Effect Of Acid Etching Research Articles

A Very Thin Layer of NiO, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets Arrays with Organic Functional Modification of Polyaniline

NiO, conductive polymers have many important applications in supercapacitor, lithium-ion batteries, H2production with photocatalysis, chemical sensors, biosensors, electrochromic, environmental fields, and so on. Due to P-type semiconductors of NiO and polyaniline, the NiO/Polyaniline (PANi) would be a new nanocomposite with synergistic behaviors or complementary properties. Different morphologies of NiO were synthesized with hydrothermal method. NiO nanosheets arrays on glass substrate were obtained with optimized condition. And the NiO nanosheets arrays were immersed in the solution of aniline accompanying chemical oxidation reaction. The results indicated that a very thin layer of NiO, Ni (OH)2nanosheets arrays with organic functional modification of polyaniline were formed on glass substrate due to acid etching effects. The results of XRD showed that the presence of NiO and Ni (OH)2in prepared film were observed. The FTIR results also confirmed that this very thin film contained the components of polyaniline. This method is very simple, which would be used in many film electrodes for photocatalysis fields, supercapacitor, sensors, et al.

Effect of acid etching on bond strength of nanoionomer as an orthodontic bonding adhesive.

Aims:A new Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement known as nanoionomer containing nanofillers of fluoroaluminosilicate glass and nanofiller 'clusters' has been introduced. An in-vitro study aimed at evaluating shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of nanoionomer under etching/unetched condition for use as an orthodontic bonding agent.Material and Methods:A total of 75 extracted premolars were used, which were divided into three equal groups of 25 each: 1-Conventional adhesive (Enlight Light Cure, SDS, Ormco, CA, USA) was used after and etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s, followed by Ortho Solo application 2-nanoionomer (Ketac™ N100, 3M, ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) was used after etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s 3-nanoionomer was used without etching. The SBS testing was performed using a digital universal testing machine (UTM-G-410B, Shanta Engineering). Evaluation of ARI was done using scanning electron microscopy. The SBS were compared using ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test for intergroup comparisons and ARI scores were compared with Chi-square test.Results:ANOVA (SBS, F = 104.75) and Chi-square (ARI, Chi-square = 30.71) tests revealed significant differences between groups (P < 0.01). The mean (SD) SBS achieved with conventional light cure adhesive was significantly higher (P < 0.05) (10.59 ± 2.03 Mpa, 95% CI, 9.74-11.41) than the nanoionomer groups (unetched 4.13 ± 0.88 Mpa, 95% CI, 3.79-4.47 and etched 9.32 ± 1.87 Mpa, 95% CI, 8.58-10.06). However, nanoionomer with etching, registered SBS in the clinically acceptable range of 5.9–7.8 MPa, as suggested by Reynolds (1975). The nanoionomer groups gave significantly lower ARI values than the conventional adhesive group.Conclusion:Based on this in-vitro study, nanoionomer with etching can be successfully used as an orthodontic bonding agent leaving less adhesive remnant on enamel surface, making cleaning easier. However, in-vivo studies are needed to confirm the validity of present findings.

Effects of acid etching and adhesive treatments on host-derived cysteine cathepsin activity in dentin.

To analyze the effects of different processes during bonding on endogenous cysteine cathepsin activity in dentin. Dentin powder, prepared from extracted human third molars, was divided into 10 groups. Two lots of dentin powder were used to detect the effects of the procedure of protein extraction on endogenous cathepsin activity. The others were used to study effects of different acid-etching or adhesive treatments on enzyme activity. Concentrations of 37% phosphoric acid or 10% phosphoric acid, two etch-and-rinse adhesive systems, and two self-etching adhesive systems were used as dentin powder treatments. The untreated mineralized dentin powder was set as the control. After treatment, the proteins of each group were extracted. The total cathepsin activity in the extracts of each group was monitored with a fluorescence reader. In the control group, there were no significant differences in cathepsin activity between the protein extract before EDTA treatment and the protein extract after EDTA treatment (p > 0.05). The cathepsin activities of the three different extracts in the 37% phosphoric acid-treated group were different from each other (p < 0.05). The two acid-etching groups and two etch-and-rinse groups showed significant enzyme activity reduction vs the control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between those four groups (p > 0.05). Treating the dentin powder with any of the two self-etching adhesives resulted in an increase in cathepsin activity (p < 0.05). The activity of cysteine cathepsins can be detected in dentin powder. Treatment with EDTA during protein extraction exerted an influence on cathepsin activity. Acid etching or etch-and-rinse adhesive systems may reduce the activity of endogenous cathepsins in dentin. Self-etching adhesive systems may increase the enzyme activity.

