Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Research Articles

Cloud Point Extraction as an Environmentally Friendly Technique for Sample Preparation

Cloud point extraction is a sample preparation technique that involves using surfactants that are not harmful to the environment. It is based on micelle formation in which the extracted compound is encapsulated in the hydrophobic core of the micelles, which are the extracting agent. The most commonly used surfactants are nonionic. The others are anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic. The effectiveness of cloud point extraction might be enhanced by the addition of neutral salts, the application of proper pH, as well as acidic conditions and temperature. This sample preparation technique may be applied to extract analytes from the following matrices, such as biological and environmental samples. Cloud point extraction may be combined with various analytical techniques and detectors such as HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS, HPLC-FLD, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, gas chromatography, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. When it is combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, the limit of quantitation is low—even of the order of ng/L. The recovery of the analyte may reach the value of 100%.

The content of metallic trace elements in rice-containing products used in the diet of infants and young children - health risks for consumers.

Infants and young children are a group that is particularly sensitive to harmful substances. Therefore, products intended for consumption by infants and young children are subject to the requirements of food law and must meet high quality, microbiological, and chemical requirements. The study aimed to determine the content and assessment of exposure to selected metallic trace elements: arsenic, chromium, and nickel, in products marketed in Poland intended for consumption by infants (after 4 months) and small children (after 12 months). The research material consisted of 55 samples of products from 14 brands. The content of arsenic (<0.19-5.03 mg/kg), chromium (<0.08-0.88 mg/kg), and nickel (<0.41-3.24 mg/kg) was determined in the mineralized samples using the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) method. The obtained values of element concentrations were used to estimate the non-cancer and cancer health risk of infants (6-11 months) and young children (1-2 years). Food for infants and young children does not pose a significant threat resulting from the chromium and nickel content in these products. Daily consumption of rice-based products by children carries the possibility of non-cancer and cancer risk, which is a consequence of the arsenic content in these products.

Determination of Desferrioxamine in the Drug Desferal™ as DFOM-Au (III) Complex by Using Indirect Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Other Techniques.

استحدث طريقة تحليلية غير مباشرة لتعيين المادة الفعالة الدسفيروكسامين في دواء الدسفرال من خلال تفاعل هذا المركب مع عنصر الذهب الثلاثي لتكون معقد مخلبي يجري استخلاصه بمذيب رابع كلوريد الكربون وحقن حجم معيين من هذا المستخلص في الفرن الغرافيتي المطلي بكربيد الزركونيوم . جرى دراسة معرفة تكوين وتركيب المعقد DFOM-Au(III)) بالتقنيات المعروفة مثل مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء ومطيافية الاشعة الفوبنفسجية-المرئية وتبين ان النسبة المولية للعضيدة-الفلز هي 1:1. لقد تم دراسة العوامل التجربية التي تؤثر على تكوين هذا المعقد من خلال حساب الممتصية الذرية بالفرن الكرافيتي للحصول على الظروف الامثلية . كما تم تثبيت ارقام الاستحقاق التحليلية (figures of merits ) من منحنيات المعايرة كالمدى الخطي والحساسية وحد الكشف ونسبة الاسترداد بالمائة والدقة المعبر عنها بالاستنساخيه . جرى تطبيق هذه الطريقة لتعيين الدسفيروكسامين في دواء الدسفرال ووجد ان تركيزه هو 488 و 484 ملغم / وحدة في هذا الدواء باستعمال المعايرة المباشرة واضافات القياس على التوالي مقارنة بالكمية المصرحة على العبوة وهي 500 ملغم / وحدة . كانت نتائج مطيافية الامتصاص الذري غير المباشرة ومطيافية الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية-المرئية المباشرة متفقة إذ نفذت معظم الحسابات الاحصائية باستخدام البرنامج الحاسوبي (Minitab version 11) .

