Element Library Research Articles

Simple true random number generator for any semi‐conductor technology

True random number generators (TRNGs) are needed in cryptography for key generation, in challenge response authentication procedures and for countermeasures against power analysis attacks. Such true randomness requires to utilise random physical hardware effects. It is the goal to make the TRNG usable for different semi-conductor technologies (including field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)). This approach is based on ring oscillators with multiple taps in combination with a simple post processing by exclusive OR antivalence (XOR) compression. Verifications with a test chip and several FPGA implementations showed that standard digital library elements and the digital design flow can be used without any constraints for compilation and special layout rules. A proper choice of sampling frequency and compression coefficient ensures a random output with extremely low bias for different technologies which can be checked on-line easily. It was shown that for passing the on-line test with a given bias limit the generated random data passes the statistical tests.

공공 어린이도서관 자료열람실의 실내환경디자인 평가 연구 - 국내 사례를 중심으로 -

Children stage is an important period the foundation of growth is accomplished. During the period, children are the most sensitive to environmental effects and experiences and interactions with surroundings can make lots of effects on their physical and cognitive development. Under the background of the above contents, a representative institution of the society, which is helpful to cultivate children's reading habit, will be children library. The purposes of this research are to analyze intensively reading room among the children library's spatial organization and compare/analyze cases of children library's reading room with the elements of interior environment. The methods of research are theory study and case study. Through the on-the-site visiting and shooting, interior environment design was investigated and then, it was arranged, analyzed and evaluated. Cases were analyzed by elements of interior environment design evaluation. As the result, comfort was the highest and variety was the lowest. Especially, Songpa children library showed various factors generally through the various designs. 7 evaluative elements of children library's reading room were mutually different, but there was a certain different in relation of them. Especially, variety and flexibility must be more strengthened. So, children can interests and joy in reading room various designs are requested by getting out of library's uniformed furniture and arrangement plan.

Passive Vibration Isolation by Compliant Mechanism Using Topology Optimization with Building Blocks

Compliant Mechanism has been designed for various types of application to transmit desired force and motion. In this study, we have explored an application of Compliant Mechanism for passive vibration isolation systems, for which compliant isolator is used to cancel undesired disturbance, which results in attenuated output amplitude. The Compliant Mechanism is equipped with isolator, which acts as a transmission of force, in order to control the amount of displacement transmitted from it. Compliant Mechanism also used as passive vibration isolator. Here, introducing compliance into the connection, the transmission of applied forces is reduced at some frequencies, at the expense of increasing transmission at other frequencies. The force transmissibility is numerically identical to the motion transmissibility. In order to find the flexible building blocks for force transmissibility, structural optimization approach is applied. The Structural optimization approach focuses on the determination of the topology, shape and size of the mechanism. Thus approach is used to establish the actuator model of the block and it is validated by commercial Finite Element software. A library of compliant elements is proposed in FlexIn. These blocks are in limited number and the basis is composed of 36 elements. The force transmitted to the rigid foundation through the isolator is reduced to avoid transmission of vibration to other machines. Thus the preliminary results of FEA from ANSYS demonstrate that the compliant mechanism can be effectively used to reduce the amount of force transmitted to the surface.

Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects by Karen Calhoun (review)