Bond strength of composite to dentin: effect of acid etching and laser irradiation through an uncured self-etch adhesive system

This study evaluated the effect on micro-tensile bond strength (µ-TBS) of laser irradiation of etched/unetched dentin through an uncured self-etching adhesive. Dentinal surfaces were treated with Clearfil SE Bond Adhesive (CSE) either according to the manufacturer’s instructions (CSE) or without applying the primer (CSE/NP). The dentin was irradiated through the uncured adhesive, using an Nd:YAG laser at 0.75 or 1 W power settings. The adhesive was cured, composite crowns were built up, and the teeth were sectioned into beams (0.49 mm2) to be stressed under tension. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey statistics (α = 5%). Dentin of the fractured specimens and the interfaces of untested beams were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that non-etched irradiated surfaces presented higher µ-TBS than etched and irradiated surfaces (p < 0.05). Laser irradiation alone did not lead to differences in µ-TBS (p > 0.05). SEM showed solidification globules on the surfaces of the specimens. The interfaces were similar on irradiated and non-irradiated surfaces. Laser irradiation of dentin through the uncured adhesive did not lead to higher µ-TBS when compared to the suggested manufacturer’s technique. However, this treatment brought benefits when performed on unetched dentin, since bond strengths were higher when compared to etched dentin.

Immediate Adhesive Properties to Dentin and Enamel of a Universal Adhesive Associated With a Hydrophobic Resin Coat

To evaluate the effect of acid etching and application of a hydrophobic resin coat on the enamel/dentin bond strengths and degree of conversion (DC) within the hybrid layer of a universal adhesive system (G-Bond Plus [GB]). A total of 60 extracted third molars were divided into four groups for bond-strength testing, according to the adhesive strategy: GB applied as a one-step self-etch adhesive (1-stepSE); GB applied as in 1-stepSE followed by one coat of the hydrophobic resin Heliobond (2-stepSE); GB applied as a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (2-stepER); GB applied as in 2-stepER followed by one coat of the hydrophobic resin Heliobond (3-stepER). There were 40 teeth used for enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS) and DC; and 20 teeth used for dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and DC. After restorations were constructed, specimens were stored in water (37°C/24 h) and then tested at 0.5 mm/min (μTBS) or 1.0 mm/min (μSBS). Enamel-resin and dentin-resin interfaces from each group were evaluated for DC using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance for each substrate and the Tukey test (α=0.05). For enamel, the use of a hydrophobic resin coat resulted in statistically significant higher mean enamel μSBS only for the ER strategy (3-stepER vs 2-stepER, p<0.0002). DC was significantly improved for the SE strategy (p<0.00002). For dentin, the use of a hydrophobic resin coat resulted in significantly higher dentin mean μTBS only for the SE strategy (2-stepSE vs 1-stepSE, p<0.0007). DC was significantly improved in groups 2-stepSE and 3-stepER when compared with 1-stepSE and 2-stepER, respectively (p<0.0009). The use of a hydrophobic resin coat may be beneficial for the selective enamel etching technique, because it improves bond strengths to enamel when applied with the ER strategy and to dentin when used with the SE adhesion strategy. The application of a hydrophobic resin coat may improve DC in resin-dentin interfaces formed with either the SE or the ER strategy. On enamel, DC may benefit from the application of a hydrophobic resin coat over 1-stepSE adhesives.

