Electronic Voting System Research Articles

A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis on Scalable Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting Systems.

Electronic voting systems must find solutions to various issues with authentication, data privacy and integrity, transparency, and verifiability. On the other hand, Blockchain technology offers an innovative solution to many of these problems. The scalability of Blockchain has arisen as a fundamental barrier to realizing the promise of this technology, especially in electronic voting. This study seeks to highlight the solutions regarding scalable Blockchain-based electronic voting systems and the issues linked with them while also attempting to foresee future developments. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used to complete the task, leading to the selection of 76 articles in the English language from 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2022 from the famous databases. This SLR was conducted to identify well-known proposals, their implementations, verification methods, various cryptographic solutions in previous research to evaluate cost and time. It also identifies performance parameters, the primary advantages and obstacles presented by different systems, and the most common approaches for Blockchain scalability. In addition, it outlines several possible research avenues for developing a scalable electronic voting system based on Blockchain technology. This research helps future research before proposing or developing any solutions to keep in mind all the voting requirements, merits, and demerits of the proposed solutions and provides further guidelines for scalable voting solutions.

Counterfactual Anonymous Quantum Teleportation in the Presence of Adversarial Attacks and Channel Noise.

Hiding the identity of involved participants in the network, known as anonymity, is a crucial issue in some cryptographic applications such as electronic voting systems, auctions, digital signatures, and Byzantine agreements. This paper proposes a new anonymous quantum teleportation protocol based on counterfactual communication where no information-carrying particles pass through the channel. It is achieved by the distribution of a counterfactual entanglement among the participants in the network followed by the establishment of an anonymous entanglement between the sender and the receiver. Afterwards, the sender can anonymously teleport a quantum state to the receiver by utilizing the anonymous entanglement. However, the practicality of the anonymous quantum network mainly calls for two performance measures—robustness against adversarial attacks and noisy environments. Motivated by these demands, firstly, we prove the security of our proposed protocol and show that it achieves both the sender and receiver’s anonymity in the presence of active adversaries and untrusted parties. Along with anonymity, we also ensure the correctness of the protocol and the privacy of the teleported qubit. Finally, we analyze the robustness of our proposed protocol under the presence of channel noise and compare its fidelity with those of the conventional protocols. The main advantage of our proposed protocol is that it can provide useful anonymous quantum resources for teleportation under noisy environment with a higher security compared to previous protocols.

Electronic Voting System in Pakistan: Benefits and Comparative Analysis with Traditional Voting System

Electronic Voting System in Pakistan: Benefits and Comparative Analysis with Traditional Voting System

VLSI Design and Implementation of Electronic Voting Machine

In place of the ballot papers and boxes that were formerly used in traditional voting systems, an EVM, or electronic voting machine, is used to record votes. The fundamental right to vote, or simply the capacity to cast a ballot, is the cornerstone of democracy. Voters would mark the name of their favourite candidate with a stamp in prior elections, whether they were state or center elections, fold the ballot paper following the instructions, and then place it in the ballot box. This is a time-consuming, difficult, and error-prone operation. This arrangement persisted until computerized voting machines drastically altered the election scene. There is no longer a need for ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. The electronic voting machine's ballot unit is a straightforward box. Biometric identifiers are thought to be more trustworthy than conventional token or knowledge-based approaches for person recognition since they cannot be readily lost, faked, or exchanged. Therefore, depending on contemporary technologies, such as the biometric system, the electronic voting system needs to be enhanced. This article offers a thorough analysis of voting devices, problems, and comparisons of various voting processes and biometric EVMs.

