Eggshell Particles Research Articles

Adsorption of SO2 and H2S by sonicated raw eggshell

In this study, raw eggshell was sonicated in presence of N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF) and tested for its capacity to adsorb SO2 and H2S. The flow rate was kept constant at 300 ml/min throughout the study. Sonication was carried out at different temperature (30 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C) with a constant contact time of 3 h. It was found that sonication at higher temperature (80 °C) had the best adsorption capacities for both SO2 (2.4 mg/g) and H2S (1.85 mg/g) respectively. The BET surface area of sonicated raw eggshell particles was about 3.39 m2/g. The reading was higher compared to raw eggshell. Moreover, in the process study, the sorbents were tested with 40% of relative humidity and at 2 different reaction temperature i.e. 100 °C and 200 °C. Increasing the reaction temperature and the relative humidity in the inlet gas further increased the adsorption capacities for both SO2 and H2S. The results show that sonicated eggshell particles can be valorised as sorbents for SO2 and H2S.

Tribological Characterization of Ecodesigned Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminium alloys infused with various reinforcements establish themselves for numerous leading engineering applications. In present study, wear characteristics of Al 7075-T6/Eggshell/SiC/Al 2 O 3 hybrid composites (Al 7075-T6 as base metal with three reinforcements eggshell particles wt. % 0.5, 1and 1.5, particle size ~ 55 µm, SiC particles wt. % 1, 1.5 and 2, particle size ~ 70 µm and Al 2 O 3 particles wt. % 1.5, 2 and 2.5, particle size ~75 µm) synthesized through electromagnetic stir casting route were studied at various temperatures under dry and lubricated conditions. The wear investigations were conducted on pin-on-disk rotary tribometer Make: Ducom, Atlas; TR-20L-PHM 800-DHM 850 at a constant load of 20N for a sliding speed of 2m/s and sliding distance of 2000 meters. Tribological attributes of synthesized hybrid composites were evaluated as the function of reinforcement contents as per the design of experiment according to Taguchi L9 array. Experimental study showed that at room temperature under dry wear condition, the developed hybrid composites had a maximum decrease of 60% in wear loss while with lubrication the wear was decreased by 89% as compared to the base metal. At an elevated temperature of 70 0 C under dry wear condition, the composite specimens exhibited maximum reduction of 82% in wear whereas under lubricated condition the wear was reduced by 82% in comparison of their unreinforced counter parts. With exceedingly augmented tribological attributes, the current study strongly rationalizes high temperature wear resistant applications of synthesized aluminium hybrid composites with a total reinforcement weight percentage of 4.5% only.

Improving mechanical and thermal properties of graphite–aluminium composite using Si, SiC and eggshell particles

Graphite–aluminium (Gr–Al) composites are being used for diverse engineering applications because of their light weight, good electrical conductivity and thermal properties. However, their applications are limited by high coefficient of thermal expansion and low microhardness values which can be enhanced by adding cheap and efficient fillers. This paper reports the effect of addition of eggshell (ES) particles on the properties of sintered Gr–Al-based composites. Five different composites (Gr–Al, Gr–Al + 20 wt.%Si, Gr–Al + 20 wt.%SiC, Gr–Al + 20Si wt.% + 20 wt.%ES and Gr–Al + 20SiC wt.% + 20 wt.%ES) were sintered at a temperature of 540 ℃, holding time of 10 min, heating rate of 52 ℃/min and pressure of 50 MPa using spark plasma sintering system. The sintered samples were characterized based on morphology, microhardness, relative density, coefficient of thermal expansion and electrical conductivity. Based on SEM images, graphite particles of flake-like structure were largely undeformed while Al particles were smaller, round and irregular in shape and fairly uniformly distributed in the composites. The microhardness value of sintered Gr–Al + 20 wt.%SiC + 20 wt.%ES composite was 39.55 HV compared to 30.46 HV for Gr–Al, the least of the samples. The Gr–Al + 20 wt.%SiC + 20 wt.%ES composite also has a very low thermal expansion coefficient (0.98 × 10−5/K) but lowest electrical conductivity at temperature beyond 150 ℃. Highest densification and minimum relative density (94%) were obtained in Gr–Al + 20 wt.%Si + 20 wt.%ES composite. These enhanced performances are largely due to the incorporation of ES particles. This study therefore demonstrated that ESs particles enhanced microhardness and lowered thermal expansion of Gr–Al-based composites which have promising applications in industries especially for thermal management.

