Element Library Research Articles

One Hundred Years of Libraries and the Library Profession in Catalonia

ABSTRACT The creation and development of the library system of Catalonia (Spain) started in 1915 with the drafting of a project to determine the structure and relevant elements of public libraries. The project was greatly inspired by the Anglo-American “Free libraries” model. This article discusses the implementation of the first “People's Libraries” that functioned as a network, with the support of the Biblioteca de Catalunya. It also describes the establishment of the Escola de Bibliotecàries, a pioneering school of librarianship, which was only open to female students. Finally, it argues that the quality of the current Catalan library system is largely due to the strength of the initial project, which was not abandoned even in the dark times of the two dictatorships in twentieth-century Spain. The uninterrupted operation of a library science school has also played a key role, as it has ensured the training of professionals who have contributed to the continuity of the public library project.

Flexible and Scalable Particle‐in‐Cell Methods With Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Geodynamic Computations

AbstractParticle‐in‐cell (PIC) methods couple mesh‐based methods for the solution of continuum mechanics problems with the ability to advect and evolve properties on particles. PIC methods have a long history and numerous applications in geodynamic modeling. However, they are historically either implemented in sequential codes or in parallel codes with structured, statically partitioned meshes. Yet today's codes increasingly use adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) of unstructured coarse meshes, dynamic repartitioning, and scale to thousands of processors. Optimally balancing the work per processor for a PIC method in these environments is a difficult problem, and many existing implementations are not sufficient for this task. Thus, there is a need to revisit these algorithms for future applications. Here we describe challenges and solutions to implement PIC methods in the context of large‐scale parallel geodynamic modeling codes that use dynamically changing meshes. We also provide guidance for how to address bottlenecks that impede the efficient implementation of these algorithms and demonstrate with numerical tests that our algorithms can be implemented with optimal complexity and that they are suitable for large‐scale, practical applications. We provide a reference implementation in the Advanced Solver for Problems in Earth's ConvecTion (ASPECT), an open source code for geodynamic modeling built on the DEAL.II finite element library.

Establishing a High-Yielding Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Platform Derived from Vibrio natriegens.

A new wave of interest in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems has shown their utility for producing proteins at high titers, establishing genetic regulatory element libraries ( e.g., promoters, ribosome binding sites) in nonmodel organisms, optimizing biosynthetic pathways before implementation in cells, and sensing biomarkers for diagnostic applications. Unfortunately, most previous efforts have focused on a select few model systems, such as Escherichia coli. Broadening the spectrum of organisms used for CFPS promises to better mimic host cell processes in prototyping applications and open up new areas of research. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a facile CFPS platform based on lysates derived from the fast-growing bacterium Vibrio natriegens, which is an emerging host organism for biotechnology. We demonstrate robust preparation of highly active extracts using sonication, without specialized and costly equipment. After optimizing the extract preparation procedure and cell-free reaction conditions, we show synthesis of 1.6 ± 0.05 g/L of superfolder green fluorescent protein in batch mode CFPS, making it competitive with existing E.coli CFPS platforms. To showcase the flexibility of the system, we demonstrate that it can be lyophilized and retain biosynthesis capability, that it is capable of producing antimicrobial peptides, and that our extract preparation procedure can be coupled with the recently described Vmax Express strain in a one-pot system. Finally, to further increase system productivity, we explore a knockout library in which putative negative effectors of CFPS are genetically removed from the source strain. Our V.natriegens-derived CFPS platform is versatile and simple to prepare and use. We expect it will facilitate expansion of CFPS systems into new laboratories and fields for compelling applications in synthetic biology.

Fast Semi-Supervised Unmixing of Hyperspectral Image by Mutual Coherence Reduction and Recursive PCA

Dictionary pruning step is often employed prior to the sparse unmixing process to improve the performance of library aided unmixing. This paper presents a novel recursive PCA approach for dictionary pruning of linearly mixed hyperspectral data motivated by the low-rank structure of a linearly mixed hyperspectral image. Further, we propose a mutual coherence reduction method for pre-unmixing to enhance the performance of pruning. In the pruning step we, identify the actual image endmembers utilizing the low-rank constraint. We obtain an augmented version of the data by appending each image endmember and compute PCA reconstruction error, which is a convex surrogate of matrix rank. We identify the pruned library elements according to PCA reconstruction error ratio (PRER) and PCA reconstruction error difference (PRED) and employ a recursive formulation for repeated PCA computation. Our proposed formulation identifies the exact endmember set at an affordable computational requirement. Extensive simulated and real image experiments exhibit the efficacy of the proposed algorithm in terms of its accuracy, computational complexity and noise performance.

