Eggshell Particles Research Articles

Metal- based eggshell particles prepared via successive incipient wetness impregnation method as a promoted sorbent for CO2 capturing in the calcium looping process

Cyclic adsorption by using of bio-waste eggshell particles as a cheap, accessible and environmentally friendly CaCO3 source has been considered as one of the important methods to decrease or remove CO2 from the flue gas. However, deactivation of eggshell particles and CO2 capture capacity decaying with increasing the cycle’s number remained as an important challenge. Using metal nitrates as one of the modification methods has been proposed by the researchers to overcome this problem. Current study investigates the influence of three metal nitrates of Al, La and Mg added to the eggshell particles via successive incipient wetness impregnation (SIWI) method to improve their adsorption performance. The TGA results at the end of the 20th carbonation/calcination cycle revealed a meaningful relationship between CaO molar conversion of eggshell modified with metal nitrates and their crystallite size as well as the surface area of the sorbents, so that the smaller the crystal size and the larger the surface area, the higher the molar conversion of CaO could be achieved. Due to the highest conversion obtained for Mg-containing sample, the effect of different weight percentages of this additive was also investigated. Results showed that 5 wt% MgO contained eggshell particles could be reported as the most outstanding sample for its improved molar conversion, capture capacity at the end of 20th carbonation/calcination cycle and BET surface area, which were 30.18%, 0.23 gr CO2/gr adsorbent and 3.5 m2/g while the corresponding amounts for raw eggshell were 17.26%, 0.11 gr CO2/gr adsorbent and 1.63 m2/g, respectively.

Surface and corrosion properties of corn cob and egg shell particles reinforced AA3104-H19 composite via stir casting process

Aluminium alloys have been the most commonly used materials in the automotive and marine industries. However, depreciation in strength due to contact with environmental contaminants occurs over time. Hence, this study examined the effect of corn cob (CC) and egg shell (ES) particles on the corrosion, hardness and microstructure properties of AA3104-H19 composite. The corrosion experiment was conducted in 3.65 wt% NaCl solution. The microstructure of the material was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The hardness was measured using a simple Brinell hardness tester loading. The control sample (AA3104-H19 alloy) exhibited the highest corrosion rate (CR) and corrosion current density (jcorr) of 0.0914 mm/year and 7.867 μA/cm2, respectively, Al90%-CC10%-ES0% sample exhibited the lowest CR and jcorr of 0.0135 mm/year and 1.16 μA/cm2, respectively. More so, the control sample exhibited a Brinell hardness of 96.3 kgf/mm2, while the Al90%-CC0%-ES10% sample exhibited an improved Brinell hardness of 99.6 kgf/mm2. The low corrosion rate of Al90%-CC10%-ES0% and high Brinell hardness Al90%-CC0%-ES10% of samples indicated that the samples exhibited superior corrosion resistance and enhanced resistance to indentation, respectively, relative to the other test samples. The SEM images revealed that the reinforced samples exhibited more uniform morphology than the control sample. The presence of AlSiO2 as indicated by the XRD results could have enhanced the corrosion rate of the material. The ESD revealed elements such as Ca, Mg, Si, Al and C, which are beneficial to the surface and corrosion properties of the material.

Eggshell integrated GelMA/CSMA/HyMA hybrid hydrogels for cell therapy/tissue engineering

AbstractThe use of biocompatible materials with improved behaviors for potential applications in the area of tissue engineering has increased as the developments in biomaterials have increased in recent years. Current approaches concentrate on hybrid combinations of synthetic and natural polymers. In this context, obtaining porous scaffolds with good mechanical properties is still challenging. Herein, a hybrid tissue scaffold consisting of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (CSMA), methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HyMA) and eggshell particles with enhanced pore morphology and mechanical property was fabricated by photo‐polymerization. The effect of different amounts of eggshell particles on the behaviors of hybrid hydrogel scaffolds was investigated. It was determined by scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) that the particles were well‐dispersed and triggered the formation of an interconnected porous structure in the hybrid tissue scaffold containing 10% by weight of eggshell particles. It was concluded that the mechanical behaviors of the hybrid tissue scaffold containing 10% by weight of eggshell particles improved by 47% compared to the neat hydrogel scaffold. There were no toxic effects of eggshell particles‐integrated scaffolds against osteoblast cells. In addition, cells successfully adhered onto the scaffolds and proliferated. Consequently, GelMA/CSMA/HyMA scaffolds containing 10% eggshell particles were found to be biocompatible and suitable for cell therapy and tissue engineering applications.

