Eka Karya Research Articles

The Effectivity of Bioactive Compounds from Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth Plants in inhibiting the Growth of Candida albicans.

Leucorrhoea is one of common disease in Indonesia that caused by infections of fungus Candida albicans. In dealing with this fungi, the synthetic and even an natural compound had used. Based on pre-screening data of the plants from botanical garden of Eka Karya Lipi Bali, there found apotential plant. This study aims to find the latest alternative treatment using the extract of Montanoa hiscifolia Benth plant from the collection of the "Eka Karya" LIPI Bali Botanical Garden which can inhibit fungal growth C. albicans. This research method begins with the literature skrining process using T.K Liem books and direct plant selection. After that proceed with the extraction process of 10 plant samples dose using the evaporator. The plant extracts were then tested directly on 4 types of fungi, from Eka Karya Lipi Bali’s collected.The dose used in ths study were 3%, 2%, 1% and 0.5% respectively. The final minimum dosage test was carried out using various concentrations of M. hiscifolia Benth plant extract which is the only type of best plant extract that can inhibit growth of C. albicans. Therefore, the minimum dosage test was carried out by reducing the concentration from 3 % to 0,0001 % to determine the minimum dose of extract M. hiscifolia Benth inhibiting the fungus C. albicans. This study found that at a concentration of 3 % was showed the best results for inhibition zone. On the contrary, at the concentration of 0,0001%, whereas the area of the inhibition zone was 7,2 mm and categorized as a medium inhibitor. At the last, we were compared the dose of commercial product that oftenly used as Leucorrhoea treatment with M. hibiscifolia benth’s bioactive and it proven the M. hibiscifolia benth having a hight potential in order to cope the C. albicans. Further research might as well to check it bioactive compound that specifically play important role against the C. Albican. Beside, eventually develop this plant extract into a real product in order to be used as easy as for the people who need it.

Local Tourist favored Tanah Lot as a place to visit after COVID-19 lockdown

Tabanan Regent Ni Putu Eka Wiryastuti reopened five tourist attractions in Tabanan district closed since 22 March 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Those Tourist attractions were Tanah Lot, Ulundanu Temple, Eka Karya Botanical Garden Bedugul, The Blooms Garden Baturiti, and Jatiluwih, Penebel. She explained the decision was urgently needed to resurrect economic activity in Tabanan district in the new normal phase.1 Since the reopening day, domestic tourists flooded Tanah Lot, Tabanan. The number of visits had skyrocketed, starting from 20 July to 22 August 2020. As one of Bali's leading preferable tourist destinations, Tanah lot offers majestic landscapes and historical value that should not be missed. Established in the 16th century, Tanah Lot is a temple for lord of the sea, after a priest named Dang Hyang nirartha received revelation on a vast reef at the beraban village coast. Later, Tanah lot is considered a holy site and a favorite landmark for tourism. COVID-19 outbreak forced the local Government to close most public places on the island. On 20 July 2020, Tabanan regent decided to reopen five out of many tourism objects in its area, including the coastal landmark. Since reopening, its number of visits spiked rapidly, over twenty thousand visits in less than a month. Despite its huge demand, it did not significantly impact the economic atmosphere around the area. The management explained that the hawkers believed tourist visits were relatively low compared to before the pandemic. They argued the visitor purchasing power might also go down. The other reasons were that some stall owners terminated their contracts, and some preferred to sell from their homes.

Inventarisasi Dan Kajian Etnobotani Tanaman Akuatik Di Taman Akuatik Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali

Eka Karya Botanic Garden is an ex situ conservation area located in Bali's Biosphere Reserve. As part of the biosphere reserve, the Eka Karya Botanical Garden plays an important role in conservation, research, tourism and education programs. The purpose of this study is to inventory the types of aquatic plants found in the Aquatic Park of the Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden and to reveal ethnobotanical aspects of the aquatic plants. This study uses an exploration method, with Aquatic Park as a location for sampling and observation. The results of the study showed that 12 aquatic plants were found, namely Nasturtium officinale, Cyperus flabelliformis, C. papyrus, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Echinodorus paleafolius, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphoides indica, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Hydrilla verticillata, and Pistia stratiotes. Besides being used as food, phytoremediation, handicraft, and ornamental plants, aquatic plants are also useful as herbal medicines such as anti-inflammatory drugs, mouth ulcers, diaphoretics, diuretics, flu, stomach ache, fever, headaches, dysentery, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and so forth. The processing method is by grinding, boiling, chewing, drying, and eaten directly

