Electromagnetic Tensor Research Articles

Reply to “Comment on ‘Analysis of recent interpretations of the Abraham-Minkowski problem’ ”

The Comment of M. Partanen and J. Tulkki [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 100}, 017801 (2019)] claims that my criticism expressed in Phys. Rev. A {\bf 98}, 043847 (2018) of the earlier paper of Partanen {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 95}, 063850 (2017)] was incorrect. There are essentially three points involved here: (1) the first one regards the physical interpretation of the radiation pressure experiment of A. Kundu {\it et al.} [Sci. Rep. {\bf 7}, 42538 (2017)]. My mathematical analysis of this situation, although simple, was able to illustrate the main property of the experiment, namely that it showed the action from the radiation forces on the dielectric boundaries, and from the Lorentz force in the interior, but it had not any relationship to the Abraham-Minkowski momentum problem as was originally stated by the investigators. (2) The second point was my emphasis on the fact that in an electromagnetic pulse in a medium there cannot be an accompanying mechanical energy density of the same order of magnitude as the electromagnetic energy density itself. The electromagnetic wave carries with it a mechanical {\it momentum}, but not a mechanical {\it energy}. Here I illustrate this point by a simple numerical analysis. (3) When going to a relativistic formulation of the electromagnetic theory in matter, care must be taken to secure that fundamental conditions from field theory are satisfied. In particular, one cannot in general take the electromagnetic total energy and momentum of a radiation pulse to constitute a four-vector; such a property holds only if the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor is divergence-free. For the Minkowski tensor this condition is satisfied, whereas for the Abraham tensor it is not.

On the Risk to Declare EMC Compliant a Faulty EUT During Radiated Susceptibility Tests in Reverberation Chambers

This paper presents a general method, experimentally validated, highlighting the influence of the number of stirring configurations used during radiated susceptibility tests performed in reverberation chambers in terms of reliability and confidence of the obtained results. This Monte-Carlo based approach (with routines available on demand) computes the risk to declare compliant from an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) point of view a faulty equipment under test. This risk is calculated according to the number of stirring configurations chosen for the test and to the uncertainty of the electromagnetic field strength applied on the equipment. The proposed method is shown to be applicable for any equipment independently of its size and directivity (or more precisely its receiving polarization pattern). Overtesting is shown in this context to be a promising solution able to increase the confidence of the users about the EMC compliance of tested equipment. The paper also illustrates the possibility to extract the minimum susceptibility level of a valid EUT as a function of the testing conditions.

PROFESIONALNI DETEKTOR BEŽIČNIH SIGNALA (PSD-100) – PREVENCIJA VISOKOTEHNOLOŠKIH PREVARA

In this paper the implementation of the device for wireless communication detection is presented. The system measures RF electromagnetic field strength for frequencies from 1 MHz up to 10 GHz and has wide range of adjustable sensitivity. Implemented device provides detection of cellular phone activities in all three main operating bands, and detection of other types of wireless communication such as radio communications, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and so on. The device presents an improvement of a previous version of the detector UD-100. Measurement results are displayed on graphical display providing easy user readings and device operating. Device is operated by four touch sensitive keypads, the system is battery powered, portable and can fit in any pocket.

Research on Electromagnetic Radiation Model of Corona Discharge with UHV AC Transmission Lines

The corona discharge pulse current has double exponential distribution characteristics. On this basis, the electromagnetic radiation model of corona discharge is established by using the theory of electric dipole. The corona discharge characteristics are analysed and compared with the measured results of 1000kV UHV ac transmission line. The results show that the electromagnetic field strength increases first and then decreases with time, and at the same time, the electromagnetic field strength decreases exponentially with distance. The simulated and predicted corona discharge radiation characteristics have the same variation law as the measured data, which verifies the correctness of the model.

Portable neutron generator with microwave ion source for wide applications

The paper presents the issues related to the development of a portable neutron generator with a microwave source of heavy hydrogen ions for a wide range of applications. The paper analyzes the effect of electromagnetic microwave field strength and the magnetic induction value of a constant external magnetic field on the ionization rate of molecular deuterium and determines their optimal ratios. It also describes the configuration of the magnetic system of permanent magnets made of NdFeB material, which provide a homogeneous magnetic field with an induction of 850 Gs necessary for the effective operation of the device using the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR). The dynamics of the primary deuteron flux, as well as secondary particles in the ion-optical system are analyzed. Elements of a conceptual design of a portable neutron generator are described.

