide a better understanding of the position of agricultural labour and ways in which it can be improved to ensure a prospective future for agricultural labourers. This, in turn, will contribute effectively to the country's economy through increased food production.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON EMPLOYMENT TRENDSAND THE DEMANDS ON VIETNAMESE UNIVERSITIES

This article conducts a desk review on the impact of artificial intelligence on employment trends in various countries worldwide, with a focus on the United States as a representative example, and the demands it places on universities in Vietnam. The research highlights that artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping future career trends and the required skill sets for the workforce. Higher education, as the hub for cultivating skilled and highly qualified human resources, must create optimal conditions for training a workforce that can meet the demands of digital transformation and the significant influence of AI. In the context of a developing countries like Vietnam, universities also need to innovate their curriculum and foster closer partnerships between academia and industry to equip students with lifelong learning skills.

Paying the piper for the Green Transition? Perceptions of unfairness from regional employment declines in carbon-polluting industrial sectors

ABSTRACT I study if industrial decarbonisation yields elevated perceptions of political and economic unfairness. Decarbonising industry is central for the Green Transition, but it will disproportionately affect regions where brown sectors, which have been made uncompetitive, are concentrated. I contribute to studies on political consequences of the Green Transition by exploring perceived unfairness as one outcome from these uneven effects. In regions where industrial decarbonisation and employment declines in brown sectors have been greater than in other regions, residents may feel that they have disproportionately borne the economic costs of industrial decarbonisation for their country, and may consider their governments to have neglected their interests. I test these expectations in 60 West European regions using past (2013–2018) employment and CO2 emissions trends from the three most carbon-polluting sectors, as proxies for industrial decarbonisation accompanied by employment declines in brown sectors, and combined them with micro-level data from the European Social Survey (2018). I find that regions exhibit elevated perceptions of economic and political unfairness only when they experience both relative CO2 emissions and employment decline in these sectors. As perceived unfairness underpins some of the political discontent observed today, this finding highlights the need for Green Transition policies that minimise labour market disruptions.

Assessing the Impact and Challenges of SMEs on Albania's Economy

The SME sector in Albania has a significant impact on the country's economy. The total number of economically active enterprises in Albania increased by 1.4% in 2021 compared to 2020, reaching 104,031 enterprises. Microenterprises experienced a decrease of 5.8% compared to 2016, while small and medium-sized enterprises showed growth with an increase of 27.09% and 23.24%, respectively, in 2021 compared to 2016. SMEs in Albania play a vital role in employment generation, accounting for 60.3% of total employment in the country. While microenterprises constitute over 92% of SMEs in Albania, they employ a relatively smaller proportion of the total number of employed individuals compared to their number. Small and medium-sized enterprises have shown an increasing trend in employment, with increases of 26.79% and 22.86% respectively compared to 2016. The SME sector in Albania contributes approximately 55% of the total turnover realized in the economy. Microenterprises will generate 21.97% of the total turnover, small enterprises will contribute 30.55%, and medium-sized enterprises will account for 26.50% of the turnover in 2021. The value added by SMEs in Albania has shown an increasing trend. Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises experienced growth rates of 30.12%, 66.84%, and 66.63% respectively compared to 2016. Small enterprises consistently accounted for the highest percentage of investment during the analyzed years. However, there have been fluctuations, with large enterprises taking the lead in investment in 2017 and 2018. Overall, there has been a decreasing trend in investment growth in Albania, with negative growth rates observed in 2020 and 2021. Productivity: The labor productivity of SMEs in Albania has increased every year from 2016 to 2021. Larger enterprises generally exhibit higher labor productivity compared to smaller ones, benefiting from economies of scale, resource allocation, and access to advanced technologies and systems. Albania has made progress in implementing the Small Business Act (SBA) and has achieved high average scores in areas related to SME policy and support. Efforts to create a supportive ecosystem for SMEs include improvements in the institutional and regulatory framework, operational environment, public procurement, standards and technical regulations, and internationalization of SMEs. Limited accessibility to finance, technology, and knowledge remains a significant challenge for SMEs in Albania. Addressing this challenge requires efforts to improve access to finance through specialized lending programs and loan guarantee schemes and enhance financial literacy among SME owners. In conclusion, while SMEs in Albania make a significant contribution to the economy in terms of employment, turnover, and value-added, there are areas that require further attention and support, such as access to finance and investment. Efforts to address these challenges and promote a favorable environment for SMEs can contribute to their growth, competitiveness, and overall economic development.

Research on the Aging of Global Workforce and Solutions

The twenty-first century has seen significant shifts in fertility attitudes and demographics, leading to an aging global workforce. This paper explores how different regions - the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and China - address the challenges and opportunities posed by their aging populations in terms of healthcare, social security, and employment. The main findings reveal diverse strategies. The United States combines public and private healthcare components through Medicare and private insurance. Western Europe emphasizes publicly funded healthcare, exemplified by the UKs NHS and Germanys multi-layered pension system. Japans universal coverage and pioneering Long-Term Care Insurance stand out, while China adapts healthcare for both urban and rural elderly residents. Social security systems range from Germanys multi-faceted pensions to Japans comprehensive structure, and China is working to bridge urban-rural disparities. Employment trends vary, with the United States witnessing older adults extending work lives, the Netherlands introducing innovative retirement schemes, Japan promoting active aging, and China focusing on skill enhancement. The study suggests cross-country learning and adaptation. Each nation can benefit from the best practices of others to enhance its own strategies. Collaborative approaches can drive innovative solutions for aging populations, fostering resilient healthcare systems, inclusive social security, and age-friendly employment environments. This comparative analysis offers insights for creating a harmonious and sustainable future for aging populations globally.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment and Workforce Trends in the Post-Pandemic Era

Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the workforce has taken canter stage, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the imperative for remote and efficient work solutions. This research paper extensively examines the multifaceted impact of AI on employment and workforce trends in the post-pandemic era. Our study investigates the profound changes AI brings to the labour market, touching on issues such as job displacement, skills adaptation, and the evolving nature of work. Furthermore, we explore the ethical dimensions and socio-economic considerations of this transition. This paper offers a global perspective on how AI-driven workforce changes affect diverse regions and economies. Finally, it outlines strategies and recommendations for individuals and organizations to navigate this evolving landscape, ensuring a harmonious blend of AI technologies with human potential. The first dimension of this research is a prospective analysis of the current and future landscape. "Artificial Intelligence, Pandemic, and Employment: A Prospective Analysis" by John A. Smith provides a comprehensive exploration of the potential effects of AI and the pandemic on employment. Smith identifies the key challenges and opportunities emerging from this convergence, offering insights into the ever-changing world of work. He emphasizes the need for proactive adaptation to maximize the benefits of AI and navigate the challenges brought about by the pandemic. The impact of AI technologies is not limited to workforce trends; it extends to the broader labour market dynamics. In "AI and Labor Market Shifts: Implications for Post-Pandemic Recovery" by David R. Johnson, the research focuses on the implications of AI on labour market shifts. Johnson underlines the necessity of adopting forward-looking policies to ensure a harmonious transition into a post-pandemic world driven by AI. The study argues for a balanced approach that accounts for potential job displacement and highlights the importance of re-skilling and up-skilling initiatives.