Security Elements Research Articles

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ЭФФЕКТИВНЫЙ СПОСОБ УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО МЕНТАЛИТЕТА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

This study is devoted to the study of the potential of modern technologies (information, psychohistorical and cognitive) in the issue of preserving the national mentality, which is recognized as an important element of the national security of a modern state. The purpose of the study is to consider information, psychohistorical and cognitive technologies as an eff ective way to protect the national mentality in the context of ensuring national security. Modern technologies have a high potential for preserving and protecting the national mentality. The article considers three groups of technologies, which, in turn, are specifi ed by separate methods. In the course of the study, it was concluded that in the face of increasing threats to the national mentality, recognized as an integral element of the national security of a modern state, the use of modern technologies can help reduce their negative impact in this area. That is why further study of this issue seems to be very relevant and promising from both scientifi c and applied points of view.

Effect of Cyber Security on Business Sustainability of Listed Microfinance Banks in Nigeria

Purpose: In Nigeria, microfinance banks (MFB) face the burden of investing in cyber security to protect their databases, prevent monetary losses, maintain customer trust, and remain afloat in a competitive business environment. However, there are incessant cyber risks and attacks by criminals who gain undue access to the cyber-space of MFB and cause financial and non-financial loss.
 Design/methodology/approach: The objective of this quantitative study was to examine the effect of cyber security on the business sustainability of three listed, and most valued MFBs in Nigeria. The population of the study was 315 senior, medium and junior employees of three MFBs in Nigeria. As the target population was manageable, the research adopted a census. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the formulated hypothesis was analysed using multiple regression.
 Findings: The study found that cyber security has a significant and positive impact on the sustainability of MFB in Nigeria. Data availability account for the largest contribution to the sustainability of MFBs, followed by data confidentiality and data integrity. Employees in a MFB uphold that data availability, confidentiality, and integrity are pivotal elements of cyber security that influence the sustainability of their organisations in Nigeria. Given these results from the viewpoint of employees, MFBs are implored to regularly review and strengthen their risk management strategy and adopt a more integrative approach of human-centric cybersecurity, which brings technology and human elements together to address current and future cyber risks and build and sustain consumer trust in digital financial transactions. The implication of the study and areas for future research are highlighted.
 Paper type: Research paper

RUSSIAN THREATS TO THE SUBMARINE INTERNET CABLE INFRASTRUCTURE

The article outlines the importance of undersea communication cables, an under-researched andoften underappreciated element of modern geopolitics, security and Internet resilience.The purpose of the article is to analyse the increased Russian naval activity in recent years arounddeep-sea cables, the critical infrastructure of the global Internet, which has the potential to disruptthe daily life of the West as Russia seeks new means of influencing the West during the war againstUkraine.As there is currently not yet enough scientific research on the topic, the article uses newspaperanalytical materials and various reports in addition to scientific articles. Given the nature andpurpose of the considerations, the assumption was made to use a diverse research methodology,at the basis of which were the following methods: historical, institutional-legal, monographic anddocument analysis.The conclusion of the article is that, as the world is heavily dependent on undersea cablesthat carry Internet traffic around the world, the Russian Federation will continue to threateninformation systems, and their damage may not only adversely affect the state of intercontinentalcommunications, but also worsen the geopolitical situation on a global scale.