A study on the effect of low-cost eggshell reinforcement on the immersion, damping and mechanical properties of magnesium–zinc alloy

The requirement for lightweight inexpensive materials with superior performance has been increasing rapidly in the last decade due to the enforcement of stringent environmental protocols and severe in-service conditions in a global effort to mitigate the effect of greenhouse gas emissions. Thereby, the interest in using naturally available materials with minimum processing or handling costs has been explored in the light metal community. Economically Conscious Magnesium (ECo–Mg) composites are one such domain catering to these needs by using naturally available low-cost reinforcements to develop high-performance composites. In this study, the authors have attempted to reinforce eggshell (ES) particles in varying amounts (3, 5 and 7 wt %) to develop magnesium-(2.5 wt %) zinc-based composites using energy-efficient disintegrated melt deposition technique. The reported results reveal a superior enhancement in grain refining ability, damping and mechanical properties of Mg–Zn alloy with the incorporation of eggshell without increasing the density drastically. In particular, Mg-2.5Zn-5ES composite exhibits superior corrosion resistance compared to the Mg-2.5Zn due to the formation of bioactive apatite layer. In the current work, an attempt is made, to study the post corrosion mechanical properties to understand the extent of strength retention of the composites. The results revealed in the current study are benchmarked against commercial metallic implants and biocompatible alloys/composites for better insight into the discussed properties.

Investigation of packed conductive foams as a novel reactor configuration for methane steam reforming

• Packed foams successfully applied to SMR process. • Systematic increase of productivity noted at fixed oven temperature. • Foam conductivity enhances heat transfer properties. • Development of a heat transfer model for packed foams. In this work, a novel fixed bed reactor configuration is proposed and tested for the steam reforming of methane; the proposed solution consists of filling the voids of highly conductive metallic open-cell foams with small catalytic pellets. This reactor layout aims at enhancing the radial heat transfer of the tubular reactor by exploiting the thermal conductivity of the solid interconnected matrix, while keeping a target catalyst inventory and avoiding issues related to washcoating of metallic structures. Tests were performed using a Rh/Al 2 O 3 catalyst in the form of alumina egg-shell particles, with diameter of 600 μm. FeCrAlY open cell foams of 12 PPI and copper open cell foams of 10 and 40 PPI were compared to a conventional packed bed system; experiments were performed at GHSV of 5000 and 10000 h −1 at oven temperatures in the 600–800 °C range. Experiments demonstrated a benefit in terms of the thermal management of the reactor and an increase of productivity at the same furnace temperature in kinetically-limited conditions. A heat transfer model of the packed foams was developed based on the approach of electric equivalent circuit; the model incorporates independently estimated lumped or effective parameters and provides an engineering rationale of the observed reduction of temperature gradients across the catalytic bed.

Parameter optimization and characterization of environmental friendly aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites

The present experimental investigation was carried out to fabricate environmental friendly hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites with three reinforcements in minimal amount through electromagnetic stir casting: an uncommon fabrication technique. Al 7075-T6 alloy was infused with three reinforcements; eggshell particles (wt% 0.5, 1 and 1.5, particle size ∼60 μm), SiC particles (wt% 1, 1.5 and 2, particle size ∼65 μm) and Al2O3 particles (wt% 1.5, 2 and 2.5, particle size ∼90 μm) with variable mechanical stirring time (2, 4 and 6 min). Composite fabrication experiments were run in accordance with Taguchi’s orthogonal array L9 and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to optimize process parameters and to observe their influence on quality characteristics. Developed composites were characterized for various physical and mechanical properties such as density, porosity, residual stress, micro hardness and tensile strength. Investigation outcomes show that synthesized hybrid composite specimen S8 with a total reinforcement content of 4.5% only, demonstrated no significant change in density (only upto 2.2%) whereas the maximum reduction in percentage porosity was 75%. Additionally, maximum abatement in residual stress of hybrid composite specimen S8 was 76% as compared to their unreinforced counterpart specimen S0, there was a maximum enhancement of 83% in microhardness and 107% in tensile strength of fabricated hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite specimen S8 in comparison of as-cast Al 7075-T6 specimen S0. Disposal of eggshells is a serious threat to environment, thus more focus was put on recycling them and using them for development of environmental friendly and cost effective hybrid composites with enhanced properties for numerous engineering applications.