Effect of Acid Etching Procedures on the Compressive Strength of 4 Calcium Silicate–based Endodontic Cements

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acid etching on the compressive strength of 4 calcium silicate–based cements. MethodsOne gram of each corresponding powder of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN), MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and CEM cement (BioniqueDent, Tehran, Iran) and a 0.33-g aliquot of liquid were placed in a plastic mixing capsule that was then mechanically mixed for 30 seconds at 4500 rpm in an amalgamator. For the preparation of Biodentine (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fossés, France), the liquid provided was added to the powder within the plastic capsule supplied by the manufacturer and then mechanically mixed for 30 seconds at 4500 rpm using the amalgamator. The resulting slurries were then placed incrementally into 40 cylindrical molds to give a total of 160 specimens that were incubated at 37°C for a week. Twenty specimens of each material were then subjected to the acid etch procedure. The compressive strength of the samples was then calculated in megapascals using a universal testing machine. The results were then subjected to 2-way analysis of variance analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test. ResultsThe application of acid etch significantly reduced (P < .0001) the compressive strength of Angelus MTA and CEM cement; however, it did not reduce the compressive strength of ProRoot MTA or Biodentine. Regardless of the acid etch application, Biodentine showed significantly higher compressive strength values than the other materials (P < .0001), whereas CEM cement had the lowest compressive strength values. There was no significant difference between CEM cement and MTA Angelus. The compressive strength of ProRoot MTA was significantly lower (P < .0001) than Biodentine but significantly higher (P < .0001) than MTA Angelus and CEM cement in both the test and control groups. ConclusionsWhen the application of acid etchants is required, Biodentine and ProRoot MTA seem to be better options than MTA Angelus or CEM cement.

Influence of acid-etching after grit-blasted on osseointegration of titanium dental implants: in vitro and in vivo studies

Rough implant surfaces have shown improved osseointegration rates. In a majority of dental implants, the microrough surfaces are obtained by grit blasting and/or acid-etching. The aim of this contribution was to evaluate the effects of acid-etching, after the grit-blasted treatment in titanium dental implants, on surface wettability, surface energy, osteoblast responses and its osseointegration behavior. Four surfaces were studied: as-machined, acid-etched, micro-rough by grit-blasting and the combination grit-blasted surface with acid-etched. The surfaces with increasing roughness show more osteoblastic adhered cells. This effect was most pronounced on samples blasted and blasted with acid-etching. The roughness obtained by grit-blasting is the main factor in comparison with the acid etching treatment in the biological response. These results were confirmed in vivo tests and histological analysis. The results demonstrated that the combination of the grit-blasted and acid-etched accelerated lightly bone regeneration at the different periods of implantation in comparison with the grit-blasted implants.

Effect of acid etching and different Er:YAG laser procedures on microleakage of three different fissure sealants in primary teeth after aging

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different surface conditioning procedures on microleakage and unfilled area proportions of three fissure sealants(Aegis, Helioseal and Helioseal F) in primary molar teeth. One hundred and fifty teeth were randomly divided into five main groups according to surface conditioning procedures. Main groups were; acid-etching(Group A); laser 3.75 W(Group B) and 5 W(Group D); acid-etching combined with laser 3.75 W(Group C) and 5 W(Group E). Samples were aged by thermocycling and water bath. Afterwards, they were immersed in basic fuchsin solution for 24 h and bucco-lingual sections were obtained from each tooth. Digital images were taken using a stereo-microscope and the microleakage and unfilled area proportions were assessed by using a software system. Consequently, Aegis FS containing amorphous calcium phosphate was found to exhibit the lowest microleakage in all surface conditioning procedures. Unfilled areas were not detected in Groups C and E of all FSs.

Dimensional Analysis of Acid Etching Effects on Vertically Grown Carbon Nanofibers Using Atomic Force Microscopy

This paper presents a discrete-time decentralized control scheme for trajectory tracking of a two degrees of freedom (DOF) robot manipulator. A high order neural network (HONN) is used to approximate a decentralized control law designed by the backstepping technique as applied to a block strict feedback form (BSFF). The weights for each neural network are adapted online by an extended Kalman filter training algorithm. The motion for each joint is controlled independently using only local angular position and velocity measurements. The stability analysis for the closed-loop system via the Lyapunov approach is included. Finally, the real-time results show the feasibility of the proposed control scheme robot manipulator.