STRUCTURING RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY

Resilience is a dimension with a pronounced multidisciplinary character covering a wide range of areas of society, which gives it a fluid profile and difficult to fit into a conceptual-functional typology. The interest in resilience is undoubtedly one of the trends of the current decade, however precursory elements are found throughout history in the most diverse forms of manifestation. As in the case of other dimensions explored in recent years from the perspective of European cooperation in the field of security and defence, resilience was quickly integrated into the steps carried out under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), becoming one of the key objectives of the European Union’s external action toolkit and, last but not least, of the operational commitments carried out globally by this organization. The contribution of the EU Global Security Strategy (EUGS) in designing resilience as a central element of the European security and defence cooperation agenda was defining. The main direction promoted by the EUGS was to strengthen resilience aspects in external action, while taking a structured approach to exploring options for strengthening internal resilience. Subsequently, the outbreak of the war in Ukraine as a result of Russia’s aggression additionally valued the strategic significance of states’ resilience and, subsequently, the importance of the EU’s contribution in this direction. This study is aiming to bring into light the way in which CSDP answers to the challenge of consolidating the resilience. In this vein, the methodological approach that was implemented responded the multidisciplinary character of this topic. In order to consolidate the comprehensive character of the present study, a historical perspective has been used that correlates the evolution of resilience in EU context with the development of various CSDP instruments. In this sense, an important direction of research is represented by the interaction between resilience and EU’s external action and how the EU response to crisis situations has evolved. To a similar extent, this paper approached the resilience from the perspective of internal security of European Union, especially in the context of the war in Ukraine. A special note is made on how the latest EU strategic document (Strategic Compass) placed resilience as being one of the strategic objectives of CSDP. Given all of these aspects, the main conclusions of the article are emphasising the importance of adequate calibration of national approach in generating resilience, not only in the conceptual area but also on the practical aspects such as capabilities and resources required by a strong resilience. At the same time, a special attention is given to how the partnership and external interaction, especially between EU and NATO, are tailored to enhance and complement the national contributions in the field of resilience.

Assessing food security performance from the One Health concept: an evaluation tool based on the Global One Health Index

BackgroundFood systems instantiate the complex interdependencies across humans, physical environments, and other organisms. Applying One Health approaches for agri-food system transformation, which adopts integrated and unifying approaches to optimize the overall health of humans, animals, plants, and environments, is crucial to enhance the sustainability of food systems. This study develops a potential assessment tool, named the global One Health index-Food Security (GOHI-FS), aiming to evaluate food security performance across countries/territories from One Health perspective and identify relevant gaps that need to be improved for sustainable food systems.MethodsWe comprehensively reviewed existing frameworks and elements of food security. The indicator framework of GOHI-FS was conceptualized following the structure-process-outcome model and confirmed by expert advisory. Publicly available data in 2020 was collected for each indicator. The weighting strategy was determined by the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. The data for each indicator was normalized and aggregated by weighted arithmetic mean. Linear regressions were performed to evaluate the associations of GOHI-FS with health and social-economic indicators.ResultsThe GOHI-FS includes 5 first-level indicators, 19 second-level indicators and 45 third-level indicators. There were 146 countries/territories enrolled for evaluation. The highest average score of first-level indicators was Nutrition (69.8) and the lowest was Government Support and Response (31.3). There was regional heterogeneity of GOHI-FS scores. Higher median scores with interquartile range (IQR) were shown in North America (median: 76.1, IQR: 75.5–76.7), followed by Europe and Central Asia (median: 66.9, IQR: 60.1–74.3), East Asia and the Pacific (median: 60.6, IQR: 55.5–68.7), Latin America and the Caribbean (median: 60.2, IQR: 57.8–65.0), Middle East and North Africa (median: 56.6, IQR: 52.0–62.8), South Asia (median: 51.1, IQR: 46.7–53.8), and sub-Saharan Africa (median: 41.4, IQR: 37.2–46.5). We also found significant associations between GOHI-FS and GDP per capita, socio-demographic index, health expenditure and life expectancy.ConclusionsGOHI-FS is a potential assessment tool to understand the gaps in food security across countries/territories under the One Health concept. The pilot findings suggest notable gaps for sub-Saharan Africa in numerous aspects. Broad actions are needed globally to promote government support and response for food security.