Development and Characterization of Biosorbent Film from Eggshell/Orange Waste Enriched with Banana Starch.

The conversion of waste into a valuable product is regarded as a promising alternative to relieving the burden of solid waste management and could be beneficial to the environment and humans. This study is focused on utilizing eggshell and orange peel enriched with banana starch to fabricate biofilm via the casting technique. The developed film is further characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical properties of films, including thickness, density, color, porosity, moisture content, water solubility, water absorption, and water vapor permeability, were also characterized. The removal efficiency of the metal ions onto film at different contact times, pH, biosorbent dosages, and initial concentration of Cd(II) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The film's surface was found to have a porous and rough structure with no cracks, which can enhance the target analytes interactions. EDX and XRD analyses confirmed that eggshell particles were made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and the appearance of the main peak at 2θ = 29.65° and 2θ = 29.49° proves the presence of calcite in eggshells. The FTIR indicated that the films contain various functional groups, such as alkane (C-H), hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), carbonate (CO32-), and carboxylic acid (-COOH) that can act as biosorption materials. According to the findings, the developed film exhibits a notable enhancement in its water barrier properties, thereby leading to improved adsorption capacity. The batch experiments showed that the film obtained the maximum removal percentage at pH = 8 and 6 g of biosorbent dose. Notably, the developed film could reach sorption equilibrium within 120 min at the initial concentration of 80 mg/L and remove 99.95% of Cd(II) in the aqueous solutions. This outcome presents potential opportunities for the application of these films in the food industry as both biosorbents and packaging materials. Such utilization can significantly enhance the overall quality of food products.

Influence of powdered chick eggshell (PECS) on mechanical and wear properties of kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced composites

The mechanical and wear characteristics of epoxy polymer reinforced composites using kenaf fibre (KF) and powdered chick eggshell (PCES) were examined experimentally. Calcined and uncalcined egg shell particles were created through the processing of egg shell. By using soil retting, kenaf fibres were extracted from the ground and then subjected to NaOH treatment. The composite was made by mixing the selected components in a specified ratio using the hand lay-up process. The produced composites' mechanical and wear characteristics were assessed. The results showed that calcium carbonate may be found in egg shell particles, and in most tests, the uncalcined ESP/SF reinforced epoxy composites outperformed the calcined ESP/SF composites. Additionally, it was found that most tests performed best at various weight fractions. The maximum results of this experimental investigation were 49.57 MPa, 3.64 GPa, 34.41 MPa, 3.49 GPa, 16.43 kJ/m2, and 63.91 HS for tensile, flexural, impact strength, flexural, tensile modulus, and shore D hardness. The 2- wt% calcined PCES particles were responsible for establishing the better wear behaviour. However, the weight fraction with the best values was found to be 2 weights %.

Farm waste-eggshell nanoparticles constitute gel for safe navigation of probiotic across the stomach

Gut microbiota plays an important role in gastrointestinal health, whose colonization through oral application as probiotic faces a major challenge due to harsh acidic conditions in the stomach. Hence, an edible gel constituted of agricultural waste like eggshell particles and pectin is developed to carry the probiotic safely. The eggshell shares the surface calcium ions for gelation, core particle as gel strength reinforcement agent and calcite to neutralize the gastric pH. This robust carrier shows 60% more viability compared to the control. Interestingly, the mechanism of this compact gel formation has been found to involve the structure-directing and functional eggshell proteins. Significant improvement in the polyphenol metabolism has also been observed by this formulation. Scheme: Schematic shows Lactobacillus plantarum navigating across the stomach safely in the eggshell nanoparticles + pectin prebiotic gel.