E-voting Maintained by Privacy and Transparency with Public Block Chain

Abstract: Electronic voting is frequently seen as a method for increasing the electoral system's monetary effectiveness and management trust. When implemented correctly, e-voting technologies can increase ballot integrity, accelerate the results mechanism, and simplify the voting process. However, the unit of methodological issues are well-organized. If not meticulously planned and managed, electronic voting has the tendency to endanger the reliability of the system electoral arena. Before selecting to employ new choosing innovations, it is essential to carefully evaluate essential concerns as they will have an impact on the performance of E-voting alternatives. Since the 1970s, electronic voting has been employed in a variety of ways, and it has a number of fundamental strengths beyond paper-based processes, including greater hyperbolic potency and fewer mistakes. Although the strength among these systems versus security vulnerabilities is growing with relevance, it is still complicated to understand their extensive applications. Block chain technology, which aims to increase the reliability of e-voting technologies, also might lead to riots. It demonstrates a potential way to make use of block chain's benefits, such as associated disclosure study, to comprehend a fiscally sustainable topic for electronic voting. The suggested motif satisfies the requirements for electronic voting systems and ensures end-to-end provability. The planned e-voting theme and how it will be implemented on the Multi chain platform are indeed thoroughly explained. The study offers in-depth analysis of a topic that consistently demonstrates its ability to understand a related, end-to-end, validated e-voting concern.

Arduino Based Smart and Remote Voting System with Smart Card Implementation and Dual Biometric Authentication

Abstract: Democracy is a synonym for progress of the nation. Improving voting numbers will boost in overall development of the country. To achieve this task, we propose an IoT based remote electronic voting system, provided with dual biometric authentication, composed of fingerprint verification and face recognition. Instead of paper based identification card, we intent to implement an RFID based smartcard with details of the voter stored in the card, including biometric data saved alongside information like name, age, locality, constituency and even aadhar identification number. This model uses face recognition using Haar cascade and LBPH algorithms, set up using OpenCV libraries. The EVM system captures the face data of the voter, verifies by comparing it with existing face datasets, and upon validation will be allowed to cast their vote.

Online voting system using block chain technology

Voting in online is a reasonable option in contrast to both the conventional paper polling form framework and the generally utilized electronic voting machine. An electronic voting site must be safe and secure. Electing honesty, as well as vote straightforwardness and elector protection, are exceptionally significant contemplations. This paper proposes an electronic voting system based on blockchain that overcomes some of the drawbacks of current democratic systems. A P2P (peer-to-peer) Network is utilized to impart a distributed ledger with voting transactions to make a private blockchain. The application is planned so that the client is totally absent of the intricacy of the fundamental design. Every elector is distinguished by their Aadhar number, which has been supported by the public authority. The application utilizes this number to ensure that every citizen just gets one vote. At the point when a vote is submitted as a transaction, it brings each of the peers up to date. Votes are encrypted and hashed prior to being added to the blockchain, which fortifies security and produces a chain of blocks, since each peer both a private key and a public key.

ELECTRONIC VOTING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE: LEGAL REGULATION AND CURRENT SITUATION

The article examines the concept of electronic voting and counting technologies as well as their increasing use around the world. E-voting is viewed as a mechanism for expressing the will of the people by electronic means and as an automated process of counting votes (without mediation), which is designed to simplify the voting procedure and potentially increase voter turnout. Electronic voting is featured in the article as one of tools for e-democracy. European legal standards for electronic voting are analyzed based on the experience accumulated by the member states of the Council of Europe that have used electronic voting in recent years and the lessons learned.
 The potential and prospects of e-voting system implementation for Ukrainian citizens are discussed in light of the steps taken by the Ukrainian authorities to create preconditions for the introduction of the electronic voting system, legislative initiatives and the existing legal framework that can be used for further legal support of electronic voting in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the role and influence of the main stakeholders on the process of digitalizing elections. The introduction of a novel element into the electoral process has predictably provoked widespread debates about the benefits and risks of electronic voting in the short and long run.
 In conclusion, domestic legislation and practice in the field of e-voting are generalized and recommendations are given on the prospects for the implementation of electronic voting in Ukraine. Due to the complexity of e-voting implementation, it is limited to pilot testing at present. Based on the experience of other countries, it has been determined that electronic voting should be used in parallel with the traditional expression of will. The introduction of new voting technologies should be preceded by the comprehensive and extended preparation for the implementation in terms of the following areas of public policy: technological, legal, educational and communicative.

