Electronic Voting System Research Articles

DECENTRALIZED ELECTRONIC VOTING USING SMART CONTRACTS (DEV-SC)

For a citizen, voting is the fundamental tool to bring change in the country for good governance, through electing suitable candidates or a party to give them the power to govern. There are many forms of elections be it in the democratic or monarch systems. Each way, the vote has the power to elect the next people’s representatives. For a long time, paper-based voting was the only system being used globally for years; after the dot-com bubble, many countries emerged with electronic voting. But the problems such as security, transparency, and integrity of elections and the voting process are still under question. The issue with paper-based voting was accessibility, voter turns around and tallies, electronic voting has its own advantages and disadvantages such as a single point of failure, trustful systems, and loopholes to forge the electronic voting systems to alter the outcomes. To solve the problems related to the electronic voting process security, integrity, and transparency, an advanced approach is required to adopt. With the advancement of technologies, 4th industry revolution technologies give us Blockchain, Distributed Ledger and Smart Contract types of technologies which may be beneficial to solve the current problems in electronic voting systems. In this paper, we proposed a research-based case study to implement Decentralized Electronic Voting using Smart Contracts (DEV-SC) to solve security, transparency, and integrity-related problems available in the electronic voting process. This will ensure and enhance the voting process easily, trustable, and verifiable.

End to end secure e-voting using blockchain & quantum key distribution

A blockchain is a revolutionary computational data structure that enables an open, public, distributed ledger with a wide range of uses. Any new cryptographic application, on the other hand, should take into consideration expected technical improvement during the lifetime of any possibly deployed systems, many of which will be in use for decades. This document addresses the weaknesses of blockchain technology as a result of the development of quantum computers, as well as general recommendations for making blockchain more resistant to such technological breakthroughs. As a result, utilizing a special approach, this work shows many steps of the suggested electronic voting system. The method contains the idea of electronic voting using Quantum key distribution and blockchain security. Explicitly an extended version of the blockchain-based e-voting system to several networks applications. This work also describes the architecture, design, and design constraints of such a voting system in our society with implementation implications.

Consolidating Indonesia’s Fragile Elections Through E-Voting: Lessons Learned from India and the Philippines

This research argues that implementing the electronic voting (e-voting) system in Indonesia is urged following the nation's first-ever 2019 simultaneous elections, which cost a deadly price of 527 election official lives of reported extreme fatigue during and after the event. Billed as "the world's most complex election", it has reached a consensus that the current manual election system, in which five different paper-based elections are voted at a time, has to be changed. Not to mention that the long-time gap between the voting day and the result announcement may create an opportunity for election fraud. This is evidenced by loads of electoral dispute lawsuits from the previous election brought to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia accused the others of cheating. This research stresses that despite the controversies of whether Indonesia, an archipelagic country with more than 17 thousand islands and 267 million people, is ready for e-voting. Whether the application of technology is an appropriate response to the election problems? E-voting is desired as a long-term solution and intends to solve many issues such as speeding the counting of ballots, reducing the cost of elections, providing accessibility for disabled voters, and increasing overall voter turnout.

SecureBallot: A secure open source e-Voting system

Voting is one of the most important acts through which a community can make a collective decision. In recent years, many works have focused on improving traditional voting mechanisms and, as a result, a wide range of electronic voting (e-Voting) systems have been proposed. Even though some approaches have achieved a proper level of usability, the main challenges of e-Voting are essentially still open: protect the privacy of participants, guarantee secrecy, anonymity, integrity, uniqueness, and authenticity of votes, while making e-Voting as trustful as voting. In order to address this issue, we present SecureBallot, a secure open-source e-Voting system that completely decouples the voter identification and voting phases by means of proven cryptographic technologies. The effectiveness of SecureBallot is demonstrated both theoretically, by presenting a formal verification of the whole protocol and assessing the security properties of its software components, and practically, by proposing a case study of university elections that contains all the challenges of a generic voting process.