Study on the viability of egg shell as a lost circulation material in synthetic based drilling fluid

Lost circulation is one of the most severe issues in drilling operation which can cause fracture formation or be induced during drilling activities. These scenarios make it imperative to design the drilling fluid in a minimal invasion of the fluid that occur in the formation along with assist in strengthening the wellbore condition. To solve this problem, Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) are required which is expected to bridge and seal the fractures. As the contemporary worldwide development towards environment friendly, technical ability and cost-effectiveness, hence the viability of Egg Shells as LCM are being investigated since the daily disposal waste is rich in Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) compound. In addition, the effect of egg shell particle size distribution on the drilling fluid performance was also study. The performance of egg shells was compared with the industry standard-sized CaCO3 in term of its rheology properties, fluid loss, fluid invasion, and lubrication ability. The rheology properties result shows a stable reading while for High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) filter press test, the drilling fluids performance showed the same mud cake thickness of 1/32 but slightly different in fluid loss. The drilling fluids also has a minimal invasion on Sand Bed Test (SBT) with lubrications coefficient of 0.0753. From this study, it is found that egg shells can function effectively as LCM additives, the same as the standard CaCO3 used in the industry.

Parametric optimization of fatigue behaviour of hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites

Abstract For various aerospace applications aluminium has emerged as most preferred material due to desirable attributes such as superior strength to density ratio, greater specific strength, better corrosion resistance, high toughness and cost effectiveness. The most desirable characteristics for aerospace materials are ability to withstand elevated temperature and sustain higher fatigue loadings. Current experimental investigation was carried out to explore and optimize fatigue characteristics of hybrid composites developed by infusing particulate reinforcements into aluminium alloy. Eggshell particles (wt% 0.5, 1 and 1.5, average particle size ≈ 60 µm), Silicon Carbide particles (wt% 1, 1.5 and 2, average particle size ≈ 65 µm) and Aluminium Oxide particles (wt% 1.5, 2 and 2.5, average particle size ≈ 90 µm) were reinforced into Al 7075-T6 metal matrix through electromagnetic stir casting route as per L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi’s approach in order to synthesize hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites with enhanced fatigue resistance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted to observe the effect of different process parameters on fatigue life of developed composites. Nine hybrid composite specimens and one as-cast Al7075 -T6 specimen (in three replications) were prepared in accordance with ASTM E 468/606 and were evaluated for low cycle fatigue resistance at a constant load of 2 kg and constant speed of 500 rpms on rotating beam fatigue testing machine. It was observed that at 30 °C temperature, hybrid composite specimens exhibited significant enhancement in fatigue resistance in terms of reversible load cycles survived. The as-cast Al 7075-T6 specimen sustained only 94 load cycles while the highest number of load cycles i.e. 4560 were survived by hybrid composite specimen with Al 7075-T6 as base metal reinforced with 1.5 wt% of eggshell particles, 1.5 wt% of SiC particles and 1.5 wt% of Al2O3 particles (total reinforcement content only 4.5%) and mechanically stirred for 360 s.

A single step process to synthesize ordered porous carbon from coconut shells-eggshells biowaste

A novel method is used to synthesize ordered porous carbon from natural bio waste. Eggshells and coconut shells powder particles were used for synthesis of bio carbon. Eggshell particles were used as template as well as activating agent for synthesis of ordered porous carbon, while coconut shells act as a precursor. The synthesized activated carbon particles were characterized with the aid of X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Surface area analysis. Adsorption capacity of synthesized ordered porous carbon was investigated with UV–vis spectroscopy. XRD results revealed that the optimum temperature for pyrolysis of eggshell-coconut shell mixture is 800 °C. XRD and Raman analysis confirmed the formation of amorphous carbon. It was observed that 1:1 ratio at 800 °C gave optimum results when compared with 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 eggshells and coconut shells mixture. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume of 1:1 ratio at 800 °C were found to be 375.4 m2 g−1 and 0.2478 cm3 g−1 respectively. The average pore size was found to be 2.64 nm for 1:1 ratio of eggshells-coconut shells mixture pyrolyzed at 800 °C. Morphology analysis confirms the formation of micropores and mesopores on the surface of carbon particles. The adsorption isotherms were well fitted with Langmuir isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 305.76 mg g−1 for methylene blue adsorption on the surface of ordered porous carbon.