Effect of acid etching on marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate to apical dentin: microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy analysis

The present investigation assessed the effect of acid etching on marginal adaptation of white- and gray-colored mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to apical dentin using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sixty-four extracted single-rooted human maxillary teeth were used. Following root-end resection and apical preparation, the teeth were equally divided into four groups according to the following root end filling materials: (i) white-colored MTA (WMTA), (ii) etched WMTA (EWMTA), (iii) gray-colored MTA (GMTA) and (iv) etched GMTA (EGMTA). After 48 h, the interface between root-end filling materials and the dentinal walls was assessed using micro-CT and SEM. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. Micro-CT analysis revealed gap volumes between the apical cavity dentin walls and EGMTA, GMTA, EWMTA and WMTA of (0.007 1±0.004) mm3, (0.053±0.002) mm3, (0.003 6±0.001) mm3 and (0.005 9±0.002) mm3 respectively. SEM analysis revealed gap sizes for EGMTA, WMTA, EWMTA and GMTA to be (492.3±13.8) µm, (594.5±17.12) µm, (543.1±15.33) µm and (910.7±26.2) µm respectively. A significant difference in gap size between root end preparations filled with GMTA and EGMTA was found (P<0.05). No significance difference in gap size between WMTA and EWMTA were found in either SEM or micro-CT analysis. In conclusion, pre-etching of apical dentin can provide a better seal for GMTA but not for WMTA.

The Effect of Acid Etching Process on Surface Morphology and Electrocatalytic Capability of RuO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-IrO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Ti Anode

Titanium substrate was etched by oxalic acid and hydrochloric acid respectively. Then the anodes of RuO2-IrO2-TiO2/Ti were prepared by Pechini method. The surface morphology of anodes was studied with SEM, EDX and XRD. The electrocatalytic capability of anodes was studied by polarization curve and cyclic voltammetry curve. The effect of Acid etching process on anode life was studied by accelerated life test. The results show that there was an obvious effect of acid etching on surface morphology of the anodes. The result indicates that the anode with hydrochloric acid etching have the better electrocatalytic capability and accelerated life.

Adhesion forces between AFM tips and superficial dentin surfaces

In this work, we study the adhesion forces between atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips and superficial dentin etched with phosphoric acid. Initially, we quantitatively analyze the effect of acid etching on the surface heterogeneity and the surface roughness, two parameters that play a key role in the adhesion phenomenon. From a statistical study of the force–distance curves, we determine the average adhesion forces on the processed substrates. Our results show that the average adhesion forces, measured in water, increase linearly with the acid exposure time. The highest values of such forces are ascribed to the high density of collagen fibers on the etched surfaces. The individual contribution of exposed collagen fibrils to the adhesion force is highlighted. We also discuss in this paper the influence of the environmental medium (water/air) in the adhesion measurements. We show that the weak forces involved require working in the aqueous medium.

Nitric–phosphoric acid etching effects on the surface chemical composition of CdTe thin film

Nitric–phosphoric (NP) acid etching has been regarded as one of the most effective methods for the formation of low resistance back contact with the metal electrode in CdTe based photovoltaic cells. We studied CdTe back surfaces and the changes with time of exposure to NP acid with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy. Strong etching dependence on the back surface chemical composition, and surface roughness, was observed. In order to study the effect of the NP acid etching on surface degradation, the sample was left in open ambient condition for three weeks and XPS measurement in combination with ion sputtering was performed on unetched and highly etched parts. The difference in depth profiles of the NP acid etched and unetched CdTe surface has been discussed.