E-ballot System Based on Blockchain Technology

Constructing a secure e-voting system which provides the equality and privacy of existing voting programmes, while offering the transparency and flexibility of electronic voting systems has been a dispute for ages. The process of building a system which offers all the four parameters of efficiency is the goal of this e-ballot system. The e-ballot system works on the basis of a pre entered set of data that is tagged to a government approved identity or election voter id card. The voter is required to scan the card to authenticate his identity. Our paper proposes the usage of blockchain technology as a service, and distributed ledger systems to implement the e-voting system. In brief we study the current voting system along with the potential of blockchain technology and the usage of it in accordance with the process of a nationwide election. We aim at the overall security of the electronic voting system overcoming the flaws of the existing system while being cost efficient. The paper presented is constructed with the use of Arduino as a microcontroller in terms of hardware and software. Python is used as the software service to implement the requirements of blockchain. Techniques and tools used at the first phase such as RFID, Smart Contract and Blockchain which are further implemented at multiple processes along the election. Thereby making it possible to register and vote anonymously, this ensures that voter details are not visible nor can be tampered by any third party. The ideas presented are built upon the necessity for convenient, smooth and successful elections taking place.

Comparative Study of Blockchain Techniques in Electronic Voting System

Building an electronic voting system that fulfils the legal requirements, improves the security, and decreases the cost of hosting elections has been a difficult task. Blockchain technology offers a wide variety of solutions from which we can benefit from. The purpose of this report is to highlight our proposal to solve problems related to voting by using the blockchain technologies. The report starts by outlining the problems related to the current voting system, then a brief explanation of blockchain technology and its pros, cons and uses. The main section of the report discusses the different methods of electronic voting system based on blockchain and their limitations. The final section of this paper concludes the position of the blockchain voting system in today's world.

Next-Generation Digital Voting System

Building an electronic voting system that meets legislators' legal criteria has been a long-standing challenge. Distributed ledger technologies are a revolutionary innovation in the field of information technology. Blockchain technologies can be used in an unlimited number of ways to profit from sharing economies. All current electronic voting methods have a fundamental design problem. They're designed to be tightly controlled, which means there seems to be one source in charge of the code base, database, and system outputs, as well as the monitoring tools to ensure the results are accurate. Due to the lack of an independently verified output, these centralized systems struggle to gain the trustworthiness necessary by voters, either restricting voter participation or casting doubt on the election's declared results. The study seeks to use the cryptographic ledger as a safe transaction database to establish an immutable, verifiable, and secure online voting system. Voters will be able to independently audit the inclusion of their vote, as well in the election's overall outcome, using this public ledger, while knowing that the results cannot be altered due to the immutability of the Blockchain.

Analysis of Homomorphic Cryptosystems of Benaloh and Paillier for the Construction of an Electronic Voting System

The analysis of the performance of two cryptographic algorithms (Paillier and Benaloh), in order to apply them in the construction of electronic voting systems is carried out. A description of each system and their homomorphic properties is given. Electronic voting systems based on these schemes are described. The requirements for the voting system are formulated and a comparative analysis of the voting systems based on the schemes of Paillier and Benaloh is carried out. The analysis showed that the Paillier scheme is the best and simplest method for building secure electronic voting systems, while the Benaloh scheme is more complex and computationally more time-consuming.

TINDAK LANJUT TERHADAP PENERAPAN ELEKTRONIK VOTING DALAM PELAKSANAAN PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH BERDASARKAN PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN

The thesis focuses on determining the application of Electronic Voting used for the General Election of Regional Heads in Indonesia. Electronic Voting is a system that utilizes electronic devices and processes digital information to create ballots, cast votes, calculate vote acquisitions, display vote acquisitions and maintain and generate audit trails. E-voting is considered to be applied for utilization on the scale of General Elections to Regions that one may achieve election effectiveness and efficiency. Aside from that, it can decrease costs of realization, shorten the voting time to the vote-counting process, and certain other advantages obtained from the realization of Electronic Voting. The problem of this research is how to follow up the juridical regulation on the realization of e-voting in the utilization of Regional Head Election based on the laws and regulations in Indonesia, furthermore find out the legal problems of implementing e-voting in the Regional Head Election in Indonesia. The type of research used is normative juridical, namely legal research methods execute by examining library materials or secondary materials. The previous section has broadly described that there is a vacuum of Electronic Voting system in the application of the General Election to the Regions. After all, there is no KPU regulation whichever would be used as the basis for applying this Electronic Voting system, as much as this system demand to be reviewed It be implemented yet because there are deficiencies in the application of the Electronic Voting System process that would eventually fail the implementation.