Linking HBIM graphical and semantic information through the Getty AAT: Practical application to the Castle of Torrelobatón

The current approaches for the built heritage documentation and modelling are to collecting, organizing and integrating immovable assets’ data into a single graphic-semantic structure using BIM tools. This is the key issue to shifting from point clouds to HBIM. Although fully automation is not possible, practical approaches for the conversion of point clouds into HBIM elements grouped in libraries have recently appeared to meet the particular characteristics of historic buildings in an equivalent way to the libraries of elements already available for contemporary building and civil works. In spite of the graphic information on the built heritage elements is semantically rich in itself, linking the families of modelled elements with the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) as worldwide well-known controlled vocabulary, allows not only the automation but the consistency in cataloguing of required elements, as well as more efficient retrieval of information in a standardized way. This so useful graphic-semantic linking is particularly applied to the Castle of Torrelobatón to make up the HBIM meaningful set of fundamental elements of the defensive architecture from the Middle Age to the Renaissance in Europe, of which this Castle is a representative example.

Development library of finite elements for computer-aided design system of reed sensors

The article is devoted to the development of a modern highly reliable element base of devices for security and fire alarm systems, in particular, to the improvement of the quality of contact cores (reed and membrane) of reed sensors. Modeling of elastic sensitive elements uses quadrangular elements of plates and shells, considered in the system of curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. The developed mathematical models and the formed finite element library are designed for systems of automated design of reed switch detectors to create competitive devices alarms. The finite element library is used for the automated system production of reed switch detectors both in series production and in the implementation of individual orders.

Lucidchart for Easy Workflow Mapping

Workflow mapping can yield valuable results wherever complex processes are used. Some of its many benefits include knowledge retention, identification of inefficiencies, and more effective decision making. However, despite the promise of improved productivity and stewardship of library resources, tackling diagrams of complex and often long-unexamined workflows can seem too daunting a task to even attempt—at least without the right tool. This review takes a look at the robust features for flowchart creation offered by Lucidchart, a free online software that greatly reduces the challenges of constructing complicated diagrams. Lucidchart’s intuitive interface and built-in library of templates and design elements bring the benefits of visual mapping well within the reach of busy librarians and managers attempting to chart, understand, and streamline workflows in their units.

Model Residual Stress by Finite Element Method

This paper presents an original model developed by finite element method to simulate the behavior of the material to the method “Blind Hole Drilling”, to determine the residual stress. Modeling of this method is possible through the use of the “Birth and Death” which have some elements of ANSYS library. After obtaining the analysis of movements, appropriate loads, a node located from the center hole at a radius calculated. In this way it is easier to estimate the stresses and deformations of a piece. Several measurements are made and based on this model is given in ANSYS. In this way we can have a map of tensions and deformations in a material

Методы формирования и верификации библиотек стандартных элементов в составе маршрута проектирования ИС на базе ПЛИС отечественного производства

Методы формирования и верификации библиотек стандартных элементов в составе маршрута проектирования ИС на базе ПЛИС отечественного производства

Solver Composition Across the PDE/Linear Algebra Barrier

The efficient solution of discretisations of coupled systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) is at the core of much of numerical simulation. Significant effort has been expended on scalable algorithms to precondition Krylov iterations for the linear systems that arise. With few exceptions, the reported numerical implementation of such solution strategies is specific to a particular model setup, and intimately ties the solver strategy to the discretisation and PDE, especially when the preconditioner requires auxiliary operators. In this paper, we present recent improvements in the Firedrake finite element library that allow for straightforward development of the building blocks of extensible, composable preconditioners that decouple the solver from the model formulation. Our implementation extends the algebraic composability of linear solvers offered by the PETSc library by augmenting operators, and hence preconditioners, with the ability to provide any necessary auxiliary operators. Rather than specifying up front the full solver configuration, tied to the model, solvers can be developed independently of model formulation and configured at runtime. We illustrate with examples from incompressible fluids and temperature-driven convection.