Determinants of enamel decalcification during simulated orthodontic treatment

To determine the relative effects that phosphoric acid etching, metal brackets, composite resin adhesives, and filled resin sealants have on enamel decalcification. One hundred and fifty teeth were randomly divided into six groups to test the effects of acid etching, brackets, and a composite resin adhesive. The right side of each tooth was sealed. The teeth were submitted to a simulated carious challenge by Streptococcus mutans in a nutritive media for 42 days. Scanning electron photomicrographs (SEMs) were used to qualitatively evaluate the tooth surfaces. DIAGNOdent laser fluorescence was used to quantify the decalcification changes that occurred. SEMs showed normal enamel on the control teeth, etching patterns on the acid-etched teeth, surface degradation on the teeth that had resin, and sealant tags on the sealed side. The untreated control group showed significantly less decalcification (P ≤ .05) than did all groups except the no etch+bracket group. The no etch+bracket group showed significantly less decalcification than did the etch+bracket, no etch+resin, and the etch+resin groups. Acid-etched teeth demonstrated significantly more decalcification (34%) than did those that were not etched. The teeth with resin showed significantly more decalcification (24%) than did those without resin. There was no significant difference between teeth that did and did not have brackets. The unsealed side of the teeth showed small amounts of--but significantly more--decalcification (5%) compared to the sealed side. Acid etching and composite resin adhesives increase enamel decalcification in vitro, while brackets do not. Filled resin sealants protect the teeth from decalcification.

Laser versus conventional acid etching technique on bond strength of orthodontic brackets (An in vitro stydy)

Aims: This in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effect of acid etching and/or diode laser (1064 nm) irradiation on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Thirty freshly extracted human premolars were included in this study. Laser irradiation was done by using the new 1064 nm diode laser with output power of 2.5 Watt in continues mode, also use stainless steel orthodontic brackets (Roth, 22–slot size), and use orthodontic flowable composite resin which needs no bonding fluid. The 30 human teeth were divided into 3 groups (each group consist of 10 teeth): Group A–use acid etching (37% phosphoric acid) for 1 minute to bond bracket to tooth surface (control group), group B–use laser irradiation for 30 seconds with Indian ink (coated on teeth). Group C–use laser irradiation for 30 seconds with Indian ink after that use acid etching for 1 minute. Shear bond strength measured by using unconfined shear testing machine at a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. Results: The shear bond strength means were as follows: Group A: 11.27 MPa, group B: 6.21 MPa, group C: 14.04 MPa. The acid etching after 1064 nm diode laser irradiation (group C) has significantly higher bond strength (p
0.05) than remaining groups. In group B, orthodontic brackets had significantly lower shear bond strength (p
0.05) than remaining groups. Conclusions: These results indicate that acid etching after laser irradiation enhances and improves the bonding of orthodontic composite resin to human enamel. In the same time 1064 nm diode laser irradiation with ink coating is not consider as a replacement to acid etching in bonding of orthodontic brackets to human enamel.

In VivoAssessment of Bone Ingrowth Potential of Three-Dimensional E-Beam Produced Implant Surfaces and the Effect of Additional Treatment by Acid Etching and Hydroxyapatite Coating

The bone ingrowth potential of three-dimensional E-beam-produced implant surfaces was examined by histology and compared to a porous plasma-sprayed control. The effects of acid etching and a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating were also evaluated by histology. Specimens were implanted in the distal femur of 10 goats. Histological analysis of bone ingrowth was performed 6 weeks after implantation. The E-beam-produced surfaces showed significantly better bone ingrowth compared to the plasma-sprayed control. Additional treatment of the E-beam surface structures with a HA coating, further improved bone ingrowth potential of these structures significantly. Acid etching of the E-beam structures did not influence bone ingrowth significantly. In conclusion, the HA-coated, E-beam-produced structures are promising potential implant surfaces.

Effect of Acid Etching and Laser Treatment of Dentin Surface on Intracoronal Bleaching Efficacy

In the present in vitro study, the efficacy of intracoronal bleaching was evaluated after preparation of dentin with 37% phosphoric acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser separately and compared with the conventional method in which no surface preparation is used. The efficacy of bleaching depends on the penetration of the bleaching agent into dentinal tubules. An effective method to enhance permeability of tubules is to remove the smear layer. Fifty-nine sound human central and lateral incisors were selected. After preparation of access cavities and canal-orifice debridement, the teeth were decoronated apical to the CEJ and artificially stained. Subsequent to glass-ionomer plug placement, the teeth were divided into five groups consisting of three experimental (n = 15) and two control groups (n = 7). Experimental groups were prepared as follows: no surface preparation; surface preparation with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s; and surface preparation with 0.5-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser for 6 s; respectively. Then the bleaching procedure was carried out. Shade changes before and after bleaching were evaluated. Data were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of p < 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found among the experimental groups (p = 0.87). The results indicated that the efficacy of the intracoronal bleaching procedure subsequent to dentin surface preparation with 37% phosphoric acid or with Er,Cr:YSGG laser is comparable to that of a conventional bleaching procedure, without surface preparation.