Environmental impact of lead in soybeans (Glycine max L.) marketed in the canton of Quevedo, Ecuador

The bioaccumulation of lead in soybean crops, originating in contaminated soils, represents a significant environmental problem and a risk to public health due to the inherent toxic metal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact of lead in samples of soybeans (Glycine max L.) marketed in the canton of Quevedo, Ecuador. Grain samples were collected randomly, in triplicate, from four local markets during a period of [indicate period] and a control sample from a non-contaminated cultivation area. The samples were subjected to a preparation process that included drying, grinding, acid digestion with concentrated HNO₃ and HCl, and dilution. Lead determination was carried out by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The calculation of the lead contamination index was performed using a standardized equation, contrasting the results obtained with the maximum allowable limits established by national (NTE INEN 452:2013) and international (Codex Alimentarius, European Union) regulations. The results evidenced an average concentration of lead in the soybean samples of 1.15 ± 0.13 mg.kg-1, significantly exceeding the maximum allowable limits. The calculated contamination index indicated a high level of contamination in the analyzed grains, which represents a risk to both the ecosystem and human health when consumed. These findings underscore the need to implement environmental and food management strategies to reduce lead contamination in soybean crops, thus ensuring food safety and public health protection.

Limiting the aging process of spinel-based Li-ion cells by cathode sulfur doping

Limiting the aging process of spinel-based Li-ion cells by cathode sulfur doping

Arsenic in Bosnia and Herzegovina market seafood: Effects of matrix modifiers on measured concentration

Arsenic concentration in seafood could potentially reach very high levels and represent a significant health risk for humans. In this study, the concentration of arsenic in various seafood: crabs (shrimp, prawns), molluscs (mussels), and cephalopods (squid) available both fresh on the market and frozen in supermarkets in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina were determined by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The results obtained using different matrix modifiers: Mg(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, and mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 were compared. The best recovery rate of 98.4 % arsenic for the reference material ERM-CE278k, was achieved after the addition of the mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 . The mean arsenic concentrations were 1.551 ? 0.836 mg kg-1 1.298 ? 0.410 mg kg-1, and 2.794 ? 0.958 mg kg-1 for crustaceans, molluscs and cephalopods, respectively, by using mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 as matrix modifier. Arsenic concentrations in the same sample measured using different matrix modifiers varied widely, even above 70 %. With the current consumption rate of seafood products, both cancerogenic and non-cancerogenic risks associated with exposure to arsenic through seafood are very low for the residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Unveiling concentrations of trace elements in the Lower Indus River: risks to aquatic life and human health

Concentration of trace elements (CTEs) is a significant environmental concern worldwide. This study assessed CTE levels in the Lower Indus River (LIR) by analyzing CTEs in water, sediments, tissues of fish (Cirrhinus mrigala), and macrophytes using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The study shows that CTE range—arsenic (As, 58.7–112.1 μg/L), lead (Pb, 59.9–95.6 μg/L), cadmium (Cd, 3.8–8.1 μg/L), nickel (Ni, 40.9–63.4 μg/L), and zinc (Zn, 590.7–847.6 μg/L)—and water parameters (temperature, pH, COD, BOD, turbidity, and alkalinity) exceeded WHO (World Health Organization) acceptable limits. The CTEs (mg/kg dried basis) were analyzed in fish tissues, and As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn have the following accumulation order: liver &amp;gt; gill &amp;gt; muscle. In contrast, Ag and Pb were present in higher amounts in gills than in the liver (gill &amp;gt; liver &amp;gt; muscle). Prediction of bioavailability of CTEs, with the extraction of sediment load with EDTA, revealed that As, Cd, and Zn were among the most bioavailable elements in the LIR. Health risk assessment indicated that the presence of CTEs in the fish could pose potential adverse health effects on humans. The study emphasizes significant ecological and health concerns due to fish consumption in the affected region, noting high risks of non-carcinogenic effects. These insights are essential for policymakers and stakeholders in Sindh Province to manage and reduce trace element pollution.

Organomineral material for preconcentration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry determination of Hg(II), Sn(II) in high-salinity natural and drinking waters with slurry sampling

Organomineral material for preconcentration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry determination of Hg(II), Sn(II) in high-salinity natural and drinking waters with slurry sampling

Evaluation of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel Content in Various Types of Nuts: Almonds, Cashews, Hazelnuts, Peanuts, and Walnuts - Health Risk of Polish Consumers.