A System for Logical Design of Custom CMOS VLSI Functional Blocks with Reduced Power Consumption

We describe a CMOSLD system to automate the design of irregular logic circuits of CMOS library elements. The main criteria of circuits optimization are the area and the power consumption. This system is integrated with software packages Questa Sim, LeonardoSpectrum, and Accusim II (Mentor Graphics). This makes it possible to perform efficiently logical simulation, synthesis, resynthesis and estimation of energy consumption based on logical and circuit simulation.

ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION MODELING PROGRAMS WHEN DESIGNING BRIDGES

[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT The article considers a new approach in the design of bridges (BIM-technology), which consists of creating a digital information model containing all information about the future object. When using BIM-technology, the changes made are automatically synchronized and updated for all participants in the process. The review and the comparative analysis of the software complexes realizing a design task: Revit and Tekla is executed. The Revit program has a large number of building element libraries. There are no such libraries for bridges, so special tools are needed, the creation of which requires considerable effort and time. The Tekla program offers a large library of useful elements, a functional interface for designing nodes and convenient means of generating custom extensions. Keywords: bridge, digital model, BIM-technology, information modeling, computer-aided design system, software complexes.

Desa Tani, Penduduk Miskin, Lumbung Padi, dan Layanan Implementatif Perpustakaan Desa di Kecamatan Pamarican Kabupaten Ciamis

This preliminary study aims to explore the initial data on the pilot system development joint venture farmer groups in the form of a granary (granaries famine) in the village. These types of business groups based on local knowledge systems are characterized by togetherness, solidarity, mutual help, and proved resilient in the face of global change. To begin the steps necessary technical-strategic and integrated approach, involving various related elements, such as universities, business entities that exist in the village, community leaders, business groups community, village library, and other elements. The approach used is the field observation and interviews with a number of related elements. The technical measures that do are as follows: (a) explore the initial information through discussions with the community about the problems of rural poverty maps from the aspects of the provision of business training based reading information sources entrepreneurship; (b) study with poor rural communities about the potential for business in the village on the basis of their views and experiences; (c) developing a business model based on the use of reading materials that match the type of business in the village; (d) a discussion on the pilot implementation of a business group based Lumbung Padi village, which proved resistant to global change; and (e) to synergize all activities performed by each of the above elements, in the form of a model village harmony peasants, the poor, granary, and the village library.

Telemonitoring pacjentów z niewydolnością serca Doświadczenia oddziału kardiologii uzyskane podczas realizacji projektu MONITEL-HF

In hereby publication the authors shall present the solution encompassing the combination of well-known and verified organisational and technological solutions in the new field of services, namely telemedical monitoring in patients with heart failure, on the example of the research and development project MONITEL-HF co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development within STRATEGMED Programme. Dynamic development of modern medical devices with integrated electronics saving or supporting life has caused the increase of diagnostic data sent in a specific format and time regime to medical centres for the purpose of their verification. The decisions which may be made on their basis depend on the quality and speed of processing of these data to the form acceptable to the medical personnel as well as on the degree of an organisation preparation for the process of their analysis. MONITEL-HF uses the elements of the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) for IT departments. ITIL constitutes the most widespread collection of the best practice applied in many enterprises and governmental organisations for the purpose of appropriate management of IT services. An application was developed, for which the basic premise of its implementation was the principle of minimalism in the approach to communication, understood as the ability to eliminate sources of useless information. Only those data that are needed to perform the work by the person concerned or that may influence the quality of life of the monitored patient (eg patient activity constituting a good indicator of his or her own health) are collected and processed. This selection has made it possible to reduce the burden on physicians, redirect the majority of activities to more nursing staff, and focus on the most urgent cases. Productivity has been enhanced and the foundation for providing the best possible relationship with the patient, regardless of the history of pacemaker implantation, cardioverter defibrillators or resynchronizing devices. Cardiology is one of the few areas where healthcare professionals can start medical intervention in a patient who may not be aware of the risk. Focusing on really important information is extremely important when medical data is slowly beginning to meet the definition of Big Data.