A Novel Vote Counting System Based on Secure Blockchain

It has long been difficult to create a safe electronic voting system that provides the transparency and flexibility provided by electronic systems, while maintaining the fairness and privacy of present voting methods. Voting, especially during elections, is a technique where participants do not trust one another since the system might be attacked not just by an outsider but also by participants themselves (voters and organizers). The traditional methods of voting systems find it challenging to maintain the characteristics of an ideal voting system since there is a chance of tampering with results and disturbing the process itself. As a result, the effectiveness of the voting system is increased by translating the characteristics of an ideal voting system into digital space. It greatly lowers the expense of the elections and the work of the inspectors. In this essay, we'll use the open-source Blockchain technology to suggest a new electronic voting system's architecture. New chances to create new kinds of digital services are being provided by Blockchain. Numerous elements of our life have been altered by Blockchain technology, including the ability to save digital transactions via the Internet, confirm their legitimacy, license them, and provide the greatest level of security and encryption. This system offers a distributed architecture for storing the data, which distributes the data among many servers. In addition to maintaining voter identity outside of the vote count, this technology makes the voting process transparent.

Implementation of interactive voice response voting system using wireless communication

Recently, information technology has greatly impacted positively in all aspects of life, which actually with proven facts to a large extent, includes politics. The most recent method which is being adopted is the electronic voting (E-voting) system which is based on the use of mobile phone by the voters. To develop more on the electronic voting system, a secured and reliable e-voting system was put in place. This system protects the privacy of the voter, which is user friendly and can be used anywhere in the world with internet coverage during the time of election. A voice interactive voting system using the global system mobile device was developed with implementation of a dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) decoder which makes the whole system interactive. The method adopted in this research work was the use of a program written in c-language and a microcontroller to control the whole process of voting based on DTMF technology. This method was use to overcome the problem involve in the use of paper ballots. This development came about as a result of the outcome of a study of the electoral process carried out in the electoral commission of Nigeria. Two data-bases would be created by the database administrator; the first is to keep a record of the voter’s information and the second database will have information about the election parties.

Blockchain Based E-Voting System

Abstract: Voting is the fundamental right for every nation. An Electronic Voting (E-Voting) system is a voting system in which the election process is notated, saved, stored, and processed digitally, which makes the voting management task better than the traditional paper-based method. Blockchain is offering new opportunities to develop new types of digital services. While research on the topic is still emerging, it has mostly focused on the technical and legal issues instead of taking advantage of this novel concept and creating advanced digital services. Blockchain-enabled e voting (BEV) could reduce voter fraud and increase voter access. Eligible voters cast a ballot anonymously using a computer or smartphone. BEV uses an encrypted key and tamper-proof personal IDs. Electronic credibility services have become an integral part of the information space. With the reliable implementation of basic services as an electronic signature and electronic authentication, it is possible to build more complex systems that rely on them, particularly the electronic voting system. In this project, the concept of developing an electronic voting system using blockchain technology is implemented.

Unique ID Based Voting System

Abstract: Elections are an extremely important part of the growth process in every country. Elections provide people with the opportunity to choose the leader they feel best represents their values, which in turn contributes to the growth of individuals. However, those who aspire to be leaders but are overly ambitious sometimes make poor decisions that hinder their progress. The use of manual elections has been shown to increase the likelihood of electoral fraud. Therefore, in order to avoid this, an electronic voting mechanism has been implemented. Electronic voting, more commonly referred to as "E-voting," has been implemented with a variety of various technologies over the years. For the voting system in our project, we made use of a one-ofa-kind ID. Arduino is being utilized right here in this project of ours. Only voters who have already been verified can cast their ballots using our electronic voting system. In addition to that, our system features a GSM Module as well as a servo motor. In addition to that, it has three buttons that are push able. The applicants will be required to send a text message (SMS) to the GSM module, and the GSM module will then send an OTP to the mobile phone that you registered with it. If the one-time password (OTP) is entered correctly, the candidate will be given the opportunity to vote. Voting may then take place in a safe environment.