World production and consumption of nuts continue to rise year on year. Nuts, due to their high nutrient content, are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. A potential health risk may result from the consumption of nuts contaminated with metallic trace elements like cadmium or lead. In this research, we measured the content of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni in various edible nuts. All elements were detected using the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry analytical technique (ETAAS). The study material comprised 69 nut samples including almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, peanuts, and walnuts available on the Polish market. Indicators such as the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were used to assess the health risk of consumers. The concentrations of elements in all analyzed samples of nuts were as follows: Cd: peanuts > almonds > hazelnuts > walnuts > cashews, Pb: peanuts > almonds > hazelnuts > walnuts > cashews, Ni: cashews > peanuts > walnuts > hazelnuts > almonds, Cr: almonds > cashews & hazelnuts > peanuts > walnuts. Health risk indicators estimated for consumers whose diet is rich in nuts, in which metallic trace elements were recorded, indicate that an unacceptable impact may occur, and the risk of negative health effects (non-cancer) will be moderate to high.

Determination of rare earth elements in synthetic calcium phosphates by high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Ceramic, cement and composite biomaterials have been developed based on hydroxyapatites (HA) and tricalcium phosphates (TCP), which are analogous in phase and chemical composition to the mineral component of bone tissue. The crystal structures of HA and TCP are arranged in isomorphic substitutions. Recently, research has focused on the modification of HA and TCP structures with ions of various metals, including rare earth ions (REEs), with the aim of creating materials with a range of beneficial properties for medical applications. REEs are known to have a number of useful properties, including antibacterial, antitumour, catalytic, magnetic and luminescent properties. The replacement of some of the Ca ions in the structures of HA and TCP with REE ions therefore makes it possible to obtain a material with biocompatibility and biological activity, giving it the required properties depending on the REE used and its concentration. In order to achieve the specified properties, it is necessary to control not only the structure (phase composition, lattice parameters of the powders) and the presence of characteristic functional groups, but also the chemical elemental composition. Modifications of hydroxyapatites and tricalcium phosphates containing from one to several different alloying elements are currently being developed. Various analytical methods are used for this purpose, including X-ray, atomic emission and a number of others. This article is devoted to the study of the analytical capabilities of the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization and a continuous spectrum source in relation to the determination of Eu and Yb in hydroxyapatites and tricalcium phosphates. The article considers the optimal conditions and modes of analysis, including temperature-time programs, the use of modifiers, the construction of calibration curves, and other factors that can be adjusted for more precise results. The results demonstrated the possibility of simultaneous determination of both Eu and Yb in the concentration range of 0.09 to 2 wt.%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 6 rel.%.

A green procedure for the determination of bioavailable forms of aluminum in natural waters by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy combined with microextraction technique.

Aluminum is a prevalent element in nature, but bioavailable forms of aluminum are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. The present study is dedicated to the development of an ecologically friendly, fast, simple, reliable, sensitive, and accurate improved procedure for the determination of subtrace concentrations of bioavailable forms of aluminum in natural waters. The procedure includes the separation and pre-concentration of bioavailable forms of aluminum using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) of ionic associates with salicylaldehyde 4-picolinhydrazone (SAPH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (DDSNa) by isoamylacetate (200μl) and direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). The SAPH reagent interacts only with water-soluble forms of aluminum. SAPH is used for the pre-concentration of bioavailable forms of aluminum as well as a chemical modifier; it increases the absorbance and the precision of the analytical signal of aluminum. The calibration curve shows the linear dependence in the range of 0.05-86μg⋅L-1 of the aluminum concentration (R2 = 0.992), with the limit of detection at 0.015μg⋅L-1 and the limit of quantification at 0.05μg⋅L-1. The accuracy of the proposed procedure for bioavailable forms of aluminum determination was verified on model solutions and against a reference method on natural samples of river and lake waters (RSD 3.2-5.2%, recovery 97.1-103.4%).