Blockchain Based Voting System

The Voting/Electoral system is that the backbone of Each and Every Country and Organization. The main goal of voting (in a scenario where the citizens have a right to vote) is to come up with their leader of their choice. At Present there are various voting is conducted in various methods such as Ballot Voting, E-Voting also known as Electronic Voting System, Missed Call Voting. Various problems are during Election Period as some of them include ridging votes/fake votes during election, insecure or inaccessible polling stations, inadequate materials and also inexperienced personnel.To overcome this problems we have used Blockchain Technology to make Unique ID’s for each vote.In this paper, we have tried to sort out issues faced by various voting systems.And make Voting more Secure by using various authentications.

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The article discusses security measures designed to guarantee the rights of voters. The main goals that are achieved when using electronic and remote voting systems are formulated. It has been proved that elections must be free and fair, with all declared observance of all proclaimed electoral principles. A proposal for an e-voting program is being considered, which will keep the voter from leaving the ballot blank, but will give a warning in advance that a blank ballot may be declared invalid, which will significantly reduce the number of lost votes and spoiled ballots. Emphasis is placed on the main difference between voting by telephone and voting on the Internet, which is that voting via a computer network requires a number of security measures aimed at protecting the system from outside influences. Particular attention is paid to the study of the experience of foreign countries in the application of each method of voting. Problematic issues of the process of democratic transformations in Ukrainian society are studied. The sources that enshrine the right of a person to file individual complaints with international human rights bodies are indicated, and only international agreements can be found. It is proved that a citizen cannot file an application if the state has not acceded to the relevant agreement and, moreover, has not undertaken to recognize the competence of the international body specified in the agreement. The author draws attention to the fact that when holding elections to local self-government bodies, electoral associations and political parties and their structural subdivisions are also recognized as another public organization that simultaneously meets the following conditions: an association of citizens according to the Law of Ukraine �On public associations�, at a level corresponding to the level of elections, or at a higher level. The study conducted in this article gives grounds for the following conclusions: a specific form of implementation of public law is their application, which is carried out by state and/or municipal authorities. This form of realization of public law is connected with the concept of protective norms of law which are called to provide us by the citizen of the subjective right at the loading of the legal mechanism of protection in case of obstacles in realization of the given public right, including the right to choose and be chosen. In our deep conviction, the priority of protecting the voting rights of citizens must be guaranteed. And it is in the election results that the will of the citizens is materialized, they are the end product of the realization of their voting rights. If such guarantees are not formulated in law and are not observed by courts and election commissions, mechanisms are inevitably established that allow manipulating election results against the will of voters.

Biometric Authentication in E-Voting through RNN

In a democratic country the election process and the right to vote are one of the most significant aspects. This is due to the fact that in a democratic country the sole administrator and the decision maker for the entire country needs to be elected in a fair and just manner from amongst the citizens of the country. This procedure has been effectively performed manually and physically by the utilization of ballot elections. This is a highly inefficient form of election that needs to be upgraded in this day and age of information and electronic supremacy. But the considerable concerns for developing an electronic voting scheme was the security concerns regarding multiple voting performed by a single person. Therefore to introduce an effective and useful technique which also addresses the security concerns an effective methodology for electronic voting through facial recognition has been proposed in this research article. The proposed methodology utilizes the open-source open CV library along with Recurrent Neural Networks to achieve highly accurate facial recognition for a secure electronic voting system. This approach has been significantly e evaluated for their performance metric which has achieved suitable results.

A Manipulation Prevention Model for Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems

Security and trust are seen as the most important issues in electronic voting systems. Therefore, it is necessary to use cryptographic procedures to ensure anonymity, security, privacy, and reliability in these systems. In recent years, blockchain has become one of the most commonly used methods for securing data storage and transmission through decentralized applications. E-voting is one of these application areas. However, data manipulation is still seen as a major potential problem in e-voting systems. In theproposed model, administrators or miners are prevented from previewing election results which are normally accessible data due to the blockchain structure. A double-layer encryption model is proposed and tested to prevent manipulations that may occur with the election results. It is ensured that the election results can be counted after the participation of all stakeholders at the end. In this way, potential manipulations may be prevented during the election period. As a result of the model, the privacy of voters is ensured, no central authority is needed, and the recorded votes are kept in a distributed structure.