Study on the PGNAA measurement of heavy metals in aqueous solution by the Monte Carlo–Library Least-Squares (MCLLS) approach

In the present work, a prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) setup, which consists of a 300mCi 241Americium–Beryllium (Am–Be) neutron source and a 4 × 4-in. Bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) detector, was developed for heavy metal detection in aqueous solutions. A series of standard samples with analytical purity were prepared by dissolving heavy metals in deionized water. Quantitative spectrum analysis was performed by the Monte Carlo–Least-Squares (MCLLS) approach to measure the standard samples. The detector response functions of 4 × 4-in. BGO detector were generated by using the CEARDRF code. The element libraries were simulated in silico by the CEARCPG code, which was developed by Dr. Gardner. The simulation results presented were in very good agreement with the experimental results. The correlation coefficients were very close to 1 when the fitted spectrum was compared with the experimental spectrum. By applying the MCLLS approach, the relative deviation of the measurement accuracy was less than 2.27% for Ni, Mn, and Cu and up to 69.33% for Pb.

Rapid evolution of regulatory element libraries for tunable transcriptional and translational control of gene expression

Engineering cell factories for producing biofuels and pharmaceuticals has spurred great interests to develop rapid and efficient synthetic biology tools customized for modular pathway engineering. Along the way, combinatorial gene expression control through modification of regulatory element offered tremendous opportunity for fine-tuning gene expression and generating digital-like genetic circuits. In this report, we present an efficient evolutionary approach to build a range of regulatory control elements. The reported method allows for rapid construction of promoter, 5′UTR, terminator and trans-activating RNA libraries. Synthetic overlapping oligos with high portion of degenerate nucleotides flanking the regulatory element could be efficiently assembled to a vector expressing fluorescence reporter. This approach combines high mutation rate of the synthetic DNA with the high assembly efficiency of Gibson Mix. Our constructed library demonstrates broad range of transcriptional or translational gene expression dynamics. Specifically, both the promoter library and 5′UTR library exhibits gene expression dynamics spanning across three order of magnitude. The terminator library and trans-activating RNA library displays relatively narrowed gene expression pattern. The reported study provides a versatile toolbox for rapidly constructing a large family of prokaryotic regulatory elements. These libraries also facilitate the implementation of combinatorial pathway engineering principles and the engineering of more efficient microbial cell factory for various biomanufacturing applications.

A Study on the Factors Contributing to Small Church Libraries’ Revitalization

본 연구는 교회의 작은도서관의 현황과 특성을 파악하고 운영 활성화 방안을 제안하기 위함이다. 교회도서관 현황은 매우 열악한 수준이었으며, 교회도서관 운영 활성화 요인 분석 결과, 보유 장서수가 운영활성화 수준에 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 규모, 인력, 이용현황에 대한 군집 분석 결과, 극소수의 도서관만이 우수한 수준을 보였다. 따라서 교회도서관의 운영 활성화 방안으로 첫째, 교회도서관의 운영 목적과 목표를 뚜렷이 정하고, 안정된 운영예산과 운영을 책임질 수 있는 전담 인력과 직원을 확보해야 한다. 둘째, 교회시설을 활용하여 도서관의 특성에 맞는 프로그램 개발, 독서의 질을 높일 수 있는 양질의 지식콘텐츠를 서비스해야 한다. 셋째, 도서관 협력 네트워크를 활용한 타도서관과의 상호대차, 순회사서 시스템을 활용할 수 있어야 하고, 적극적인 마케팅 활동으로 지역주민들이나 교인들에게 홍보해야 한다. 또한 목회자와 책임운영자는 헌신과 봉사의 마음으로 지역사회에 서비스해야한다.In order to explore the exact current status and features of small church libraries and suggest implications on how to facilitate their operations, this study has analyzed general conditions of their current operations. Firstly, all aspects of facilities, books, and people of small church libraries, the three elements of libraries, have turned out to be under poor conditions compared to small regular libraries. Secondly, out of all factors that encourage the use of church libraries, the number of retained books in libraries appears to be most influential. Thirdly, it is shown in the results of an analysis on each category group that most church libraries are under poor conditions and only few of them are excellent in terms of the current status of their sizes, labor forces, and users. Based upon these findings, this study suggests implications on facilitating church library operations as follows. First of all, it is highly crucial to have full-time workers and professional staffs who can set aims or purposes of church libraries and be in charge of stable management of budget and library operations. Secondly, it is also important to develop programs suitable for each library’s features and knowledge contents to improve the quality of reading experience. Thirdly, through utilizing library cooperative networks, interlibrary loan or librarian rotation systems should be available. Also, through proactive marketing activities, libraries should be promoted to local communities or church members. Lastly, the most significant part for facilitating church library operations is passions of pastors and chief operators in charge. They need to be willing to contribute to their local communities with their dedications and commitments.