Massless Rarita–Schwinger field from a divergenceless antisymmetric tensor-spinor of pure spin-3/2

We construct the Rarita–Schwinger basis vectors, [Formula: see text], spanning the direct product space, [Formula: see text], of a massless four-vector, [Formula: see text], with massless Majorana spinors, [Formula: see text], together with the associated field-strength tensor, [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] space is reducible and contains one massless subspace of a pure spin-[Formula: see text]. We show how to single out the latter in a unique way by acting on [Formula: see text] with an earlier derived momentum independent projector, [Formula: see text], properly constructed from one of the Casimir operators of the algebra [Formula: see text] of the homogeneous Lorentz group. In this way, it becomes possible to describe the irreducible massless [Formula: see text] carrier space by means of the antisymmetric tensor of second rank with Majorana spinor components, defined as [Formula: see text]. The conclusion is that the [Formula: see text] bi-vector spinor field can play the same role with respect to a [Formula: see text] gauge field as the bi-vector, [Formula: see text], associated with the electromagnetic field-strength tensor, [Formula: see text], plays for the Maxwell gauge field, [Formula: see text]. Correspondingly, we find the free electromagnetic field equation, [Formula: see text], is paralleled by the free massless Rarita–Schwinger field equation, [Formula: see text], supplemented by the additional condition, [Formula: see text], a constraint that invokes the Majorana sector.

Generation of surface polaritons in dielectric cylindrical waveguides

We investigate the radiation of surface polaritons by a charged particle rotating around a dielectric waveguide. The general case is considered when the waveguide is immersed in a homogeneous medium. For the evaluation of the corresponding electromagnetic fields the electromagnetic Green tensor is used. A formula is derived for the spectral distribution of the radiation intensity for surface-type modes. It is shown that the corresponding waves are radiated on the eigenmodes of the dielectric cylinder. We demonstrate that the number of radiated quanta for surface polaritons of a given harmonic can be essentially larger than that for guiding modes of the cylinder. The geometry under consideration is of interest from the point of view of generation and transmitting of waves in waveguides, a subject which is of considerable practical importance in microwave engineering and optical fiber communications.

Effect of Exponentially Variable Viscosity and Permeability on Blasius Flow of Carreau Nano Fluid over an Electromagnetic Plate through a Porous Medium

The present investigation draws scholars' attention to the effect of exponential variable viscosity modeled by Vogel and variable permeability on stagnation point flow of Carreau Nanofluid over an electromagnetic plate through a porous medium. Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion mechanism are taken into consideration. An efficient fourth-order RK method along with shooting technique are implemented to obtain the required solution of the non-dimensional modeled equations. The contribution of the present study is that augmented electromagnetic field strength due to the suitable arrangement of the plate and that of porosity parameter yield an accelerated motion while that of viscosity parameter produces retarded motion of shear-thickening fluid, contrary to shear-thinning fluid. At the same time, it discusses the inclusion of porous matrix which controls the thermal as well as concentration boundary layers, while enhanced Brownian motion exhibits diametrically opposite trend for them in response to shear-thickening fluid.