Soil Habitats Are Affected by Fungal Waste Recycling on Farmland in Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China

As part of the ecological barrier and an essential element of food security, the agro-pastoral ecotone is vital in northern China. Since soil fertility in northern China is low due to frequent surface disturbances, it is necessary to improve the properties of the soil. This study aims to examine the impact of fungal residue return on soil properties based on six treatments (CK: 0 kg/40 m2; R3: 90 kg/40 m2; R5: 150 kg/40 m2; R7: 210 kg/40 m2; R9: 270 kg/40 m2; R11: 330 kg/40 m2;) of fungal residue return concentration experimental data from 0 to 30 cm soil depth. The results showed that the effect of fungal residue returning on soil habits was greater at 0–10 cm of the surface layer. The bulk density can be reduced to 25.83% of CK, and water content can be increased up to 26.26%. Adding fungal residue to the field led to a greater increase in soil parameters (SOM and AP), and this characteristic effect continued as the return concentration increased. The number of soil bacteria and actinomycetes remained stable, and the amount of fungi was at its lowest. Compared with CK, the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased by 1.94 times, 1.46 times, and 1.71 times, respectively. After the residue was returned to the field, AK had the strongest correlation with other factors (p < 0.01), and microorganism and enzyme activities were strongly correlated (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study presents a new method of resource utilization of downstream wastes in the food industry while simultaneously providing natural, pollution-free improvements to the soil, which is very beneficial to increasing crop yield.

An Innovative Strategy Based on Secure Element for Cyber–Physical Authentication in Safety-Critical Manufacturing Supply Chain

The accurate tracking of every production step and related outcome in a supply chain is a stringent requirement in safety-critical sectors such as civil aviation. In such a framework, trusted traceability and accountability can be reliably and securely managed by means of blockchain-based solutions. Unfortunately, blockchain cannot guarantee the provenance and accuracy of the stored information. To overcome such a limitation, this paper proposes a secure solution to strongly rely on the tracking information of the physical assets in the supply chain. The proposed solution exploits Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) to provide required cryptographic primitives through a Near-Field Communication (NFC) connection. In our approach, each transfer of the assets is authenticated, verified, and recorded in the blockchain through the HSM. Transaction entries are signed, thus providing a guarantee of ownership and authenticity. The proposed infrastructure has been subject of an exhaustive security analysis and proved resilient against counterfeiting attempts, stakeholder repudiations, and misleading information.

Farmers' and rural extension workers' perceptions on the adoption of the integrated pest management

As one important element of food culture, the common bean can be found in diverse countries and social classes. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) can help rationalize the use of insecticides to control insect pests in bean crops. This grain is an important element for food security and can be found in different countries and social classes. The present study aimed to examine rural extension professionals' and farmers' after participating in the “Plante seu Futuro” (“Grow your future”) program of the Government of the State of Paraná-Brazil in its component “Integrated Management of Pests and Diseases”, with the objective of identifying common points of view, positive and negative aspects that can be considered in the dissemination of the IPM. For that, semi-structured interview scripts were applied. The technical procedure used was the multi-case study, based on seven farmers and seven rural extension workers, employees of an official institution of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, totaling about 20% of the program participants. The information was transcribed, organized, and subjected to content analysis. The intensity of discourses concerning the IPM before and after the experiment shows that even those farmers and rural extensionists who had a negative opinion about the IPM present favorable discourses and unanimity in the categorization of ends in the face of material success as justification for adopting the IPM after the experience. However, lack of information and/or knowledge about the practice was mentioned as a barrier, implying the need for technicians and farmers to be trained in order to spread IPM.