Do disabled people also vote? Electoral frameworks and voting participation in Nigeria’s 2019 elections

As voting represents the peak of citizen engagement in politics, this article assessed electoral laws and guidelines, and how they influenced the voting participation of disabled people during Nigeria’s 2019 general elections. It relied on the qualitative and quantitative methods to source data from key participants, including disabled students at the Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, Nigeria’s main training institution for disabled people. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics and contently analysed. The article revealed that beyond constitutional provisions guaranteeing equal participation of all, legislations such as the 2010 Electoral Act, where well implemented, positively influenced the voting participation of disabled people. However, challenges of braille ballot papers, transportation restriction, and stigmatization adversely affected their voting participation. The article offers recommendations for enhanced inclusion of disabled people and for closing the disability gap in future elections. Points of Interest The Electoral Act (as amended) provides opportunities for enhanced voting participation of disabled people during elections in Nigeria but majority of them are not aware of these provisions. The research found that the electoral officials did not follow all the provisions of the Electoral Act during the 2019 elections, and this affected the voting participation of many disabled people. Non-availability of brail ballot papers and sign language interpreter at the voting centers as well as restriction placed on mobility on the day of election restricted the participation of disabled people in the 2019 general elections in Nigeria. The study recommended an improvement in the implementation of the Electoral Act by the electoral officials to improve voting participation of disabled people in Nigeria. The study recommended that electoral reforms that include electronic voting system and transmission of results should be implemented and strengthened in subsequent elections in Nigeria.

Paillier Cryptosystem Based ChainNode for Secure Electronic Voting

Blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger of transactions that are linked together cryptographically leading to immutability and tamper-resistance, thereby ensuring the integrity of data. Due to the ability of blockchain to guarantee the integrity of data, it has found wide-range adoption in electronic voting (e-voting) systems in recent years, this is in a bid to prevent manipulation of votes. However, due to the distributed nature of the blockchain, opportunities arise for privacy intrusion of the data being secured. The translation of this privacy flaw in blockchain to e-voting systems is the possibility of violation of the privacy of the electorates. Consequently, in a bid to achieve integrity and privacy of votes in e-voting, this study presents the use of an open-source blockchain system, coupled with a privacy-oriented cryptosystem known as the Paillier cryptosystem, towards addressing the privacy concerns of the blockchain. The performance of the system was evaluated and a transaction throughput of 1424 tps was obtained for ten thousand simulated ballot transactions. Further evaluation was carried out on the system, by increasing the number of system transactions. This showed that the mining time of the blockchain increased by an average factor of 0.18 s for every thousand increases in the number of transactions. Also, the response time of the system to a range of user actions was evaluated over an increasing number of voters. Results obtained showed that the response time of the system for vote casting operations increased by an average of 0.33 min per thousand voters while for vote tallying there was an increase in response time by an average of 0.848 min per thousand voters. The scientific value of this study is the development of an integrity and privacy-preserving e-voting system consisting of an open-source nodechain coupled with a privacy-oriented cryptosystem known as the Paillier cryptosystem following the security requirements of e-voting systems. The proposed system addresses the issue of integrity in e-voting while still maintaining the privacy of the electorates.

Decentralization of E voting based on Blind Signature and Smart Contract

Traditional voting systems like ballot voting or voting using EVMs (electronic voting machines) basically rely on paper and other human resources during the voting phase, which is time consuming as well as costly. The elections generally have a central system, where an organization looks after the election and manages it. The problem here is that the election is handled by a single organization that has full control. In this work-in-progress paper, we suggest a decentralized application based on blockchain technology and smart contracts that supports e-voting systems. To implement distributed electronic voting systems we propose using a blockchain technology. The paper proposes a unique electronic voting system backed by blockchain that addresses restrictions in existing systems and recommends the favoured blockchain frameworks for building a decentralized e-voting web application. The E-voting system is secure, transparent, protects the privacy of the voters and also, does not allow duplicate votes.