Дослідження процесу гнуття деревини бука у пресі з високочастотним нагріванням

Перспективною технологією виготовлення гнутих деталей із масивної деревини є використання пресів, обладнаних генераторами СВЧ. Нагрівання деревини в полі струмів високої частоти дає змогу швидко нагріти її до потрібної температури, за якої пластичні властивості деревини будуть найкращими. Час на повний цикл гнуття становить 20…40 хв, тиск – до 500 кг/см2, кінцева вологість заготовок – 6…8 %. Ця технологія істотно зменшує час на гнуття та підвищує продуктивність порівняно з іншим обладнанням та технологіями. Наведено методику та результати дослідження процесу гнуття деревини бука у пресах з високочастотним нагріванням, а також вплив технологічних параметрів безпосередньо на якість оброблених заготовок. Дослідження проведено в умовах виробництва із застосуванням преса італійської фірми Italpresse, загальною потужністю 35 кВт. Експерименти проведено на шаблоні для гнуття із стрілою прогину 70 мм з використанням заготовок завдовжки 975 мм та поперечним перерізом 37×27 мм. Аналізуючи якість гнуття, визначено кількість придатних заготовок. Неякісною вважали заготовку, придатність якої є неможливою через наявність у ній тріщин, сколів, вм'ятин, потемніння та інших дефектів, що унеможливлює її використання з естетичних чи фізико-механічних вимог у виробництві меблевих виробів. За результатами досліджень отримано три групи графіків залежності частки виходу якісних заготовок від часу витримки, напруженості електромагнітного поля та тиску пресування. На основі аналізу отриманих графічних залежностей зроблено такі висновки: 1) збільшення тиску пресування до межі 100 кг/см2 призводить до зменшення частки якісних заготовок, а за тиску 120 кг/см2 – частка якісних заготовок зростає і є більшим, ніж за 80 кг/см2; 2)збільшення часу витримки до межі 20 хв призводить до зростання частки якісних заготовок, а за межі 30 хв – до зменшення частки якісних заготовок; 3) із зростанням напруженості електромагнітного поля частка якісних заготовок зменшується. Для знаходження оптимальних параметрів процесу гнуття букових заготовок виконано оптимізацію, за результатами якої можна стверджувати, що найбільшу кількість якісних гнутих заготовок (98,63 %) можна отримати за найменшої напруженості електромагнітного поля та за найбільшого значення тиску пресування, і витримки заготовок під тиском упродовж 20 хв 40 с.

Spatial Order and Absorption of light by Monolayer of Silicon Nano- and Submicrometer-Sized Particles

The effect of the spatial order of a monolayer of monodisperse spherical crystalline silicon nano- and submicrometer-sized particles upon its absorption coefficient is theoretically investigated. The calculation method is based on the quasicrystalline approximation of the theory of multiple scattering of waves and multipole expansion of electromagnetic fields and tensor Green function in terms of vector spherical wave functions. The results can be used for an enhancement of light harvesting in a solar cells design.

The Gravity of the Classical Klein-Gordon Field

The work shows that the evolution of the field of the free Klein–Gordon equation (KGE), in the hydrodynamic representation, can be represented by the motion of a mass density ∝ | ψ | 2 subject to the Bohm-type quantum potential, whose equation can be derived by a minimum action principle. Once the quantum hydrodynamic motion equations have been covariantly extended to the curved space-time, the gravity equation (GE), determining the geometry of the space-time, is obtained by minimizing the overall action comprehending the gravitational field. The derived Einstein-like gravity for the KGE field shows an energy-impulse tensor density (EITD) that is a function of the field with the spontaneous emergence of the “cosmological” pressure tensor density (CPTD) that in the classical limit leads to the cosmological constant (CC). The energy-impulse tensor of the theory shows analogies with the modified Brans–Dick gravity with an effective gravity constant G divided by the field squared. Even if the classical cosmological constant is set to zero, the model shows the emergence of a theory-derived quantum CPTD that, in principle, allows to have a stable quantum vacuum (out of the collapsed branched polymer phase) without postulating a non-zero classical CC. In the classical macroscopic limit, the gravity equation of the KGE field leads to the Einstein equation. Moreover, if the boson field of the photon is considered, the EITD correctly leads to its electromagnetic energy-impulse tensor density. The work shows that the cosmological constant can be considered as a second order correction to the Newtonian gravity. The outputs of the theory show that the expectation value of the CPTD is independent by the zero-point vacuum energy density and that it takes contribution only from the space where the mass is localized (and the space-time is curvilinear) while tending to zero as the space-time approaches to the flat vacuum, leading to an overall cosmological effect on the motion of the galaxies that may possibly be compatible with the astronomical observations.