Вплив інвестицій на стійкість енергетичного сектору України

Introduction. The importance of the article is determined by the need to increase the stability of the energy sector of Ukraine, the search for energy projects, the implementation of which will contribute to increasing the stability of the entire domestic energy sector. Problem Statement. In Ukraine, the energy sector is of particular importance. He ensured the vital activity of all branches of the national economy, and also made a decisive contribution to the formation of the main financial and economic indicators of the state. It is common knowledge that the stability of the energy sector, which was disrupted by hostilities initiated on the territory of the country, is one of the main elements of Ukraine's national security, which forces us to look for ways to restore it. Methods. General and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization, and abstract-logical. Results. It has been established that increasing the stability of the energy sector of Ukraine thanks to investments has several specific directions: investments aimed at the repair and restoration of damaged energy facilities, such as power plants, transformer substations and electricity transmission networks, contribute to the restoration of energy supply in territories affected by military actions , and ensure the provision of vital services for the population; investments to modernize and strengthen energy infrastructure, including power plants, substations and power transmission networks. The following energy projects have been identified, the implementation of which will contribute to increasing the sustainability of the entire domestic energy sector: independent energy projects created to increase the generating capacity of local energy systems; projects in transmission networks; projects in the distribution network; autonomous projects; investment in technology. Conclusions. It was concluded that, based on the current situation, in the coming years the country will either have to increase the import of energy (energy carriers), or significantly increase their generation (production), or abandon plans for economic growth and GDP growth.

Providing Nutrition for Residents of Tyumen during Great Patriotic War

The article examines the problem of organizing centralized and additional food supply for the population during the Great Patriotic War, using the example of the rear city of Tyumen. The functioning of retail trade and the ration card system are studied. Examples of mutually beneficial cooperation between the city and the village in the context of the topic under consideration are provided. The authors characterize the public catering system, both for children and adults, as well as the organization of subsidiary farms and individual gardens. Attention is paid to food procurement and targeted assistance to those in need, as well as the participation of various categories of the population in this work, such as labor collectives, schoolchildren, etc. Conclusions are drawn about the main trends in the organization of food supply to the city’s residents. These include the efforts of central and local authorities to provide the population with the necessary minimum of food, proactive actions by city residents and entire enterprises to solve the food problem, and efforts to combat abuse. The relevance of the study is determined by the enduring importance of food security as an element of national security. The main sources of the work are materials from the newspaper “Krasnoe Znamya,” as well as documents from the archives of the region and the Tyumen Museum-Education Organization, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to the study of the conceptual foundations of economic security management of enterprises. The concepts of “security”, “economic security” and “management of economic security of enterprises” are considered. It was determined that the economic security of the enterprise is the state of its protection against the negative influence of external and internal threats, destabilizing factors. In general, the management of economic security can be considered as the process of developing and implementing a set of measures aimed at countering threats to the external and internal environment of the enterprise. Objects, subjects, goals, tasks and elements of economic security are considered. The main goal of managing the economic security of the enterprise is determined – this is to ensure its stable and maximally effective functioning now and to increase and ensure the level of enterprise security in the future. The functional goals of economic security are indicated. It is emphasized that the implementation of each of these goals of economic security of the enterprise must support the sustainable functioning of the enterprise. Detailed development and control over the implementation of the target structure of economic security of the enterprise is an important aspect of the process of provision. External and internal threats are singled out. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the threats presented in the study allows us to conclude that reliable protection of the economy of any enterprise is possible only with a comprehensive and systematic approach to its organization. The conceptual foundations of the management of economic security of enterprises are analyzed and determine the general aspects and principles that guide the strategy and activities of the enterprise to ensure stability and protection against economic threats and risks. It was determined that the given conceptual foundations form the foundation for the development of specific strategies and actions for managing the economic security of the enterprise, contribute to ensuring the stability and sustainability of the enterprise’s activities in conditions of danger and adverse factors.