Voting System Based on Blockchain

Online ballot box system has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental protection, but the existing network voting technology still has a lot of matter. Almost all electronic voting system could be proved to be intrusion. The administrator of the system could tamper with the data for benefit, and the system may be attacked by hackers. The safety and fairness of the existing network voting system depend entirely on the safety and credibility of the website itself, but these cannot guarantee the fairness of voting. Make full use of blockchain technology, so that voting, even if there are malicious participants, but also to ensure the correctness and safety of the vote. The introduction of block chain technology, block chain has decentralized, data tampering and other characteristics. P2P network is applied in the block chain layer to construct a distributed database, digital signature algorithm and encryption technology are used to ensure that the data cannot be tampered with, consensus network algorithm is used to ensure the consistency of the data in the network, and timestamp technology is applied to save the data blocks in a chain structure connected end to end. It paper focuses on the implementation of P2P network networking mode, node block synchronization, data and block verification mechanism and consensus mechanism to ensure data consistency in the network layer of block chain layer. Using time stamp, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption and other technologies to design data blocks and use chain structure to store data blocks. Combined with the characteristics of blockchain, a fair and transparent voting system is constructed. Model aims to apply the block chain technology to the voting scenario and design a secure block chain voting architecture. It system is designed and developed based on the block chain system. It makes full use of its decentralization, removes the dependence of electronic voting on trusted third parties, and protects the privacy of voters and candidates. Data cannot be tampered with. Once the data are stored in the block chain, it cannot be tampered with. It provides a real and credible database.

Trends in blockchain-based electronic voting systems

Electronic voting systems face many challenges, including authentication, privacy, data integrity, transparency and verifiability. However, the developed over 10 years ago blockchain technology provides an out-of-the-box solution for many of those challenges. Despite that, some issues are still to be solved, like remote authentication, anonymity and end-to-end verifiability. For this reason, research on new and better blockchain-based systems is still ongoing. The main goal of this study is to highlight the current trends in this research and its eventual shortcomings. This was accomplished by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) (Kitchenham and Charters, 2007), which resulted in selecting 35 publications. The performed SLR allowed to define trends in utilized blockchain technologies, intended scenarios, testing methods, main benefits and challenges faced by various systems and the most used cryptographic solutions.

Novel Blind Signcryption Scheme for E-Voting System Based on Elliptic Curves

To make the electoral process more secure, comfortable, and universal, it is essential to use modern cryptographic techniques for ensuring the anonymity of information in the electronic voting system. In many emerging applications like electronic voting data anonymity as well as un-traceability are the most essential security properties. To ensure these properties we present here in this paper a more secure and comparatively efficient blind signcryption scheme using the Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC). The existing e-voting schemes are based on El-Gamal and the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA) cryptosystems which are not only expensive approaches but also lack the security features like unlinkability and forward secrecy. In our proposed scheme we use a low-cost elliptic curve cryptosystem with 160 bits key as compared to El-Gamal 2048 bits key and RSA 1024 bits key. In this scheme signer signs the message blindly without knowing the original contents then the voter forward signcrypted vote to polling server. The polling server is the actual voter data verifier or validator. The polling server checks the validity/authenticity of the voter and has the right to accept or reject the vote. Moreover, this scheme offers forward secrecy, unlinkability, and non-repudiation in addition to the basic security features like confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, and unforgeability. Overall performance evaluation proves that our scheme is comparatively more efficient in terms of computational and communicational costs. Furthermore, this scheme is suitable for the e-voting system due to its lower cost and extra security features.

Perancangan Sistem Electronic Voting untuk Pemilihan Ketua OSIS di SMAN 25 Garut

The development of increasingly modern technology has been widely used by humans in all aspects, be it education, defense, health, psychology, communication and so on. This is inseparable from the role of technology which makes human work easier, faster and more accurate. The election of the student council president is one of the activities that must be carried out by SMAN 25 Garut every year. Currently the method of selecting the student council president is carried out using conventional techniques, namely voting by punching ballots, then calculating the results of the recapitulation manually. This technique is in fact ineffective and inefficient because it requires a lot of resources. To answer these problems, an electronic voting (e-voting) system is proposed. E-voting is seen as being able to answer these problems because it can facilitate and speed up the voting process and vote counting so that the spent resources can be minimized. The e-voting system was built using the system development life cycle (SDLC). Which consists of identification, analysis, design, construction, testing, implementation. The testing phase was carried out by observing, interviewing, and studying literature. The results of the analysis were then analyzed, then designed using UML modeling. Meanwhile, the application program is designed using the CodeIgniter framework, the PHP programming language and the MySQL database. Based on the results of research and testing, it is concluded that the e-voting system is more effective in terms of implementation, and more efficient in terms of costs, personnel and implementing personnel.