Type D spacetimes and the Weyl double copy

We study the double-copy relation between classical solutions in gauge theory and gravity, focusing on four-dimensional vacuum metrics of algebraic type D, a class that includes several important solutions. We present a double copy of curvatures that applies to all spacetimes of this type—the Weyl double copy—relating the curvature of the spacetime to an electromagnetic field strength. We show that the Weyl double copy is consistent with the previously known Kerr–Schild double copy, and in fact resolves certain ambiguities of the latter. The most interesting new example of the classical double copy presented here is that of the C-metric. This well-known solution, which represents a pair of uniformly accelerated black holes, is mapped to the Liénard–Wiechert potential for a pair of uniformly accelerated charges. We also present a new double-copy interpretation of the Eguchi–Hanson instanton.

Mie-Type Calculation of the Generalized Electromagnetic Nonlocal Conductivity Tensor for a Sphere and Its Equivalence to the T-Matrix Operator

The purpose of this article is to calculate the generalized nonlocal conductivity tensor of a spherical particle made of isotropic and linear materials. The generalized conductivity tensor is a crucial element in the formulation of the mean-field theories of the electromagnetic response of random particulate systems. This is equivalent to what is called the T-Matrix in multiple scattering theories. Here, a new method is proposed for finding explicit expressions for this tensor directly from its definition including the magnetic response of the spheres. Its relation with the S-Matrix in the theory of single scattering is stated as a generalization. Several approximations and limit cases of possible interest in specific systems are analyzed and the results of some calculations are presented as a numerical example.

Modeling Geoelectric Fields in Ireland and the UK for Space Weather Applications

AbstractGeoelectric fields at the Earth's surface caused by geomagnetic storms have the potential to disrupt and damage ground‐based infrastructure such as electrical power distribution networks, pipelines, and railways. Here we model geoelectric fields in Ireland and the UK during both quiet and active time intervals of geomagnetic conditions using measurements from magnetic observatories and electromagnetic tensor relationships. The analysis focused on (1) defining periods of the magnetic field variations that are largely affected by the geomagnetic storms, between 30 and 30,000 s; (2) constraining the electromagnetic tensor relationships that defines the Earth's response to magnetic field variations; (3) implementing and validating two approaches for modeling geoelectric fields based on measurements from magnetic observatories and local and interstation electromagnetic transfer functions; and (4) estimating uncertainties when modeling geoelectric fields. The use of interstation tensor relationships allowed us to differentiate between regional and local geomagnetic sources. We found coherence values of 0.5–0.95, signal‐to‐noise ratio of 1–15 dB, normalized root‐mean‐square values of 0.8–3.4, and root‐mean‐square values of 0.7–84 mV/km. Within these ranges of values, sites in close proximity (<100 km) to a magnetic observatory and not affected by local storms will provide the most accurate results, while sites located at further distances and affected by spatially localized features of the storm will be less accurate. These methods enable us to more accurately model geomagnetically induced currents, and their associated uncertainties, in the British and Irish power networks.

On the a -theorem in the conformal window

We show that for four dimensional gauge theories in the conformal window, the Euler anomaly, known as the $a$-function, can be computed from a $2$-point function of the trace of the energy momentum tensor making it more amenable to lattice simulations. Concretely, we derive an expression for the $a$-function as an integral over the renormalisation scale of quantities related to $2$- and $3$-point functions of the trace of the energy momentum tensor.The crucial ingredients are that the square of the field strength tensor is an exactly marginal operator at the Gaussian fixed point and that the relevant $3$-point correlation function is finite when resummed to all orders. This allows us to define a scheme for which the $3$-point contribution vanishes, thereby explicitly establishing the strong version of the $a$-theorem for this class of theories.

Determination of Permittivity from the Modulus of the Electric Strength of a High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field

For an unmagnetized nonconducting medium, a system of electrodynamic equations corresponding to time-periodic oscillations is considered. For this system, we study the problem of determining the permittivity $$\varepsilon $$ from a given electric field magnitude in the electromagnetic field resulting from the interference of two fields produced by external point current sources. It is assumed that the permittivity differs from a given positive constant $${{\varepsilon }_{0}}$$ only inside a compact domain $${{\Omega }_{0}} \subset {{\mathbb{R}}^{3}}$$ and the electric field magnitude is given for all frequencies, starting at a fixed one $${{\omega }_{0}}$$ , on the boundary $$S$$ of a domain $$\Omega $$ surrounding $${{\Omega }_{0}}$$ . By analyzing an asymptotic expansion of the solution to a direct problem at high frequencies, it is shown that, with the use of given information, the original problem is reduced to the well-known inverse kinematic problem of determining the refraction coefficient inside $$\Omega $$ from the travel times of an electromagnetic wave propagating between boundary points of this domain. This reduction opens up the possibility of obtaining a constructive solution of the original problem.