Effects of Mau Forest Evictions on Human Security of the Ogiek Community, Kenya

Forest communities have had to globally endure evictions, sometimes forceful, due to the need for governments to conserve the environment by protecting forests from negative human actions. The Ogiek are hunters and gatherers and rely mainly on wild fruits, beekeeping, and game hunting as a source of livelihood. Animals, e.g., hyrax, were hunted. The Ogiek's lives and sources of livelihood are highly dependent on the forest. The Ogiek community of Mau Forest, Kenya, is a forest community that has faced a similar fate since the colonial period. This study sought to establish the effects of Mau Forest evictions on the human security of the Ogiek community in Kenya. The study used a descriptive research design. The study sampled 465 respondents, who included 384 household heads, 1 county commissioner, 2 deputy county commissioners, 7 chiefs, 14 village elders, 1 county police commander, 2 sub-county police commanders, 5 conservationist organisations, 5 environmentalist groups, 1 UNEP officer, 1 UN Habitat officer, 1 officer from the ministry of environment, 10 officers from Kenya Forest Service (KFS), 10 officers from Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 5 officers from NGOs, 1 officer from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), and 15 heads of NGOs and CBOs. The study applied simple random, purposive, and census sampling techniques. Interviews, questionnaires, FGDs, and observation made up the data collection instruments. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse quantitative data. The data revealed that the Mau forest evictions had negative effects on Ogiek human security, including deaths (86%), injuries (97%), destruction of homes (98%), farms (80%), livestock (52%), illness (95%), lack of sanitation (92%), gender-based violence (69%), disruption of schooling (100%), loss of culture (94%), separation from family (88%), loss of livelihoods (98%), and increased human-wildlife conflicts (78%). 100% of respondents feared for their safety. The study revealed that the evictions had negative effects on the Ogiek community on virtually all seven elements of human security, namely economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. The study contributes to the literature on indigenous land rights and human security, informs policymakers, and assists policy implementers in carrying out government directives without violating people's rights. It is also essential for civil society leaders. The study recommends that clear and transparent guidelines regarding the eviction process and any form of compensation be set and discussed with the affected households so as to avoid unnecessary impoverishment and protect livelihoods. The study further reckons that the government should adopt a more humane and sustainable relocation policy and provide alternative ways of livelihood to the victims.

(De)Securitising national minorities: The case of Singapore

Singapore presents a unique case study for multiculturalists in that the state leans heavily in its promotion of racial demarcations whilst simultaneously propagating a narrative of the state “regardless of race, language or religion”. This paper argues that this apparent contradiction is a deliberate calculation to use multiculturalism to desecuritise an otherwise disparate multiracial society. Extending He’s (2018) sequencing of multicultural progress as an a priori development to desecuritisation, this paper moves past traditionally democratic assumptions to demonstrate how the Singaporean state has in effect desecuritised national minorities through semi-to-autocratic management of multiculturalism. Referring to ‘securitised multiculturalism’ that has become increasingly evident since the 2000s, the paper progresses to consider how terrorism has affected Singapore’s multicultural formulation and examines the state’s top-down responses to desecuritise the security element in ‘securitised multiculturalism’ to the extent that such is possible.

Land Conflict Resolution Efforts Of The Laman Kinipan Indigenous Community In Lamandau Regency By Alliansi Indigenous Peoples Of The Archipelago (Aman) To Support National Security

Issues regarding security have always been a trending topic to be discussed, especially topics concerning matters that may cause conflicts of interest. Security studies that discuss security elements continue to be developed by various stakeholders. Security within the Archipelago To achieve comprehensive national security, these elements of national security must be implemented in policy formulation. Land conflict is a threat to two elements of national security, namely human security and environmental security. The escalation of the potential threat of conflict shows a very significant increase, so it is necessary to look for a solution so that it does not develop into a vertical or horizontal conflict. This problem affects the security of human citizens and the threat of environmental damage due to destruction of forest areas due to deforestation is a form of threat to these elements of national security. This study aims to unravel the land conflict resolution efforts of the Laman Kinipan Indigenous Community in Lamandau District by the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago. Qualitative research methods use a case study approach. Data collection techniques were in the form of interviews with the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago of Central Kalimantan, the Central Kalimantan Indonesian Forum for the Environment, and the Indigenous Territory Registration Agency as well as data collection through literature study techniques. The research shows that steps of AMAN and the Coalition of Justice for the Kinipan fighting for the liberation of indigenous peoples from various forms threats to human security, such as demanding the release of Effendi Buhing and the indigenous youth of Kinipan, and various other actions is an effort to guarantee human rights for the community Kinpan custom. This also makes indigenous peoples free from fear threat to human security.Until now, the expected form of output is recognition as a customary law community legitimized by the Regional Government Lamandau Regency, there is a decree from the Ministry of Environment Life and Forestry, and the realization of national security by the Community The adat of Laman Kinipan still cannot be felt by indigenous peoples. The output that has not been felt by the beneficiaries is Indigenous Communities The Kinipan page shows the implementation of this national security has not materialized. The conclusion is with the efforts of the Alliance of Indigenous Peoples of the Archipelago in resolution of the Laman Kinipan Land conflict with the stages of community organizing, visioning, planning, and implementation and evaluation to realize national security by being linked through elements of environmental security and human security.