A DESINFORMAÇÃO NO PROCESSO ELETRÔNICO DE VOTAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE SOB O ASPECTO DA COMPETÊNCIA INFORMACIONAL DO INDIVÍDUO

A democracia pressupõe a participação das pessoas em processos decisórios que, em alguma medida, afetam individual e/ou coletivamente suas vidas. Um dos pilares da democracia representativa é a liberdade de expressão, concebida como direito fundamental que, no contexto constitucional brasileiro, garante aos cidadãos a “livre manifestação do pensamento.” Outro sustentáculo, não menos importante, é o direito à informação, igualmente protegido pela Constituição Federal, que garante às pessoas o acesso a conteúdos informacionais de interesse individual e coletivo. Mas o que acontece quando a liberdade de expressão é usada para disseminar informações falsas? E quando esse processo corrompido se utiliza das facilidades tecnológicas e da falta de competência informacional dos usuários para propagar a desinformação no país? É nesse contexto que o sistema de votação eletrônica vem sofrendo ataques constantes, sobretudo no ambiente das redes sociais. O presente artigo tem por objetivo geral mapear os artigos acadêmicos que se debruçam sobre as temáticas competência informacional, desinformação e fake news, além dos objetivos específicos: contextualizar a temática competência informacional e desinformação, identificar ações já desenvolvidas de combate à desinformação no sistema de votação eletrônica brasileiro, e, propor iniciativas educacionais para o seu fortalecimento. A coleta foi realizada no portal Google Acadêmico, utilizando-se os termos “competência em informação”, “desinformação”, “fake news, além de “democracia”, “votação eletrônica” e “urna eletrônica”, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Por fim, apresentou uma proposta para estimular a iniciativa educacional no âmbito dos Tribunais Regionais Eleitorais.

AMVchain: authority management mechanism on blockchain-based voting systems.

As blockchain technology booms, modern electronic voting system leverages blockchain as underlying storage model to make the voting process more transparent, and guarantee immutability of data. However, the transparent characteristic may disclose sensitive information of candidate for all system users have the same right to their information. Besides that, the pseudo-anonymity of blockchain will lead to the disclosure of voters’ privacy and the third-parties such as registration institutions involved in voting process also have possibility of tampering data. To overcome these difficulties, we apply authority management mechanism into blockchain-based voting systems. In this paper, we put forward AMVchain, a fully decentralized and efficient blockchain-based voting system. AMVchain has a three-layer access control architecture, and on each layer, smart contracts are responsible for validation and granting permissions. Linkable ring signature is adopted in the process of voting to protect ballot-privacy. AMVchain also makes a tradeoff between efficiency and concurrency by introducing proxy nodes. The experiments results show that our system meets the basic requirements under the high concurrent users circumstance.

A Cost-Efficient Proof-of-Stake-Voting Based Auditable Blockchain e-Voting System

In recent years, blockchain-based systems have emerged powerfully and led to the development of several new and improved applications in terms of increased security, trust, accountability and reliability. One important trust-based application is electronic voting system which still lacks in providing good throughput while also reducing the costs in voting given the deployment of state-of-the-art technologies. So, there is a need to imply an efficient consensus protocol to impart cost-efficiency as well as better performance of a blockchain-based electronic voting system. This paper focuses on boosting up the cost-efficiency in the voting process, while also being auditable, thus, strengthening the trust of voters on the government and lessening the overall costs incurred in voting. In this paper, Proof-of-Stake-Voting is used as consensus protocol which is observed to give a throughput of 4-5K transactions per second. Then its performance is compared with the other existing consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Authority in terms of gas consumption, gas cost, and throughput. It has been shown through the results that there is a significant difference in the total gas cost, with Proof-of-Stake-Voting protocol consuming 3.1 x 10−7 Ethers (ETH), as compared to the Proof-of-Work, taking 5.42536 x 10−4 ETH and Proof-of-Authority protocols taking 2.49759 x 10−4 ETH.