Investigating the mechanical and insulation performance of waste eggshell powder/epoxy polymer for power insulation application

In an effort towards the optimization of materials for industrial application, composite technology has been identified to provide an effective way to improve the performance of insulating materials used in power system applications. Clay and synthesized metal oxide micro- and nanoparticles have been used as fillers in host polymer materials. In this study, the focus is on the development of composite polymeric insulation using particles from animal shell waste for use in electrical and electronic power systems. Epoxy composite samples were prepared with waste chicken eggshell powder and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, respectively. Mechanical (tensile strength) and dielectric properties were studied, and high-voltage AC was used to evaluate the variation in electrical conductance with percentage composition of the filler particles in the epoxy polymer matrix. This was done by monitoring the leakage current through the epoxy polymer composites under high-voltage stresses in the range of 0.5–5 kV. The two polymer composites’ type has comparable loss tangent, but the eggshell powder-filled polymer samples displayed higher dielectric constant and lower electrical conductance at high voltage compared with the TiO2 nanoparticle-filled polymer composite samples. While the minimum conductance of 2.68 × 10−9 S was obtained from the epoxy composite sample with 3 wt% eggshell particle loading, epoxy nanocomposite displayed a minimum conductance of 4.06 × 10−9 S with 2 wt% titanium oxide loading. This is an indication that polymer composite with the eggshell particles may produce polymeric insulation that could be more resistant to leakage current.

Fractional Substitute of Cement with Egg shell Particles, India.

The use of SCM's was done from the out of date Greeks who solidified volcanic powder with water driven lime to make a cementitious mortar. The Greeks passed this learning on to the Romans, who manufactured such structuring marvels as the Roman water channels and the Coliseum, which still stand today. Early SCMs contained typical, immediately open materials, for instance, volcanic red hot flotsam and jetsam. Nowadays, most strong mix contains profitable cementitious material that structures some bit of the cementitious portion. These materials are bigger part reactions from various methodology or customary materials. The noteworthy focal points of SCM is its ability to supersede certain proportion of Portland concrete and still prepared to indicate cementitious property, subsequently decreasing the cost of using Portland bond. Even more starting late, extreme air-pollution controls and rules have conveyed an abundance of present day symptoms that can be used as favorable cementitious materials, for instance, Pozzocrete, Saw buildup blazing remains, Rice husk slag, Egg shell powder, Sugarcane bagasse ash, etc. The usage of such symptoms in strong advancement not simply shields these things from being land-filled at this point moreover improves the properties of bond in the fresh and set states. This paper shows a compact history and review of Egg shell powder in bond with the purpose of displaying the development.

Mechanical, structural, thermal and morphological properties of epoxy composites filled with chicken eggshell and inorganic CaCO3 particles

In this study, chicken eggshell particles (ESPs) were used as a biofiller to fabricate epoxy-based biocomposites. The purpose of using these waste-based particles was to find their suitability to be used as low-cost biofillers for epoxy-based composites. The samples were fabricated by a solution-casting method. A special steel-cast metal mold was used to fabricate the composites. The ESPs were loaded into the epoxy with amounts of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.%. An amine-based curing agent was used for the curing process. The samples were characterized for the mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact), thermal (TGA and DSC), structural (FTIR and XRD) and morphological (SEM) properties. Result analyses showed that 15 wt.% of ESPs was the optimum loading for the better properties of the composites. Therefore, the properties of the ESPs-based epoxy composite were compared with the inorganic CaCO3 -based composite at a similar amount of filler loading (15 wt.%). Results showed that the addition of fillers decreased the tensile strength of the composites than neat epoxy, whereas tensile modulus was increased. The flexural strength of the composite was increased at the loading of 15 wt.% of ESPs, but it was decreased for the composite prepared with CaCO3 at the same amount. Overall, the ESPs showed better properties than CaCO3, and they can be used as an ecological, environmentally friendly and low-cost alternative of some inorganic fillers.