Development of novel environmental proficient hybrid composites based on marble dust and poultry’s eggshell

Poultry eggshell and marble dust were added to a mixture that was then reinforced with glass fibres and epoxy resin, and the resulting material was studied for its effect. The samples were created utilizing the hand Lay-up method, chopped glass fibre (6 wt%), and powdered marble dust as the matrix material (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%). The tensile, flexural, and impact characteristics of specimens reinforced with marble dust, poultry eggshell powder, glass fibre, and epoxy resins are evaluated. Chicken eggshell powder and marble dust both had mean particle sizes of 14.3 and 0.7 to 1.4 µm, respectively, when measured by a particle size analyzer. The maximum tensile strength of 212.64 and 191.46 MPa were noticed in 6 wt% of fiber/filler combinations. The tensile and impact test outcomes displayed that the modulus of elasticity and impact strength values are, increased with the addition 6 wt% of fiber and 8 wt% of fillers, the maximum modulus of elasticity and impact strength values are found in the range of 7.78 GPa, 7.16 GPa, 7.51 kJ/m2 and 7.17 kJ/m2 for poultry’s eggshell, marble dust particles correspondingly. Conversely the percentage of elongation was decreased with respect to the increased manner of both filler materials. The maximum elongation percentage of 3.67 was observed in controlled samples (94 wt% of Epoxy + 6 wt% chopped glass fiber). In terms of flexural characteristics, the maximum flexural strength and flexural modulus for 6 wt% of fibre and 8 wt% of marble dust powder and poultry's eggshell particles, respectively, were estimated to be 369.51 MPa, 261.62 MPa, 15.83 GPa, and 14.68 GPa.

Assessment of eggshell-based material as a green-composite filler: Project milestones and future potential as an engineering material

Abstract The utilization of eggshell (ES) waste as a composite filler has increased significantly in the last 5 years. This increase in usage took place due to its unique characteristics, which improve the properties of the resulting composite. Adding a weight fraction of ES particles into a composite can improve its mechanical properties, although not all studies have shown this phenomenon. Studies on these composites’ thermal and tribological properties are still limited, so more in-depth studies could be carried out. The degradation of composite performance due to friction or exposure to humidity and hot temperature is another area that is worthy of further study. In this work, we discuss changes in composites’ mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties associated with the addition of ES particles, examining both untreated particles and those treated with carbonation. This work can serve as a guide for the utilization of ES particles as an environmentally friendly composite material.

Influence of alkalisation and eggshell particles on mechanical, thermal and physical properties of rattan-bamboo fibre reinforced hybrid polyester laminated composite

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research is to observe the effect of alkalisation of rattan, bamboo fibre, and eggshell particles addition in the fabrication of hybrid polyester laminated composite. A 5% NaOH treatment of fibres was conducted, and 5% eggshell particles was added to the composite. The FTIR analysis was done to reveal the presence of nanol, and thermal stabilities were evaluated by TGA, DTG and DTA. Furthermore, water absorption and biodegradability of the composite were also investigated. Mechanical properties were tested with compatible ASTM standards. The 5% NaOH treated 30 wt.% fibre- loading enhanced the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness by 9%, 2%, 7%, and 4%, respectively compared to the raw composites. On the other hand, the addition of 5% eggshell particles decreased the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite by 5%, 4%, 3%, and 2%, respectively In addition, the raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite has the highest biodegradability, and water absorption percentage than the alkali-treated and eggshell added fibre-reinforced composite. The raw 30 wt% fibre-reinforced composite has dictated over the alkali-treated and eggshell added fibre-reinforced composite in terms of thermal stability.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by homogenized ball-milled eggshell particles in combination with sodium alginate

Eggshells, by-products of egg processing, were ball-milled and homogenized into particles (eggshell particles, ESPs) and then were used as the stabilizer with a two-step oil addition method to produce Pickering emulsions. Meanwhile, sodium alginate (SA) was used to modify the emulsifying ability of ESPs. The results indicated that SA addition helped to improve the dispersion performance and increase the negative charge of ESPs. Pickering emulsions stabilized by ESPs/SA showed much smaller particle size than those stabilized by ESPs. The maximum oil fraction in the ESPs/SA-stabilized emulsions reached up to 0.8, while that was only 0.75 in ESPs-stabilized emulsions. The presence of SA significantly enhanced the freeze-thaw, thermal, dilution, and centrifuge stability of ESPs-stabilized Pickering emulsions. The findings demonstrate the potential of eggshell particles as a kind of natural Pickering stabilizer, which will increase the high value-added utilization of poultry egg industry by-products.

Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional polycaprolactone/sodium alginate and egg whites and eggshells hybrid scaffold in bone tissue engineering

Abstract The aim of this study was to fabricate three-dimensional bone scaffolds using polycaprolactone and egg shell powder. The scaffolds were coated with sodium alginate/egg white. SEM was used to investigate egg shell particles on the surface of each string of scaffolds. The presence of calcium carbonate in the scaffold structure was confirmed by microstructural analyses employing XRD. Egg shell-related functional groups were discovered using FTIR investigations. Bone cells were used to conduct biocompatibility tests on scaffolds (MG-63). Finally, scaffolds with the highest proportion of egg whites and eggshells have the best cell survival rate. It may be concluded that the PCL/7% Esh/15% Ew scaffold is a good option for application in bone tissue engineering.

Wear and microstructure analysis of aluminium based composite using eggshell and rice husk ash as reinforcement

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study Al-based green composite. To make composite samples of aluminium alloy (AA3105) with different weight percentages of rice husk ash (RHA) and eggshell (ES) particles as reinforcement, stir casting method was used.Design/methodology/approachSeveral other aspects, including the weight percent of reinforcing agent particles, the applied stress and the sliding speed, were taken into consideration. During the course of the wear test, the sliding distance that was recorded varied from a minimum of 1,000 m all the way up to a maximum of 3,135 m (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min). The typical range for normal loads is 8–24 N, and their speed is 1.58 m/s.FindingsWith the AA/ES/RHA composite, the wear rates decreases when the grain size of the reinforcing particles enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy images of worn surfaces show that at low speeds, delaminating and ploughing are the main causes of wear. At high speeds, ploughing is major cause of wear. Composites with better wear-resistant properties can be used in wide range of tribological applications, especially in the automotive industry. It was found that hardness increases at the same time as the weight of the reinforcement increases. Tensile and hardness were maximized at 10% reinforcement mix in Al3105.Originality/valueIn this work, ES and RHA has been used to develop green metal matrix composite to support green revolution as promoted/suggested by United Nations thus reducing the environmental pollution.

Compressive behavior of Habesha eggshell particulate reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractEnvironmental pollution has become one of the major challenges to overcome in recent decades. Disposing waste materials has caused great concern by creating a landfill burden and increased environmental pollution. Utilizing or recycling wastes is one of the approaches considered that could bring positive environmental and economic benefits. Eggshells are among the understated waste materials that have great potential to impact the material world. In the present work, Habesha eggshells native to Ethiopia are utilized to prepare epoxy based composites. Five types of composites by varying the Habesha eggshell content (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 vol%) are investigated. Physical characterization in terms of density and void content estimations, and eggshell particle size analysis are carried out. Mechanical characterization in terms of normal and quasi‐static compression tests are performed. Results infer the density of eggshell particles to increase with increasing eggshell content, while quasi‐static compression tests infer that modulus and strength of eggshell/epoxy composites are sensitive to variations in the strain rate. However, irrespective of the strain rates, all the eggshell/epoxy composites depict higher modulus as compared with neat epoxy specimens. At 1.43, 0.1, and 0.001 strain rates, increase in modulus of composites are in the range of 17%–57%, 3%–107%, 30%–114%, respectively. Further, compressive yield strength of all the Habesha eggshell/epoxy composites is low compared with epoxy specimens for all the strain rates investigated. Scanning electron micrographs of test specimens for different loading conditions reveal reinforcing egg shell particles assists in absorbing the loading effectively.

Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Carbonized Eggshell Ash (CESA)

A useful alloying agent for aluminium-based composites is eggshell powder, which has a well-deserved reputation for hardness. Aluminium cans and eggshells are regarded as waste and a pollutant because they are no longer needed. Conversion of wastes into useful products will be of economic boost for a nation and make the environment clean. Eggshell particles were studied for their reinforcing properties in a waste aluminium alloy in this study. An eggshell particle of 150 µm in size and a weight fraction of 2%, 4.4%; 6.6%; 8.8%; and 10% was incorporated into aluminium produced from recycled aluminium wastes during casting. A Light Emission Polyvac Spectrometer was used to determine the alloy's constituent makeup. The required experimental procedures and tools were used to measure the tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. Using a weight fraction of reinforcement of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%, tensile strength was found to be 78.07098MPa; 81.09587MPa; 83.04546MPa; 86.12769MPa; and 89.12769MPa respectively. Hardness values of 75.25Hv, 77.03Hv, 78.27Hv, 80.15Hv, and 85.72Hv were obtained at the same specified% weight fraction. Impact strength values of 12.64J, 10.08J, 7.39J, 7.12J, and 7.39J were obtained at the same composition. It may be inferred that the mechanical characteristics of the aluminium alloy reinforced with eggshell particles improved considerably with the number of eggshell particles used and the study, therefore, converted waste to worth.