INVENTARISASI, DISTRIBUSI, DAN POLA PENYEBARAN Rhododendron EPIFIT DI KEBUN RAYA EKA KARYA BALI

Epiphytic Rhododendrons is an important component in an ecosystem, but there is not much information and studies related to its ecology. This research aims to inventory and study the distribution and distribution patterns of Rhododendron populations that grow naturally in Eka Karya Botanic Gardens Bali (KREK). Random sampling method was employed to census the host trees especially old ones (more than 20 years) that overgrown with Rhododendrons. The results showed that there is one species of epiphytic Rhododendron identified in the KREK, namely Rhododendron javanicum. It is found typically in thin substrate thickness with moderate light intensity, mostly in zone III and IV. There were five host species, namely Bischofia javanica Blume, Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub., Glochidion rubrum Blume, Prunus sp., and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. with a total number of 31 trees. The results of this study would provide considerations for KREK managers to conserve, develop and utilize policies of epiphytic Rhododendron species.

Dijkstra’s Algorithm to Find Shortest Path of Tourist Destination in Bali

Bali is one of many small island in Indonesia and referred as “The Island of Gods”. Bali has varieties of tourist destination e.g. art villages, ecotourism, historical building, spiritual tourism and temples. Dijkstra’s algorithm is an algorithm that used to be solution in finding shortest path problem. It can be use to find the shortest route between one tourist destination and all other tourist destinations. Hence, we use dijkstra’s algorithm to find shortest path of tourist destination in Bali. There are top ten tourist destinations that has been used in this paper Tanah Lot, Uluwatu, Ulun Danu Beratan, Kebun Raya Eka Karya, Penelokan Batur, Tirta Empul, Taman Ayun, Bali Safari and Marine Park, Goa Gajah and Bali Zoo Park.

MENYIMAK PENOMENA PEMANASAN GLOBAL/PERUBAHAN IKLIM (La-Nina), ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DAN MITIGASI KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN DI PULAU BALI

Up to now Bali island still suffering from light to heavy rainfall (August 2016), eventhough it must be hot season as usual (April to October). Such situation is recognised as La-Nina phenomenon. Methode empolyed in this study is collecting primary (direct field check) and scondary data (literature study). Results showed that, the La-Nina phenomena most affected coffee plantation farmers in the village of Sepang, district of Busungbiu, Buleleng regency. The coffee fruit fall out from stem branch prior to harvest time and becoming black in colour. In addition, some coffee fruit skin are white in colour in comparison to red to black during normal hot season. Land use change could also be seen over Bali. Increase sea level on some beaches are also another disaster around Bali. Such accidence was significantly happened on the beach of Lepang village, district of Banjarangkan, Klungkung regency. It was found that such increases puddling area of more or less five hectare of paddy rice field on that area. The global warming/climate change phenomenon also cause habitat loss of specific ancient crab who live in Nusa Penida beach and move into the Giri Putri holy cave to survive. However, the only government do to compromise and mitigate such abnormal environmental degradation would be by strengthening the essen of the Eka Karya botanical garden of Bedugul as an open green field area for refreshing.

The Role of Seed Banking Technology in The Management of Biodiversity in Indonesia

Indonesian biodiversity including the rich flora is facing various threats, including deforestation, habitat degradation, fire, natural disasters and climate change. Many ex situ conservation strategies have been implemented in response to this problem, including the development of new local botanic gardens in each province throughout Indonesia. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the important role of seed banks in forming part of the botanic gardens’ collections management strategies – they now play an increasingly important role in saving the Indonesian flora from extinction. This study was conducted by undertaking a literature review and analysis of secondary data on the four largest botanic gardens of Indonesia. Currently there are 33 botanic gardens in Indonesia consisting of five national botanic gardens under Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI/Indonesian Institute of Sciences), two botanic gardens under universities and 26 botanic gardens managed by Local Goverments. Among the five national botanic gardens, four manage seed banks: the Seed Bank of the Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens/Bogor Botanic Gardens banks 749 accessions covering 460 species, 305 genera and 114 families; Cibodas Botanic Garden Seed Bank has 61 accessions covering 57 species, 57 genera, 40 families; Purwodadi Botanic Garden Seed Bank has 413 accessions covering 207 species, 134 genera and 46 families; and Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden Seed Bank maintains 132 accessions covering 89 species, 43 genera and 21 families. The Indonesian Botanic Garden Seed Banks thus hold 1,355 accessions in total, covering less than 1% of total Indonesian plant diversity. In order to increase this coverage, Indonesian seed banking capacity needs to be increased, through the technical development of existing seed banks and the engagement of local botanic gardens throughout Indonesia to establish mini seed banks using the community seed bank approach.