Facile and eco‐friendly fabrication of hierarchical superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste

AbstractThis study reports a facile and sustainable approach to fabricate superhydrophobic coating from eggshell biowaste. The coating was prepared by ball milling chicken eggshells, composed of hydrophilic calcium carbonate (CaCO3), to microsized particles followed by surface hydrophobilizing with stearic acid (C17H35COOH) to form low surface energy nanosized calcium stearate ((C17H35COO)2Ca) through the esterification of hydroxyl groups (‐OH) absorbed on a surface of CaCO3 with carboxyl groups (–COOH) of stearic acid. Then, a layer of modified eggshell particles dispersed in polystyrene (PS) binder was dip‐coated on a substrate. A coated surface with water contact angles of 151° ± 1° on glass and 153° ± 1° on cotton fabric substrates was achieved when a 4:1 weight ratio of the modified eggshell:PS was used. The uniform distribution of the modified eggshell particles throughout the coating led to a surface with high degree of hierarchical micro‐nanoscale roughness which resulted in superhydrophobicity. The superhydrophobic eggshell coating showed good environmental stability, self‐cleaning, and oil/water separation properties. These results suggest that eggshell biowaste can be utilized for superhydrophobic applications.

Effects of Waste Eggshells addition on Microstructures, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Green Metal Matrix Composite

Abstract Chicken eggshell (Es) waste is an industrial byproduct, and its disposal constitutes a severe environmental risk. Eggshell is a new engineering reinforcement retaining excellent properties such as low density, renewable, eco-friendly, and high thermal stability. The current research aims to study the effects of eggshell particles addition on microstructures, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium/eggshell green metal matrix composites (MMCs). In the present work Al–Es metal matrix composite is produced by powder metallurgy processes. SEM with EDX and XRD were used to examine the microstructures and the compounds that arise during the sintering process of the produced composites. Six tests were conducted on the produced samples including; dry wear test, micro Vickers hardness, and ultimate compressive strength. The results showed that the addition of 3 wt. % of eggshell improved wear resistance (65%), compressive strength (40%) and hardness (15%). At 6 and 9 wt. % of eggshell, negative results appeared.

Effect of Surfactant in Particle Shape and Thermal Degradation of Eggshell Particles

High energy ball milling and sonofragmentation were used successfully to reduce the crystallite size of calcium carbonate extracted from the eggshell. The ceramic was milled using either deionized water or stearic acid and then subjected to a subsequent size reduction by means of a tip horn. The thermal degradation of particles was influenced by the presence of stearic acid in milling process because it acts as a protective layer around eggshell particles. It was found that the reduction in crystallite size diminishes the degradation temperature and the presence of the surfactant may lead to a change in particle shape by trough a superplasticity phenomenon. Tubes, fibers and a rectangular prism were observed in Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Wear Study of Chicken Eggshell-Reinforced Al6061 Matrix Composites

The present work deals with conduction of wear test on Al6061/eggshell composites with load, reinforcement and sliding distance as control factors and its regression analysis. Chicken eggshell is one of the most abundant natural waste products generated in large amount by food processing industry due to its everyday consumption. This material is simply disposed in nature thus constituting environmental hazards. Commercial use of eggshells can produce lightweight materials at low cost. Therefore, being complemented with less dense calcium carbonate, it can be used as reinforcement to develop metal matrix composite using stir casting process. Reinforcement is added in the range of 2–10 wt% at an interval of 2%. Optical microstructural characterization indicated fair distribution of particles in the matrix, and 4 wt% composite exhibited best properties among all. Further addition of particles proved to be detrimental due to increase in porosity and agglomeration of particles. Wear track and debris were examined with scanning electron microscope to explain the wear process. Regression analysis helped in establishing the relationship between the control factors. Reinforcement of eggshell particles improved the wear resistance of matrix significantly as suggested by analysis of variance.

Reinforcement of Stearic Acid Treated Egg Shell Particles in Epoxy Thermosets: Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization.