Electronic Voting System Essentials and Problems

The development of reliable and safe e-voting systems is relevant because of the wide range of applications. This paper provides an analysis of modern electronic voting systems based on security criteria. An analysis was conducted based on the most popular modern e-voting system architectures. The analysis provides a baseline for developing a secure e-voting system.

UTHM E-Voting System Using Blockchain

UTHM E-Voting System using Blockchain is a web-based system that develops to enhance and help to improve the efficiency of the existing system and also make the UTHM election process run smoothly and efficiently. In this system, the advantages of blockchain technology are used in the E-Voting system to make it more secure and effective. Lack of security is a primary concern of the current UTHM voting system, such as authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repetition. Besides, the voting process can be inconvenient due to the limited number of polling stations. The distance between these polling stations and college residences causes difficulties for the students to go to a polling station. Moreover, students have to line up for some time before they can vote, which means that some of them leave without even voting. Finally, communication problems cause much misunderstanding between the election council, which is the Jawatankuasa Pemilihan Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (JPMPP), which leads to an electoral process that cannot function smoothly. Thus, the UTHM E-voting system using blockchain is developed to overcome those problems in this project. The Prototyping Model drives the activities in this project with five main SDLC phases: planning, analysis, design, prototype, and implementation, which are very flexible compared to other software process models. This system is a web-based system that is developed using PHP as programming language and MySQL as database software. This system uses blockchain technology and the ring signature algorithm when conducting and counting the vote to improve the security of the electronic voting system. The test result shows that the system passed 25 of the 25 test cases, accounting for 100% of all the test cases. To conclude, this system is useful because it can improve the efficiency of the entire electoral process compared to the manual system that facilitates the management of the electoral process.

A blockchain-based electronic voting system without third parties

A blockchain-based electronic voting system without third parties

Assuring Anonymity and Privacy in Electronic Voting with Distributed Technologies Based on Blockchain

Anonymity and privacy in the electoral process are mandatory features found in any democratic society, and many authors consider these fundamental civil liberties and rights. During the election process, every voter must be identified as eligible, but after casting a vote, the voter must stay anonymous, assuring voter and vote unlinkability. Voter anonymity and privacy are the most critical issues and challenges of almost all electronic voting systems. However, vote immutability must be assured as well, which is a problem in many new democracies, and Blockchain as a distributed technology meets this data immutability requirement. Our paper analyzes current solutions in Blockchain and proposes a new approach through the combination of two different Blockchains to achieve privacy and anonymity. The first Blockchain will be used for key management, while the second will store anonymous votes. The encrypted vote is salted with a nonce, hashed, and finally digitally signed with the voter’s private key, and by mixing the timestamp of votes and shuffling the order of cast votes, the chances of linking the vote to the voter will be reduced. Adopting this approach with Blockchain technology will significantly transform the current voting process by guaranteeing anonymity and privacy.

Electronic Voting System with Blockchain

Electronic voting or E-voting, is the process by which votes can be cast through electronic means, such as an Electronic Voting Machine or voter’s personal device. This study aims to create a reasonably secure and hassle-free system through which votes can be cast by users through their phones with relative ease as compared to traditional means. Voting takes place through an app on the device, in which the user signs in with their ID and PIN. This lets the user establish secure means of communication with the server by exchanging encryption keys and authorization tokens, which in turn lets the user and server authenticate secure using various factors of authentication, such as a Time-based OTP system, to verify the user’s identity and let the cast their vote securely onto the server’s private blockchain. On the server side there will be “nodes” and an “owner” server that share a private blockchain, which handle counting the votes, authentication, user creation and managing the voting system and its configuration. After all the authentication is done, the user can cast their vote in the final part of the process. This will be verified using a token generated separately on both client and server side. If it matches then the user will get an appropriate message confirming their vote being cast, and upon failure the user can contact the appropriate authority conducting the poll for further action. Keywords: Blockchain, Electronic Voting, Cryptography