Energy-Momentum Density’s Conservation Law of Electromagnetic Field in Rindler Space-time

We find the energy-momentum density of electromagnetic field by energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetic field in Rindler space-time. We find the energy-momentum density’s conservation law of electromagnetic field in Rindler spacetime.

Integrated modeling of compact power lines

The aim of the research presented in the article is to develop methods and means for integrated modeling of compact expanded capacity power lines. Algorithms for determining modes of electrical energy systems were used based on phase coordinates based on application of elements models in form of lacelike equivalent networks with fully-meshed topology. These models and methods were implemented in Fazonord-APC software application, ensuring modeling of EES sta-tionary modes, and determining strengths of electromagnetic fields generated by power lines of different design. We demonstrate results of modes and electromagnetic fields modeling on routes of 220 kV compact overhead power supply lines (COPL) with horizontal positioning of wires. For the purpose of comparison, similar calculations were performed for a typical overhead power line (TOPL). The modeling results allowed to formulate the following conclusions: when overall sections of COPL and TOPL are equal, the losses of active power in compact OPL are significantly lower; thus, when transmitted power is 375 MW, the losses in COPL are reduced by 45% compared to a typical 220 kV OPL; at compact OPL receiver end a lower unsymmetry is observed; COPL ensure better electromagnetic safety conditions; electrical field strength at a height of 1.8 m for COPL axis is less than a similar index for TOPL by approximately 1.5 times; magnetic field in the same point is reduced to 60%.

ON THE COVARIANT REPRESENTATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Gauss integral theorems for electric and magnetic fields, Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, magnetic field circulation theorem, theorems on the flux and circulation of vector potential, which are valid in curved spacetime, are presented in a covariant form. Covariant formulas for magnetic and electric fluxes, for electromotive force and circulation of the vector potential are provided. In particular, the electromotive force is expressed by a line integral over a closed curve, while in the integral, in addition to the vortex electric field strength, a determinant of the metric tensor also appears. Similarly, the magnetic flux is expressed by a surface integral from the product of magnetic field induction by the determinant of the metric tensor. A new physical quantity is introduced - the integral scalar potential, the rate of change of which over time determines the flux of vector potential through a closed surface. It is shown that the commonly used four-dimensional Kelvin-Stokes theorem does not allow one to deduce fully the integral laws of the electromagnetic field and in the covariant notation requires the addition of determinant of the metric tensor, besides the validity of the Kelvin-Stokes theorem is limited to the cases when determinant of metric tensor and the contour area are independent from time. This disadvantage is not present in the approach that uses the divergence theorem and equation for the dual electromagnetic field tensor. A new effect is predicted, according to which the circulation of magnetic field can appear even in the absence of electric current and with a constant electric field through the contour, if the area of this contour would change. By analogy with electromagnetic induction, for the magnetic field circulation to appear it is important that electric field flux that passes through the area of the contour would change over time.

Surface plasmaons enhanced light-matter interactions

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been widely investigated in the past decades. Due to their unique feature of field localization, optical energy can be strongly confined in the subwavelength and even nanoscale space. This strong confinement gives rise to dramatically increased electromagnetic field strength, leading to greatly enhanced light-matter interactions. The properties of SPP are strongly dependent on material, morphology and structure. The wavelength of surface plasmon resonance can be readily manipulated over broadband optical spectra, covering ultraviolet, visible, near infrared to far infrared. In this review article, both working principle and applications of surface plasmon enhanced light-matter interactions, such as fluorescence, Raman scattering, nonlinear optics, heat effects, photoacoustic effects, photo-catalysis, and photovoltaic conversion, are comprehensively reviewed. Besides, the current problems and future research directions of surface plasmons are discussed. Our paper provides valuable reference for future high-performance plasmonic device and technology applications.