This work reports the modification of egg shell (ES) particles by using stearic acid (SA) and their reinforcement in the epoxy matrix. The ES treatment via SA was optimized, the optimum conditions for concentration, temperature, and time were found to be 2.5%, 85 °C, and 50 min, respectively. The untreated ES (UES) and treated ES (TES) particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size distribution, and contact angle. FTIR confirmed the chemical modification of SA on ES surface and DSC reflects an endothermic peak at 240 °C. XRD reveal a decrease in crystal size and crystallinity, while contact angle increases to 169° from 42°. The SEM observations clearly reflect a distinct decrease and separation of small domains of ES particles thus improving an increased surface area. Afterwards, the UES and TES particles were reinforced in epoxy at 15 and 20 weight (wt.) % loading. The tensile tests confirmed a 22% increase in elongation as compared to pure epoxy due to the hydrogen bonding between TES particles and matrix. The lowest brittleness was recorded for TES/epoxy composites on 20 wt % loading. The TGA confirmed the improved thermal stabilities at 20 wt % loading of TES particles in matrix, the improvements in T5%, T10%, and T20% values were recorded as 33, 26, and 21 °C higher than the corresponding values for neat matrix. The TES/epoxy composites on 20 wt % showed 41% increase in storage modulus as compared to the pristine epoxy, and cross-link density reaches to 2.71 × 10−3 from 1.29 × 10−3 mol/cm3 for neat matrix. The decline in tan δ height and improvement in Tg were also observed. The best adhesion effectiveness was recorded for TES/epoxy composites. This simple and economical modification technique can enhance the application of ES particles in various polymeric coating and composites applications.

Rapid microwave synthesis of needle-liked hydroxyapatite nanoparticles via template directing ball-milled spindle-shaped eggshell particles

Needle-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized by fast microwave irradiation of partially acid etched ball-milled eggshell particles which were guided milled using two sets of stainless steel balls. The milled eggshell samples were irradiated for 7.5, 15 and 30 min while reagent concentration, the temperature (50 °C), and argon purge pressure of 60 psi were kept constant using a CEU microwave. The Scanning Electron Micrographs showed that the precursor milled eggshell particles which were prepared using a combination of 12 of 6 mm and 6 of 3 mm balls displayed spindle-shaped morphology whereas eggshells milled with 12 of 3 mm and 6 of 6 mm stainless steel balls did not show distinct morphology. The XRD patterns of the nano-hydroxyapatite prepared using spindled-shaped eggshells as synthetic precursors are in preferential crystalline orientations in the [211] and [300] directions. The XRD patterns and TEM images of partially acid etched spindle-shaped CaCO3 particles and (NH4)2HPO4 irradiated for 7.5 min produced a mixture of hydroxyapatite and CaCO3 particles but produced only pure needle-liked hydroxyapatite particles when the microwave irradiation was extended to 30 min. The irradiation of eggshell particles with no clear shape (milled using 12 of 3 mm and 6 of 6 mm stainless steel balls) and (NH4)2HPO4 produced agglomerated hydroxyapatite particles with indistinct morphology. The absence of modulating functional groups in the FTIR chromatograms showed that etched spindle-shaped CaCO3 served as templates which directed the growth of the needle-liked hydroxyapatite particles. This material could be a useful biomaterial as there are no concerns due to surfactant contamination.

Investigation of dynamic characteristics on gfrp composites with egg shell particles

Investigation of dynamic characteristics on gfrp composites with egg shell particles

Comparative analysis on aluminum-silicon carbide hybrid green metal matrix composite materials using waste egg shells and snail shell ash as reinforcements

Extensive usage of aluminum metal-matrix composites (AMC) in automobiles, defense, etc. promotes for the development of the global need of a new hybrid green metal matrix composite with light weight, high strength and cost effectiveness using aluminum (Al) alloy as base material with silicon carbide (SiC) and reinforcing it with waste carbonized egg shells (WCE) and snail shell ash (SSA) of different weight percentage by stir casting. Experimental results showed increase of tensile strength, hardness, fatigue strength but decrease in corrosion rate, fracture toughness and ductility by adding up to 12.5 wt.% of eggshell particles in Al matrix alloy. Heat treatment was done to improve the mechanical properties like corrosion rate of the composites. The optimum values of weight percent of WCE, preheat temperature of WCE and SiC were obtained 7.5 wt.%, 300°C and 500°C, respectively. The stability and non-reactivity factors of the reinforcements are strictly considered at the optimum temperature. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) in a water environment is used for experimenting different samples of AMC with varying proportion of SSA. The hardness of the Al alloy incremented to a maximum value when (7.5 wt.% SiC + 7.5 wt.% SSA) was added and decremented when (10 wt.% SiC + 10 wt.% SSA) was used as reinforcements. The results inferred that using WCE as reinforcement with the Al matrix gave better tribo mechanical properties at a much cheaper rate than uncarbonized egg shells (ES) and SiC+SSA