Reviewed by: Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects by Karen Calhoun Judy Jeng Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects, Karen Calhoun. Chicago: American Library Association, Neal-Schuman, 2014. 352 pages. $85.50 (ISBN 978-1-55570-985-3) Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects is a well-organized and timely new book. Soon retiring from her position as an assistant university librarian at the University of Pittsburgh, author Karen Calhoun is an experienced librarian, researcher, and writer with strong credentials in metadata management and digital libraries. She takes a broad and international perspective, having interviewed many distinguished scholars and practitioners and incorporated their views. One chapter reports the results of interviews with nine digital library experts on successful projects in their communities. The experts offer insights as to why some digital libraries are long-lived while others fade into memory. Calhoun reviews a vast amount of literature and includes important topics such as the Semantic Web, linked data, and cloud technology. As Calhoun indicates, the Semantic Web, which provides common formats to facilitate the exchange of data, is growing rapidly and applications built upon it are beginning to appear, but its evolution is still in the early stages. Legal issues such as intellectual property rights and licensing terms and conditions, essential for understanding digital libraries, are also reviewed. Exploring Digital Libraries includes a glossary and an extensive list of references. Calhoun begins with an excellent overview of the first decade of progress in digital libraries from 1991 to 2001, identifying and discussing significant outcomes in research and practice, describing accomplishments that set dominant themes, and offering a framework for understanding the interplay of different stakeholders. In the second decade (2002 to 2012), the key challenges Calhoun identifies are interoperability, community engagement, intellectual property rights, and sustainability. Two chapters cover digital repositories and hybrid libraries. The discussion of repositories includes discoverability, usage, current positions and roles, cyber-infrastructure, next-generation systems, and data and e-research support. Regarding hybrid libraries, where traditional and electronic information sources are combined, Calhoun discusses changing information-seeking behaviors and preferences, new collection strategies, and emerging technologies. She states that cloud-based hybrid library systems may offer a more integrated alternative to the current fragmented array of systems, tools, and services. In addition to technical themes, the author explores the social [End Page 653] value of digital libraries, including how perceptions of value have changed, in ways that should aid planning future library services, spaces, and expectations in the networked environment. This discussion flows into a look at the origins and fast-moving nature of the social web, sometimes called Web 2.0, which focuses on user-generated content, networking, and social interaction. Calhoun describes digital libraries’ new role on the social web and raises the possibility of digital libraries as social platforms. She introduces a visual framework that attempts to bring some coherence to the many confusing elements of digital libraries’ evolution toward the social web and discusses the social web’s impact on scholarship. Calhoun ends the chapter by pointing out that libraries have traditionally been collection-centered, with core values different from the social web’s values of engagement and participation. Looking to the future in her final chapter, Calhoun writes, “Most digital libraries continue to operate from a traditional, collections-centered service model. Change will be difficult, especially in the realm of scholarly practices and norms, where the roots of tradition are deep.” (p. 256) She raises the need to rethink what libraries and digital libraries should and can do for society and concludes that “emulating the creativity and pioneering spirit of digital libraries’ first 20 years is the starting point for creating the next grand vision for libraries’ digital future.” (p. 256) Exploring Digital Libraries is a thorough examination of the past, present, and future prospects of digital libraries, and I recommend it to students, scholars, and practicing librarians. Judy Jeng Adjunct Professor, Drexel University, Philadelphia Adjunct Faculty, San Jose State University, California jeng.judy@gmail.com Copyright © 2014 Johns Hopkins University Press

Material Analysis and Innovative Product Design with Process Model in Cultural and Creative Industries

Through the analysis of the characteristics of design and material in cultural and creative industries, this study focuses on the urgent need for an appropriate product design with process model in cultural and creative industries. An innovative product design with Process Model in cultural and creative industries based on both the specific industrial characteristics and the interaction design idea is proposed. It includes the establishment of cultural elements library (focus on the application of the material symbols), proposition of cultural themes, extraction of cultural elements based on Kansei Engineering and implantation of cultural elements based on design semantics and semiotics, and especially the interaction design.

An enabling BIM block library: an online repository to facilitate social inclusion in Australia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of socially inclusive Building Information Modelling (BIM) library components. BIM requires and integrates many sets of predefined blocks or collection of attributes. Any one of the individual blocks can be replicated and/or stored in a block library for later reuse. However, few if any current block libraries contain or have access to the blocks that enable social inclusion. Design/methodology/approach – An action-based research methodology was used to design, develop and deploy three enabling blocks as part of a plan to develop a larger library of tools for BIM practitioners. The Enabling Block Library is an open access library of Australian code-compliant mobility elements published online. This paper discusses the design and development of the library components in detail, explaining how each of the three blocks was selected in our pilot evaluation and how each was identified; fact-checked; planned (designed); deployed (action); and then evaluated. Findings – The process and evaluation highlights that appropriate code-compliant design tools can support greater social inclusion aspects of a built environment project. These are tools that are relevant to the full spectrum of industry users of BIM, including designers, engineers and certifiers. Research limitations/implications – Because this paper documents the project while in an early launch phase, with a small number of launch blocks, the research results were limited in their ability to thoroughly measure industry or educational impact. However, the results showed how a socially inclusive BIM block library can be developed and why this is important, with literature supporting the potential of its dissemination to the design and construction industry. Originality/value – The paper applied action-based research methodology in the development, deployment and evaluation of exploratory BIM use to create more socially inclusive environments. It is of value because it facilitates designers creating the optimum of performance-based accessible environments, rather than the minimum “deemed to satisfy” Building Codes.