Technological Sovereignty and Demographic Growth as Key Elements of State Security in the Current Geopolitical Reality

This paper examines the importance of enhancing policies of technological sovereignty and demographic growth in order to increase the economic power of the state, which is a key condition for success in the geopolitical confrontation with the United States and NATO countries. The article uses specific and general analysis methods, comparison and analogy method, scientific works of researchers who consider the issue of import substitution and demography, interviews and speeches of persons holding public office, as well as the author’s empirical observations of the processes of public administration in these areas. Having considered the issue, the author has come to conclusion that to ensure the parity of the Russian economy with the world leaders, it is necessary to focus on the development of domestic high-tech production. Moreover, it should be combined with a change in the approach to the solving of the demographic problem by focusing on the resettlement of citizens in the framework of individual housing construction.

Care Beyond Newborn Survival Including Child Health and Early Childhood Development; Mental and Psychological Health.

Last couple of decades have witnessed a substantial decline in child mortality. Now, the need of the hour is to ensure the quality survival of children beyond infancy. Adverse events in the first few years of life have a long-lasting effect on child's development, behavior and personality; and effective interventions during this time have maximum impact to prevent these consequences. Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development (NC-ECD) is a concept adapted worldwide by health agencies to improve the level of optimum care to children in the first 1000 days as promotion of Early Childhood Development (ECD) is integral for overall social and financial progress of the country and its population. The five components of NC-ECD include good health, adequate nutrition, responsive caregiving, safety and security, and opportunities for early learning. This five-pillar approach emphasizes upon providing quality care by catering to needs like responsive caregiving, safe and secure environment and better learning opportunities apart from health and nutrition, which are already addressed by various health programs. Taking care of mental health of child as well as caregiver is another important aspect of providing optimum care to these children. To accomplish these goals, there is a need to integrate ECD with existing public health programmes with additional focus on elements of early learning opportunities, safety and security, and responsive caregiving.

Information security as an object of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of information security as a component of the national security of Ukraine. The rapid development of digitalization in Ukraine, which we have observed in recent years, has provoked the creation of the newest information society and, as a result, the emergence of such phenomena as "cyber threats" and "cyber attacks" in banking, military, critical infrastructure, etc. In this regard, the state quite justifiably refers to information security as an independent element of national security. Information security acquired a new sound due to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. The aggressor state carries out brutal insidious military actions not only on the territory of our state, but also in the information space. Special information operations of the Russian Federation are aimed at key democratic institutions (in particular, electoral ones), and special services of the aggressor state are trying to intensify internal contradictions in Ukraine and other democratic states. The technologies of the hybrid war against Ukraine, including the models and mechanisms of information intervention, applied by the Russian Federation are spreading to other states, quickly adapting to local contexts and regulatory policies. The need to guarantee information security is determined, firstly, by the need to ensure the national security of Ukraine as a whole, secondly, by the existence of such threats to the information sphere of the country that can cause significant damage to general national interests, and thirdly, by taking into account the fact that with the help of information it is possible influence a change in people's consciousness and behavior. The task of information security is the creation of a system for countering information threats and the protection of one's own information space, information infrastructure, and information resources of the state. State policy on ensuring information security is an important component of national security. It should be based on the systematic preventive activity of state administration bodies regarding the provision of information security guarantees to individuals, social groups, society and the state as a whole. The study of information security as an object of crimes against the foundations of the national security of Ukraine in the conditions of war is important and extremely relevant.