Improvement in cyclic CO2 capture performance and fluidization behavior of eggshell-derived CaCO3 particles modified with acetic acid used in calcium looping process

Although calcium-based materials are the most promising adsorbents used in calcium looping process for carbon dioxide removing, their CO2 capture capacity decaying besides poor fluidization, still are the important challenges. In the present investigation, eggshell as a cheap, easily available and unpolluted source of calcium carbonate was used for CO2 capturing in calcium looping process. Eggshell particles were treated with various volume concentrations of acetic acid to improve its sorption capacity. According to the TGA results after 20 carbonation/calcination cycles, the effective carbonation conversion of modified eggshell with 5%, 20%, 30% and 40%. v/v acetic acid was 21.33%, 24.26%, 25.97% and 28.97%, respectively, which is considerable compared to 20.54% for untreated eggshell. The effect of initial eggshell particle size on the adsorption behavior of final adsorbent was also investigated by using two different sizes including dp< 45 µm and dp> 320 µm. The results showed that the effective conversion of the adsorbent containing 40%. v/v acetic acid derived from small particle size eggshells was 9.32% higher than that from larger particle size eggshells. In terms of fluidization behavior, surprisingly the addition of acetic acid to the eggshell particles also increased the bed expansion ratio as 8% and 36.2% at gas velocities of 0.27 and 6.67 cm/s, respectively. Further improvement in the fluidity of eggshell modified with 40% acid was performed by manually mixing of SiO2 nanoparticles at different weight percentages. According to the results, adding 7.5 wt% SiO2 leaded to the homogeneous and agglomerate particulate fluidization.

Processing and in vitro corrosion analysis of sustainable and economical eggshell reinforced Mg and Mg-Zr matrix composite for biomedical applications

Although magnesium and magnesium alloys have low elasticity and biodegradable capabilities, the rapid rate of degradation of pure Mg in the body affects the mechanical and corrosion properties. In the current work, the Mg and Mg-1Zr matrix composite reinforced with Eggshell (ES) were synthesized using powder metallurgy. The elemental powders were blended using a milling machine, then compacted at 550 MPa and sintered in an inert atmosphere at 450° C for 2 hr. The synthesized composites were characterized in terms of structure, microstructure, densification, and microhardness. In vitro corrosion, performance was studied in Hank’s medium. The results showed that the sintered samples of Mg-1Zr, Mg-2.5ES, and Mg-1Zr-2.5ES had a relatively homogeneous distribution of reinforcement, with densifications of 99.65%, 98.9%, and 99.2%, respectively. The sintered Mg-1Zr and Mg-1Zr-2.5ES samples showed enhanced microhardness by 13% and 6% respectively compared to pure Mg. The biocorrosion study revealed the beneficial role of reinforcing Mg with Zr and ES particles and their synergetic effect by showing the higher polarization resistance and lower corrosion rate values in Hank’s medium. The finding demonstrates the potential of ES to be used as effective green reinforcement particles in the synthesis of Mg and Mg-Zr-based composite with improved in vitro corrosion properties for biomedical applications.

Grain size, coefficient of thermal expansion and corrosion behavior of eggshell and rice husk ash reinforced composite material

PurposeThe purpose of this study to find an alternate method to minimize waste i.e., eggshell and rice husk ash. In this paper, eggshell (ES) and rice husk ash (RHA) particles are used as reinforcements for examining their effect on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), grain size (GS) and corrosion behavior for developed composite material.Design/methodology/approachIn this investigation, 5 Wt.% each of ES and RHA reinforcement particles have been introduced. To investigate the microstructures of the developed composite material, scanning electron microscope was used. Physical and mechanical properties of composite material are tensile strength and hardness that have been examined.FindingsThe result of this paper shows that number of grains per square inch for composition Al/5% ES/5% RHA composite was found to be 1,243. Minimum value of the volume CTE was found to be 6.67 × 10–6/°C for Al/5% ES/5% RHA composite. The distribution of hard phases of ES particles in metal matrix is responsible for improvements in tensile strength and hardness. These findings demonstrated that using carbonized ES as reinforcement provides superior mechanical and physical properties than using uncarbonized ES particles.Originality/valueThere are several articles examining the impact of varying Wt.% of carbonized ES and rice husk reinforcement on the microstructures and mechanical characteristics of metal composites. CTE, GS and corrosion behavior are among of the features that are examined in this paper.