An optimized and scalable eigensolver for sequences of eigenvalue problems

SummaryIn many scientific applications, the solution of nonlinear differential equations are obtained through the setup and solution of a number of successive eigenproblems. These eigenproblems can be regarded as a sequence whenever the solution of one problem fosters the initialization of the next. In addition, in some eigenproblem sequences, there is a connection between the solutions of adjacent eigenproblems. Whenever it is possible to unravel the existence of such a connection, the eigenproblem sequence is said to be correlated. When facing with a sequence of correlated eigenproblems, the current strategy amounts to solving each eigenproblem in isolation. We propose an alternative approach that exploits such correlation through the use of an eigensolver based on subspace iteration and accelerated with Chebyshev polynomials (Chebyshev filtered subspace iteration (ChFSI)). The resulting eigensolver is optimized by minimizing the number of matrix–vector multiplications and parallelized using the Elemental library framework. Numerical results show that ChFSI achieves excellent scalability and is competitive with current dense linear algebra parallel eigensolvers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simulation Realization of LV SVG Control Algorithm Based on EMTDC and C Language Mixed Programming

EMTDC is grid simulation analysis software that is capable of modeling for complex electrical and electronic devices, controllers and non-linear network. PSCAD is a user graphical interface of EMTDC. In PSCAD environment, functional modules can be taken from the element library conveniently to set up a complete set of LV SVG control system for simulation study of operation performances under various work conditions. However, the control program of LV SVG in actual application is written in C language, which has great differences from some functional modules in PSCAD simulation module in terms of data processing approach and calculation precision, so there is a huge gap from the simulation result and the actual result.In this paper, Fortran language is used to write interface function. Control program written in C language is embedded into the simulation module set up by EMTDC. An experiment shows that the simulation model built by EMTDC and C language mixed programming has higher precision than ordinary simulation module, and can be transplanted among LV SVG controllers, so it’s more practical.

Pseudopotentials periodic table: From H to Pu

We discuss the generation of a library of projector augmented-wave (PAW) and ultrasoft pseudopotentials (PPs) for all elements of the periodic table from H to Pu. The PPs are compared with two libraries: pslibrary.0.3.1 and the GBRV library (Garrity et al., 2013). The PPs are tested on the lattice constants of the fcc and bcc structures of the 63 elements of the GBRV library. The same parameters are used to generate fully relativistic PPs that are compared with the scalar relativistic PPs. The PPs of lanthanides and actinides are tested on all-electron data available in the literature.

The ray-tracing code Zgoubi – Status

The ray-tracing code Zgoubihas been used in a number of projects, in the frame of high energy and nuclear physics R&D, since it was last documented in review articles. Its library of optical elements and its accelerator simulation tools have been further developed in these contexts. Its use covers design studies regarding large colliders such as LHC and RHIC, synchrotron radiation, short lived beams, acceleration of polarized lepton and hadron beams. This report gives an overview of the present state of the code and of its evolution, illustrated with examples aimed at highlighting its capabilities.

A combined numerical and experimental framework for determining permeability properties of the arterial media.

The medial layer of the arterial wall may play an important role in the regulation of water and solute transport across the wall. In particular, a high medial resistance to transport could cause accumulation of lipid-carrying molecules in the inner wall. In this study, the water transport properties of medial tissue were characterised in a numerical model, utilising experimentally obtained data for the medial microstructure and the relative permeability of different constituents. For the model, a new solver for flow in porous materials, based on a high-order splitting scheme, was implemented in the spectral/hp element library nektar++ and validated. The data were obtained by immersing excised aortic bifurcations in a solution of fluorescent protein tracer and subsequently imaging them with a confocal microscope. Cuboidal regions of interest were selected in which the microstructure and relative permeability of different structures were transformed to a computational mesh. Impermeable objects were treated fictitiously in the numerical scheme. On this cube, a pressure drop was applied in the three coordinate directions and the principal components of the permeability tensor were determined. The reconstructed images demonstrated the arrangement of elastic lamellae and interspersed smooth muscle cells in rat aortic media; the distribution and alignment of the smooth muscle cells varied spatially within the extracellular matrix. The numerical simulations highlighted that the heterogeneity of the medial structure is important in determining local water transport properties of the tissue, resulting in regional and directional variation of the permeability tensor. A major factor in this variation is the alignment and density of smooth muscle cells in the media, particularly adjacent to the adventitial layer.