Strategi Promosi Bali Treetop Adventure Park Di Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali, Bedugul, Kabupaten Tabanan

The tourism sector contributes a lot to the economic development in Indonesia, it can be seen from the number of new job opening, increasing the income of the state and increasing the economy of the people around the tourist destination. However, in its development, tourism has also experienced many problems, such as the increasingly tight competition among Southeast Asian countries in controlling the world tourism market target to make its region as the world's main tourist destination in the region. A poorly-organized marketing strategy can be a major problem in market target. It happened at the outbound tourist attraction of Bali Treetop Adventure Park located at Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden, Bedugul, Tabanan Regency. Many tourists do not know the attraction of this outbound tour. This is due to lack of information for tourists about the tourist attraction, a less precise marketing strategy is suspected to be the main problem.
 The purpose of this research is to find out the marketing strategy of Bali Treetop Adventure Park at Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden, Bedugul, Tabanan Regency. Types of data that is used are qualitative data and quantitative data with approaches through observation, interviews, questionnaires distribution to tourists, literature study and documentation. The data analyzed in the research is the explanation of various explanations of data obtained directly from the managers of Bali Treetop Adventure Park and tourists during this research took place.
 The result of this research is Bali Treetop Adventure Park has several marketing strategies that is direct promotion (sales call, exhibition, brochure), promotion of mass media (magazine, baliho, Facebook, YouTube), indirect promotion (travel agent and local guide). The target of the market has been obtained but it is not maximized, this is caused by the market strategies which is not done properly. So it is necessary to improve its performance for human resources in the tourist attraction of Bali Treetop Adventure Park is to achieve the desired number of tourists visit.
 
 Keywords : outbond, tourist attractions, treetop

Persepsi Ekowisatawan Domestik Terhadap Prostitusi Di Bali

The purpose of this research was to determine the domestic ecotourist perception against prostitution in Bali. Thus, the result of this research can be used as a reference to see how far the practice of prostitution is needed in a tourist destination, especially in Bali, of course from the point of view of domestic ecotourist as one of the target tourism markets. Data collection procedures using documentation studies and questionnaire to 30 domestic ecotourist in Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden. Data were analyzed using a likert scale, presented in tables and graphics, and describe by descriptive qualitative. The results of this research revealed that, if prostitution in Bali is categorized as a positive action is not agreed. Then, if prostitution in Bali is categorized as a negative action, was agreed.
 
 Keywords: Domestic Ecotourist, Perception, Prostitution

FENOLOGI PEMBUNGAAN Areca vestiaria Giseke DI KEBUN RAYA EKA KARYA BALI

The aims of this research are to understand flowering phenology of Areca vestiaria from highland and lowland to understand its flowering-fruiting productivity and the relation between its vegetative and reproductive growth. The study was conducted by observing four collections A. vestiaria from North and Central Sulawesi at Eka Karya Botanic Gardens. The study used a descriptive method by observing a flowering period including initiation, buds to anthesis, anthesis, young fruit and ripen fruit. The time required from beginning of flower until ripe fruit is 322 days for highland accession and 337 days for lowland accession. The average proportion of female flowers and male flowers in A. vestiaria is only 0.25. The number of female flowers of A. vestiaria from lowland accession is less than of the highland accession which is only 24.7%. The highland accession’s female flower ability to form young fruit is also bigger than that of the lowland accession (98.82% and 41.67% respectively). However, the highland accession’s sources to develop its young fruits into viable ripen fruits is lower than that of the lowland accessions (27.380% and 60%, respectively). There is a correlation between the height of the tree and the amount of flower produced (0.7) and there is no correlation between the diameter to the height and the amount of flowering. Seven species of insect were identified but pollinator insects are yet still unkown.

Implementasi Management Krisis Pariwisata Pada Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali.

Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden has experienced two times crisis caused by natural factors such as flash floods and landslides. In the last two years there have been recorded two similar natural disasters on Wednesday, December 21st 2016 and Thursday, February 9th 2017. This study aims to find out how the effort to implement the management of tourism crisis after natural disasters at Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden. This research is important because the state of the crisis can happen anytime, and often happens suddenly. In the absence of proper handling, the sustainability of tourism can be threatened. The research methodology used in this research is qualitative research, with in-depth interview technique and literature study. The concepts are used in this research of implementation effort, crisis management and natural disaster to analize the problems. Data are explained by using table and description to explaining the steps that must exist. Moreover, wether Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden implement tourism crisis management. The results of study show that the flow of the crisis that occurs through four stages, Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden tends to use traditional management approach, and the results show that Eka Karya Bali Botanical Gardens has not been maximized the implementation of tourism crisis management, especially in the case of natural disasters.
 Keywords: Implementation, Crisis Management, Natural Disaster, Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden 
 
 
 
 

Screening plants producing antifungal compounds against phytopathogenic fungi of Aspergilus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Fusarium solani

Andila PS, Wibawa IPAH. 2018. Screening plants producing antifungal compounds against phytopathogenic fungi of Aspergilus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Fusarium solani. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 4: 69-75. The discovery of bio-fungicides research topic that is widely studied considering the greater negative impact of chemical fungicide use on environment and health. The fungicide compound is contained in the plant extract in the form of secondary metabolite compound. Eka Karya Bali Botanic Gardens has thousands of plant collections originating from the eastern part of Indonesia which has potential as bio-fungicides. The purpose of this study was to examine the antifungal activity of selected plant methanolic extract collection of the Botanic Gardens against plant pathogenic, namely Aspergilus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Fusarium solani. The plant active compound was obtained by maceration method using methanol solvent, and evaporated using Vaccum Roraty Evaporator. Anti-fungal activity was performed by the KirbyBauer disc diffusion method. Each treatment is repeated three times. Methanol and aquades serve as negative controls. The results showed that methanolic extract of some plants have antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Aspergilus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Fusarium solani; among others rhizome Alpinia galanga, leaves and rhizome Acorus calamus, and leaves Piper aduncum. Cymbophogon winterianus leaf extract has antifungal activity against A. niger and Cladosporium sp. but not on F. solani. Leaf extract from several other plants, namely leaves of Boenninghausenia albiflora, leaves of Costus sp., leaves and stems of Alpinia sp., stems of Cymbophogon winterianus, leaves of Agave sp.1, Agave sp.2, and Homalomena sp. are known to contain no antifungal compounds. Based on the research, there are a number of plants that have antifungal properties against plant pathogenic fungi so that it could potentially as a bio-fungicide agent.

Three novel species of d-xylose-assimilating yeasts, Barnettozyma xylosiphila sp. nov., Barnettozyma xylosica sp. nov. and Wickerhamomyces xylosivorus f.a., sp. nov.

This study describes three novel xylose-assimilating yeasts, which were isolated from decayed wood collected from Bung Hatta Botanical Garden in West Sumatra and Cibodas Botanic Garden in West Java, or from litter from Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden in Bali, Indonesia. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU), the small ribosomal subunit (SSU), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), and the three strains were found to represent three novel species belonging to genera Barnettozyma or Wickerhamomyces. The morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics indicated that the strains were distinct from other closely related species. Strains 13Y206T and 14Y196T belonging to the Barnettozyma clade are described as the type strains of Barnettozyma xylosiphila sp. nov. (type strain 13Y206T=NBRC 110202T=InaCC Y726T; MycoBank MB808598) and Barnettozyma xylosica sp. nov. (type strain 14Y196T=NBRC 111558T=InaCC Y1030T; MycoBank MB819485). Strain 14Y125T belonging to the Wickerhamomyces clade is described as the type strain of Wickerhamomyces xylosivorus f.a., sp. nov. (type strain 14Y125T=NBRC 111553T=InaCC Y1026T; MycoBank MB819484).