Natural deep eutectic based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidified floating organic drop for cadmium determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization (DLLME-SFOD-NADES-ETAAS)

Natural deep eutectic based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and solidified floating organic drop for cadmium determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization (DLLME-SFOD-NADES-ETAAS)

Ionic Liquid-Solidified Floating Organic Drop Microextraction for the Preconcentration of Lead in Environmental Water Samples Prior to Its Determination with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

This research investigates the utilization of an ionic liquid combination of solidified floating organic drop micro-extraction (IL-SFODME) to augment the concentration of trace amounts of lead, working as a preliminary stage before electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) analysis without the use of chelating agents. Key parameters impacting the microextraction efficiency-including pH, the volume of the ionic liquid (1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, HMIMPF6), temperature, extraction time, and stirring speed-were methodically examined to determine optimal conditions. Under detected optimized conditions, an enhancement factor of 71.2 was obtained for a 15 mL sample solution. The calibration curve exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 0.2-2.5 µg/L, with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.054 µg/L and a quantification limit (10σ) of 0.18 µg/L. For seven replicate measurements of 0.5 µg/L lead, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was ±2.30%. This method was effectively implemented to extract and quantify lead in both reference water and different real water samples, showcasing significantly efficient extraction performance.

Determination of Cr and Ni in seawater by high-resolution electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a continuous spectrum source

Determination of Cr and Ni in seawater by high-resolution electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a continuous spectrum source

Multi-element analysis (Pb, Al, Fe) of Antarctic flora using HR-CS ETAAS with an extended working range

Multi-element analysis (Pb, Al, Fe) of Antarctic flora using HR-CS ETAAS with an extended working range

Vanadium speciation using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with ion-imprinted polymer and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

ABSTRACT For selective extraction of vanadium (V) from water and food samples, ion-imprinted polymer was synthesised on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, the complex of V(V)-8-hydroxyquinoline, 4-vinylpyridine, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used as the template of V(V), functional monomer, cross-linker, and the core, respectively. The prepared sorbent was characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersion X-ray, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The extracted vanadium (V) was assessed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The total vanadium in the solution was extracted and determined after oxidation of V(IV) to V(V) by hydrogen peroxide. Under optimised conditions, limits of detection and quantification of 2.9, and 10.0 ng L−1 were obtained, respectively. The maximum capacity of sorbent was 44.1 mg g−1. The method was successfully employed for the extraction and quantification of vanadium species in different water samples and total vanadium in food samples.

Quantification of regulated metals in recycled post-consumer polypropylene through comparative ICP-MS, AAS and LIBS analyses

Quantification of regulated metals in recycled post-consumer polypropylene through comparative ICP-MS, AAS and LIBS analyses

Lower Plasma Selenium Level in Primary Malignant Bone Tumors: A Survey Research

Objective: To compare plasma selenium levels in primary bone tumor patients with clinically healthy Thai subjects. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on plasma selenium of primary bone tumor patients aged above 12 years old was obtained at Siriraj Hospital. The plasma samples were used for selenium assay by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption spectrometry method. The plasma selenium levels were compared with the clinically healthy Thai subjects or within primary bone tumor groups (age: below or above 30 years, gender: male or female, benign or malignant tumor, metastasis or non-metastasis). Results: One hundred and nine primary bone tumor patients were included in this study. Plasma selenium level in clinically healthy Thai subjects aged more than 30 years old was significantly higher than a primary bone tumor group (121.71 ± 19.96 g/L vs 111.88 ± 23.62 g/L, mean difference -9.83, p-value = 0.017). The plasma selenium levels within the primary bone tumor patients did not exhibit significant differences when compared across genders, age groups below and above 30 years old, benign and malignant tumors, or between metastatic and non-metastatic tumor cases. Conclusion: A patient with a history of malignant bone tumors tends to have a lower level of plasma selenium than normal people. However, the study of selenium supplementation for those who have a higher risk of developing malignant bone tumors is needed in the future.

Combination of a magnetic ionic liquid and magnetic particles for the determination of Pb(II) and Sn(IV) using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Combination of a magnetic ionic liquid and magnetic particles for the determination of Pb(II) and Sn(IV) using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Rapid and sensitive determination of trace Cd in carbonate samples using direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic absorption spectrometry

Rapid and sensitive determination of trace Cd in carbonate samples using direct solid sampling electrothermal vaporization atomic absorption spectrometry