A hybrid solver of size modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation by domain decomposition, finite element, and finite difference

Abstract The size-modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation (SMPBE) is one important variant of the popular dielectric model, the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE), to reflect ionic size effects in the prediction of electrostatics for a biomolecule in an ionic solvent. In this paper, a new SMPBE hybrid solver is developed using a solution decomposition, Schwartz’s overlapped domain decomposition, finite element, and finite difference. It is then programmed as a software package in C , Fortran , and Python based on the state-of-the-art finite element library DOLFIN from the FEniCS project. This software package is well validated on a Born ball model with analytical solution and a dipole model with known physical properties. Numerical results on six proteins with different net charges demonstrate its high performance. Finally, this new SMPBE hybrid solver is shown to be numerically stable and convergent in the calculation of electrostatic solvation free energy for 216 biomolecules and binding free energy for a DNA-drug complex.

Software frameworks for integral equations in electromagnetic scattering based on Calderón identities

In recent years there have been tremendous advances in the theoretical understanding of boundary integral equations for Maxwell problems. In particular, stable dual pairings of discretisation spaces have been developed that allow robust formulations of the preconditioned electric field, magnetic field and combined field integral equations. Within the BEM++ boundary element library we have developed implementations of these frameworks that allow an intuitive formulation of the typical Maxwell boundary integral formulations within a few lines of code. The basis for these developments is an efficient and robust implementation of Calderón identities together with a product algebra that hides and automates most technicalities involved in assembling Galerkin boundary integral equations. In this paper we demonstrate this framework and use it to derive very simple and robust software formulations of the standard preconditioned electric field, magnetic field and regularised combined field integral equations for Maxwell.

The museums of a local, national and supranational hero: Hugh Miller's collections over the decades

Hugh Miller (1802-1856), Scottish geologist, newspaper editor and writer, is a perhaps unique example of a geologist with a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace cottage, in Cromarty, northern Scotland. He finally housed his geological collection, principally of Scottish fossils, in a purpose-built museum at his house in Portobello, now in Edinburgh. After his death, the collection was purchased in 1859 by Government grant and public appeal, in part as a memorial to Miller, for the Natural History Museum (successively Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Royal Scottish Museum, and part of National Museums Scotland). The collection's documentation, curation and display over the years are outlined, using numerical patterns in the documentation as part of the evidence for its history. A substantial permanent display of the Miller Collection, partly by the retired Benjamin Peach (1842-1926), was installed from c. 1912 to 1939, and briefly postwar. A number of temporary displays, and one small permanent display, were thereafter created, especially for the 1952 and 2002 anniversaries. Miller's birthplace cottage was preserved by the family and a museum established there in 1885 by Miller's son Hugh Miller the younger (1850-1896) of the Geological Survey, with the assistance of his brother Lieutenant-Colonel William Miller (1842-1893) of the Indian Army, and the Quaker horticulturalist Sir Thomas Hanbury (c. 1832-1907), using a selection of specimens retained by the family in 1859. It may not have been fully opened to the public till 1888. It was refurbished for the 1902 centenary. A proposal to open a Hugh Miller Institute in Cromarty, combining a library and museum, to mark the centenary, was only partly successful, and the library element only was built. The cottage museum was transferred to the Cromarty Burgh Council in 1926 and the National Trust for Scotland in 1938. It was refurbished for the 1952 and just after the 2002 anniversaries, with transfer of some specimens and MSS to the Royal Scottish Museum and National Library of Scotland. The Cottage now operates as the Hugh Miller Birthplace Cottage and Museum together with Miller House, another family home, next door, with further specimens loaned by National Museums Scotland. The hitherto poorly understood fate of Miller's papers is outlined. They are important for research and as display objects. Most seem to have been lost, especially through the early death of his daughter Harriet Davidson (1839-1883) in Australia. Miller's collection illustrates some of the problems and opportunities of displaying named geological collections in museums, and the use of manuscripts and personalia with them. The exhibition strategies can be shown to respond to changing perceptions of Miller, famous in his time but much less well known latterly. There is, in retrospect, a clear long-term pattern of collaboration between museums and libraries in Edinburgh, Cromarty and elsewhere, strongly coupled to the fifty-year cycle of the anniversaries of Miller's birth.