B-Spline-Decomposition-Based Approach to Multiaxis Trajectory Tracking: Nanomanipulation Example

In this brief, a B-spline-decomposition (BSD)-based approach to output tracking with preview is explored to achieve high-speed, large-range nanomanipulation in experiments. The BSD approach is developed to address challenges in preview-based output tracking of nonminimum-phase systems to achieve precision tracking with good robustness to dynamics variations and no demanding online computation. In the BSD approach, a library of output elements and their corresponding input elements is constructed a priori ; then the previewed future desired trajectory is decomposed into a finite number of output elements, and the control input is synthesized using the corresponding input elements with chosen pre- and post-actuation times. The BSD technique uses the uniform B-splines to construct the output elements, the iterative learning control techniques to obtain the input elements, and the stable-inversion theory to quantify the pre- and post-actuation times. In this brief, we demonstrate and evaluate the BSD technique for preview-based precision tracking in experiments, by implementing it to a nanomanipulation application using a scanning probe microscope. The experiments showed that the tracking speed can be substantially improved using the BSD technique over using feedback control alone.

Decomposition of a system of incompletely specified Boolean functions defined with a binary decision diagram

We propose a decomposition method for systems of incompletely specified Boolean functions represented as binary decision diagrams. Minimizing the number of intermediate functions in such a decomposition is intended to improve the performance of Boolean circuits made of library elements. A characteristic feature of our method is the fact that after decomposition (cutting) of the original binary decision diagram one of two decomposition units is represented as a system of DNFs.

MUSIC-CSR: Hyperspectral Unmixing via Multiple Signal Classification and Collaborative Sparse Regression

Spectral unmixing aims at finding the spectrally pure constituent materials (also called endmembers) and their respective fractional abundances in each pixel of a hyperspectral image scene. In recent years, sparse unmixing has been widely used as a reliable spectral unmixing methodology. In this approach, the observed spectral vectors are expressed as linear combinations of spectral signatures assumed to be known a priori and presented in a large collection, termed spectral library or dictionary, usually acquired in laboratory. Sparse unmixing has attracted much attention as it sidesteps two common limitations of classic spectral unmixing approaches, namely, the lack of pure pixels in hyperspectral scenes and the need to estimate the number of endmembers in a given scene, which are very difficult tasks. However, the high mutual coherence of spectral libraries, jointly with their ever-growing dimensionality, strongly limits the operational applicability of sparse unmixing. In this paper, we introduce a two-step algorithm aimed at mitigating the aforementioned limitations. The algorithm exploits the usual low dimensionality of the hyperspectral data sets. The first step, which is similar to the multiple signal classification array signal processing algorithm, identifies a subset of the library elements, which contains the endmember signatures. Because this subset has cardinality much smaller than the initial number of library elements, the sparse regression we are led to is much more well conditioned than the initial one using the complete library. The second step applies collaborative sparse regression, which is a form of structured sparse regression, exploiting the fact that only a few spectral signatures in the library are active. The effectiveness of the proposed approach, termed MUSIC-CSR, is extensively validated using both simulated and real hyperspectral data sets.

HomeRun Vector Assembly System: a flexible and standardized cloning system for assembly of multi-modular DNA constructs.

Advances in molecular and synthetic biology call for efficient assembly of multi-modular DNA constructs. We hereby present a novel modular cloning method that obviates the need for restriction endonucleases and significantly improves the efficiency in the design and construction of complex DNA molecules by standardizing all DNA elements and cloning reactions. Our system, named HomeRun Vector Assembly System (HVAS), employs a three-tiered vector series that utilizes both multisite gateway cloning and homing endonucleases, with the former building individual functional modules and the latter linking modules into the final construct. As a proof-of-principle, we first built a two-module construct that supported doxycycline-induced expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Further, with a three-module construct we showed quantitatively that there was minimal promoter leakage between neighbouring modules. Finally, we developed a method, in vitro Cre recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) cloning, to regenerate a gateway destination vector from a previous multisite gateway cloning reaction, allowing access to existing DNA element libraries in conventional gateway entry clones, and simple creation of constructs ready for in vivo RMCE. We believe these methods constitute a useful addition to the standard molecular cloning techniques that could potentially support industrial scale synthesis of DNA constructs.