Highly efficient engineered waste eggshell-fly ash for cadmium removal from aqueous solution

Sustainable waste and water management are key components of the newest EU policy regarding the circular economy. Simple, performant and inexpensive water treatment methods based on reusing waste are prerequisites for human health, sustainable development and environmental remediation. The design of performant, cost-effective absorbents represents a topical issue in wastewater treatment. This study aimed to investigate the development of a newly engineered adsorbent by functionalizing two different types of waste (industrial and food) with magnetic nanoparticles as environmentally friendly, highly efficient, cheap material for cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. This nano-engineered adsorbent (EFM) derived from waste eggshell and fly ash was used to remove the cadmium from the aqueous solution. SEM analysis has demonstrated that magnetite nanoparticles were successfully loaded with each waste. In addition, was obtained a double functionalization of the eggshell particles with ash and magnetite particles. As a result of this, the EFM surface area substantially increased, as confirmed by BET. A comprehensive characterization (BET, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and TGA) was performed to study the properties of this newly engineered adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different reaction parameters: temperature, pH, contact time, dosage adsorbent, initial concentration. Results showed that cadmium adsorption reached equilibrium in 120 min., at pH 6.5, for 0.25 g of adsorbent. The maximum efficiency was 99.9%. The adsorption isotherms research displayed that the Cd2+ adsorption fitted on the Freundlich model indicated a multi-molecular layer adsorption process. In addition, the thermodynamic study (ΔG < 0, ΔH > 0; ΔS > 0) shows that cadmium adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The adsorbent kinetic study was described with the pseudo-second-order model indicating a chemisorption mechanism. Desorption results showed that the nano-engineered adsorbent (EFM) can be reused. These data confirmed the possibility to enrich relevant theoretical knowledge in the field of waste recovery for obtaining newly designed adsorbents, performant and inexpensive for wastewater remediation.

3D Printing of Biopolymer Composites Investigation on Effect of Egg Shell Particles on Polylactic Acid Matrix

Biodegradable polymer plays a crucial role in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies due to its new properties, such as 100% degradability and eco-friendliness. Polylactic acid - egg shell powder (calcium carbonate) bio-composite was prepared by incorporating egg shell powder at different weight proportions into PLA polymer matrix by 3D printing, fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, which enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Mechanical properties and biodegradability of the PLA reinforced with eggshell powder bio-composites were characterized. Mechanical studies show that the mechanical stability of the PLA-calcium carbonate bio-composite decreased compared to that of PLA. Also, all the PLA-calcium carbonates bio composites are biodegradable. The best outcome may be used as Bio-resorbable Biomaterial for various applications such as Sutures, Drug delivery, Laser surgery, Tissue staples, etc. The reinforced polymer matrix composite specimen will be characterized using Scanning electron microscopic images. SEM characterization of specimens was done, and it was found that the reinforcement of eggshell powder is mixed properly with polylactic acid. The eggshell powder was also characterized separately using the X-Ray Diffraction technique. The peaks in the eggshell are well fitted, revealing the major composition of CaCO3 presence with higher crystallite.

Degradation of epoxy reinforced Banana fibers and eggshell particles hybrid composite high-voltage insulators via accelerated UV aging processes

Electrical insulators for high voltage electric power applications are previously made with ceramics and glass, presently the use of polymer insulators to replace the brittle ceramics insulators is been giving attention worldwide. These polymeric insulators are affected by UV radiations, temperature, and environmental pollution. UV radiation has a greater effect on the accelerated aging of polymer composite insulators. Epoxy reinforced with eggshell particles(ESp) and banana stem fibers (BSF) insulator was developed. The insulator was subjected to UV accelerated stress aging. The hydrophobic behavior was determined by measuring the contact angle. Surface resistivity, mechanical properties, and microstructure were also determined. The composite has better resistance to oxidation as compared to the polymer. Developed composite can withstand toughness under impact loading, which is the major shortcoming of the ceramics insulators. The composite can be used in the production of high impact energy insulators that can withstand UV radiation