Information security outsourcing in a resource-sharing environment: The impacts of attack modes

Information security outsourcing has become an emerging trend in the operations of information security, but the relation between information assets of firms and attack modes of hackers have failed to be considered. Through building a game-theoretic model, this article analyzes security outsourcing of two firms who share their information resource with each other and are confronted with opportunistic attacks and targeted attacks. We find that in the case of security decisions in-house, the firms may obtain a lower expected cost and the hacker may derive a lower expected benefit under targeted attacks than under opportunistic attacks, even though targeted attacks are widely deemed to be more harmful to the firms. When outsourcing security operations to a MSSP (Managed Security Service Provider), we reveal that under targeted attacks the MSSP can reap a higher expected benefit and the hacker can still derive a lower expected benefit. Finally, we examine the effects of key security elements and find some interesting results. In particular, the MSSP may or may not benefit from the degree of resource sharing, and the hacker may suffer from its learning ability.

TYPES OF RELIEF ELEMENTS ON BANKNOTES AND WAYS TO IMITATE THEM

The article is devoted to the consideration of methods for imitation of relief elements and perforation in the manufacture of counterfeit banknotes. In the manufacture of banknotes in modern conditions, the latest scientific and technical achievements are used. The reliability of protection of banknotes from forgery is ensured by the simultaneous use of a complex of security features of different levels. With the development of technological progress, new protective elements appear, and the reproduction of those already introduced into production gradually becomes available for reproduction by counterfeiters. In an effort to bring the appearance of counterfeit banknotes closer to those issued by issuing institutions, criminals use various techniques to imitate security elements and materials. Most often, they try to imitate the so-called public elements, known to most citizens and perceived by sight or by touch. A variety of relief elements are an indispensable attribute of the design of any banknote. Relief elements are among the important public security elements of banknotes issued for cash circulation. They are informative and easily perceived visually and tactilely. In addition to the protective function, they provide convenience for people with visual impairments to recognize the denomination of a banknote. At the same time, even a primitive forgery of the relief element of a banknote can mislead an ordinary citizen, because it imitates the presence of a corresponding sign or image. The article describes the technology of applying embossed signs, the concepts of «painted» and «unpainted» embossed signs, and elements with KIPP-effect or PEAK-effect, as well as these concepts are illustrated with examples using banknotes that are issued by issuing institutions. The methods of imitation of relief signs on counterfeit banknotes are highlighted and illustrated by cases from expert practice, namely: by making special relief forms and applying colourless embossing in the areas of the elements corresponding to the elements applied by intaglio printing on banknotes; imitation of relief elements on counterfeit banknotes, implemented by applying to the areas where relief elements should be located on a real banknote, convex strokes of arbitrary shape, or strokes formed by individual dots, which may not match the coloured image in content; creating relief by applying a layer of a transparent substance to the location of the corresponding inscription or image, made by inkjet or another non-relief printing method; by «powdering» a non-gravure print of a wet ink image with polymer powder on the face of the note to create a relief effect. The article gives a brief definition of micro-perforation, describes the technology of applying micro-perforation on banknotes, and provides illustrations of banknotes with elements applied by micro-perforation. Using examples from expert practice, methods for simulating perforation on counterfeit banknotes are considered, illustrating the features of the corresponding imitation method.

Legal issues of the effectiveness of the security and defense sector's security forces in view of the need to comply with the constitutional principles of activity

The article examines the legal issues of the effectiveness of the security forces of the security and defence sector with a view to the need to comply with constitutional principles in their activities. The system of ensuring national security of the Ukrainian State should create a unified State and legal mechanism which clearly defines the elements of security, and should solve tasks and perform functions to protect the vital interests of an individual, the State and society within the powers defined by current legislation. The author identifies the need for development of legislation and other legal acts regulating relations in the area of national security, which, in turn, requires, of course, a new legal understanding which is to be applied in law-making and law implementation.