In vivo Acid Etching Effect on Bacteria within Caries-Affected Dentin

Acid etching procedures may disrupt residual bacteria and contribute to the success of incomplete caries removal followed by adhesive restoration. This study evaluated the in vivo effect of acid etching on cariogenic bacterial activity within affected dentin after minimally invasive treatment of caries lesions. Twenty-eight carious permanent teeth received standardized selective caries removal and random acid etch treatment (E) or not (NE) prior to adhesive restoration. Baseline and 3-month dentin biopsies were collected. The number of bacteria and activity of total bacterial cells and Streptococcus mutans were determined by quantitative PCR and RT-PCR. No statistically significant differences were observed in total bacterial number and activity between E and NE treatments (p > 0.3008). For NE, however, the residual S. mutans bacterial cells were reduced (p = 0.0027), while the activity per cell was significantly increased (p = 0.0010) after reentry at 3 months after restoration. This effect was not observed in group E. Although no significant differences were found between groups, this study suggests that acid etching of affected dentin prior to adhesive restoration may directly or indirectly have an inhibitive effect on the activity of residual cariogenic bacteria. Further research is required to investigate this potential effect.

Bond strength of orthodontic light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cement

The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths and debonded interfaces achieved with light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and conventional light-cured composite resin. In addition, the effects of acid etching and water contamination were examined. One hundred human premolars were randomly divided into five equal groups. The mini Dyna-lock upper premolar bracket was selected for testing. The first four groups were treated with light-cured RMGIC with or without 15 per cent phosphoric acid-etching treatment and with or without water contamination preceding bracket bonding. The control samples were treated with the conventional light-cured Transbond composite resin under acid etching and without water contamination. Subsequently, the brackets were debonded by tensile force using an Instron machine. The modified adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assigned to the bracket base of the debonded interfaces using a scanning electron microscope. The bond strength and modified ARI scores were determined and analysed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test. Under all four conditions, the bond strength of the light-cure RMGIC was equal to or higher than that of the conventional composite resin. The highest bond strength was achieved when using RMGIC with acid etching but without water contamination. The modified ARI scores were 2 for Fuji Ortho LC and 3 for Transbond. No enamel detachment was found in any group. Fifteen per cent phosphoric acid etching without moistening the enamel of Fuji Ortho LC provided the more favourable bond strength. Enamel surfaces, with or without water contamination and with or without acid etching, had the same or a greater bond strength than Transbond.

Effect of surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of repaired water-aged anterior restorative micro-fine hybrid resin composite

Objectives The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in surface topography associated with different surface treatments and their effect on tensile bond strength (TBS) of repaired water-aged anterior restorative micro-fine hybrid resin composite. Methods The TBS of repaired resin-based composite slabs either non-treated or exposed to different mechanical and/or chemical surface treatment procedures were measured. The cohesive tensile strength of non-repaired intact slabs was used as a control group. The topographical effects of acid etching, grinding, and grinding followed by acid etching were characterized by AFM and SEM. Results All repaired groups showed significantly lower TBS than the control group. The TBS of repaired groups was ranged from 15% to 59% of the cohesive tensile strength of the control group (18.8 ± 4.5 MPa). The surface roughness of the non-treated aged specimens was significantly higher than other treated specimens. Specimens treated by acid etching showed significant increase in surface area compared to the non-treated and treated specimens. Conclusions Aging process resulted in the formation of degradable surface layer which adversely affects the repair bond strength. The use of silane primer prior to the application of the adhesive after mechanical grinding, with or without the use of 37% phosphoric acid etching; improves the repair bond strength.