Actinide, Activation Product and Fission Product Decay Data for Reactor-based Applications

The UK Activation Product Decay Data Library was first released in September 1977 as UK-PADD1, to be followed by regular improvements on an almost yearly basis up to the assembly of UKPADD6.12 in March 2013. Similarly, the UK Heavy Element and Actinide Decay Data Library followed in December 1981 as UKHEDD1, with the implementation of various modifications leading to UKHEDD2.6, February 2008. Both the data content and evaluation procedures are defined, and the most recent evaluations are described in terms of specific radionuclides and the resulting consistency of their recommended decay-data files. New versions of the UKPADD and UKHEDD libraries are regularly submitted to the NEA Data Bank for possible inclusion in the JEFF library.

Jeddah Historical Building Information Modelling "JHBIM" – Object Library

Abstract. The theory of using Building Information Modelling "BIM" has been used in several Heritage places in the worldwide, in the case of conserving, documenting, managing, and creating full engineering drawings and information. However, one of the most serious issues that facing many experts in order to use the Historical Building Information Modelling "HBIM", is creating the complicated architectural elements of these Historical buildings. In fact, many of these outstanding architectural elements have been designed and created in the site to fit the exact location. Similarly, this issue has been faced the experts in Old Jeddah in order to use the BIM method for Old Jeddah historical Building. Moreover, The Saudi Arabian City has a long history as it contains large number of historic houses and buildings that were built since the 16th century. Furthermore, the BIM model of the historical building in Old Jeddah always take a lot of time, due to the unique of Hijazi architectural elements and no such elements library, which have been took a lot of time to be modelled. This paper will focus on building the Hijazi architectural elements library based on laser scanner and image survey data. This solution will reduce the time to complete the HBIM model and offering in depth and rich digital architectural elements library to be used in any heritage projects in Al-Balad district, Jeddah City.

A growing library of three-dimensional cohesive elements for use in ABAQUS

In this paper, we present the implementation of a small library of three-dimensional cohesive elements. The elements are formatted as user-defined elements, for compatibility with the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The PPR, potential-based traction–separation relation is chosen to describe the element’s constitutive model. The intrinsic cohesive formulation is outlined due to its compatibility with the standard, implicit finite element framework present in ABAQUS. The implementation of the cohesive elements is described, along with instructions on how to incorporate the elements into a finite element mesh. Specific areas of the user-defined elements, in which the user may wish to modify the code to meet specific research needs, are highlighted. Numerical examples are provided which display the capabilities of the elements in both small deformation and finite deformation regimes. A sample element source code is provided in an appendix, and the source codes of the elements are supplied through the website of the research group of the authors.

A residual‐based Allen–Cahn phase field model for the mixture of incompressible fluid flows

SUMMARYThe hydrodynamics of fluid mixtures is receiving more and more attention in many science and engineering applications. Within the techniques for dealing with front displacements and moving boundaries between different density and/or viscosity fluids, phase fields are a class of models in which a diffusive transition region is taken into account instead of a steep interface. Although these models have a physical motivation, they require the definition of extra parameters. In order to make it less parameter dependent, the classic Allen–Cahn phase field model is modified, exploring its similarities with residual‐based discontinuity‐capturing schemes, making the phase field equation dependent on its own residual. We solve the coupling between incompressible viscous fluid flow and the phase field advective–diffusive–reactive transport to simulate the main processes in interface tension and/or buoyancy driven problems. For the solution of the Navier–Stokes and transport equations, we use a stabilized finite element formulation. The implementation has been performed using the libMesh finite element library, written in C++ , which provides support for adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening. A chemical convection benchmark problem is used to validate the proposed model, and then we solve two bubble interaction problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PDE Modeling with Modelica via FMI Import of HiFlow3 C++ Components

Despite an urgent need and desire in academia as well as in industry for modeling Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) using the increasingly popular Modelica modeling and simulation language, there is limited support for this available at the moment. In this work, we propose a solution based on importing PDE models with PDE solvers implemented using the general-purpose parallel finite element library HiFlow3 as models into the Modelica environment using the standard Functional Mock-up Interface. In contrast to methods based on language extensions or automatic semidiscretizations in space, this approach requires no change to the language, and enables the use of specialized PDE solvers. Furthermore, it allows for full flexibility in the choice of geometry, model parameters, and space discretization between simulation runs without recompilation needed. This makes it possible to exploit advanced features of the PDE solver, such as adaptive mesh refinement,and to build complex multi-physics simulations by coupling different models, of both PDE and DAE type, in a straightforward manner using Modelica. We illustrate our method with an example that couples a Modelica Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller to a PDE solver for the unsteady heat equation in a 3D domain.