Morphological Variation among Flowers of Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Blume) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Bali

<p><em>Bulbophyllum ovalifolium</em> (Blume) Lindl., an epiphyte orchid species was collected from several region in Bali and maintained in “Eka Karya” Bali Botanic Garden. The orchid is a common and widespread species in Southeast Asia, thus makes the flower has high variability. Here a study through morphological characters on the flower was done to give more information and understandable of characteristic range. The species was found at altitude range 700 to 2000 m a.s.l., the morphological observation was conducted on 2014 to 2015 particularly in the flowering season. There were three variants of flower based on the differences on size, colour, and the lip. The character on lip surface was found as spot character with three types of surface: coarsely verrucose, scattered verrucose, and glabrous.</p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong> Bali; Bulbophyllum ovalifolium; morphological variation; orchidaceae; orchidi.</p></div>

DIVERSITY OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM EKA KARYA BOTANICAL GARDEN, BALI

A total of 229 strains of actinomycetes were isolated and identified by full sequence of 16S rRNA gene analysis. Samples consisted of 18 soil and 20 leaf-litter were collected from Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali Island, Indonesia. Two isolation methods, i.e. SDS-Yeast Extract (SY) and Rehydration-Centrifugation (RC) were used in this study. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolated actinomycetes may be grouped into 28 genera. Based on molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene similarities showed that isolated actinomycetes of Eka Karya Botanical Garden origin is diverse. Analysis on 144 isolates from soil samples, resulted in 24 genera and more than 87 species. Streptomyces is the most dominant genus where 65 isolates or 45% from isolated actinomycetes belong to this genus. It was followed by Actinoplanes (25 isolates =17%). From leaf-littersamples, the total number of 85 isolates may be grouped into 9 genera and more than 41 species. The most dominated genus is Actinoplanes (42 isolates =49%) followed by Catenuloplanes (16 isolates=19%).Keywords: 16S rRNA gene analysis, actinomycetes, biodiversity, Eka Karya Botanical Garden

STUDI ANGGREK EPIFIT PADA TIGA LOKASI DI KABUPATEN MALINAU, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

A study on epiphytic orchids in three locations (Senturan Forest, Mount Sidi and Mount Jarang) in Malinau District showed that most epiphytic orchids were found in location with moderate light intensity rather than in low and high light intensities. Many orchids were found on parts of trees covered by thin mosses rather than on thick mosses. Three hundred and seventy one orchid specimens were collected from the three locations and at least 71 specimens were new collections to 'Eka Karya' Botanic Garden, Bedugul.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BENALU PARASIT PADA TANAMAN KOLEKSI DI KEBUN RAYA EKA KARYA, BALI

Benalu is one of the parasitic plants which have ataccked many collection plants species in Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali. Exploration and collection of these parasitic plants in this area are conducted. Four parasitic plants species, i.e. Dendrophthoe pentandra, Helixanthera cylindrica, Scurrula atropurpurea, and S. parasitica are recorded and they attack 32 collection plants species in Eka Karya Botanical Garden. Dendrophthoe pentandra is reported as the highest population species to parasiting collection plants species. While the Myrtaceae family and Syzygium genera are also reported as the highest parasited species.

Experience Marketing at Eka Karya Botanical Garden Bali

In the global market, Eka Karya was confronted to competitors in South East Asia so management of Eka Karya should make innovation and differentiation their product and services. Eka Karya as one of tourism attractions is affected by globalization issues like terrorism so to develop and promote their product must be paying attention global issue. For survive and sustain, marketing of Eka Karya Botanical Garden must looks for domestic market, and established that domestic market still dominate visit to Eka Karya Bali. There are five factors, which are influential in the Eka Karya Botanical Garden with respect to tourists’ visit, i.e. tariff and service, natural attraction, accessibility, situation, and facility. Some suggestions may be useful for the management of the Eka Karya Botanical Garden: (1) the Management should consider paying attention to characteristics of visitors in making the diversification of the Garden; (2) paying attentions to motivating factors of visitors so that their satisfaction can be met; (3) the management should consider five factors in managing, conserving, and utilizing the garden so that the Garden always keeps being the place for the people to have recreation at. Sustainability, beauty, and variety type of crops at Eka Karya Botanical Garden will remain to make everlasting, respect and pleasant if tourists paying a visit to join in efforts create sustainability, for example not damage to plant in Eka Karya areal and throw away garbage at place which have been provided. Tourists will continue to be expected, because from visiting tourist to this garden, organizer or management of Eka Karya get fund to do conservancy, development of new crop, settlement of garden, and also beneficial efforts economical and social