Effect Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Nephroprotective effect of Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf extract in paracetamol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats: A histopathological investigation

Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf is among the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables in west African sub-region. In South-East and South-South geopolitical zones of Nigeria, it is used for treatment of various health disorder such as headaches, pains, fever, convulsions, and respiratory disorders. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible effect of ethanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 190 – 240 g were used for this study and divided into five (5) groups, each group having four (4) animals, described as follows; Group A was given distilled water only (positive control). Group B was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol with no treatment (negative control); Group C was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 60 mg/kg of plant extract. Group D was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 30 mg/kg of plant extract. Group E given 700 mg/kg of paracetamol and treated with 15 mg/kg of plant extract. At the end of the four (4) weeks of treatment, the kidneys were removed, weighed and sacrificed for histological examinations. Coronal sections of the kidney tissues were immersion fixed in 10 % PBS-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The results obtained revealed a normal cellular architecture in the groups treated with the leaf extract. Conclusively, the result suggests protective effects of ethanol extract of P. mildbraedii leaf on the paracetamol-induced toxicity on the kidney cells.

Analeptic efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic leaf extract and its loaded Phytoniosome on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in a rodent model of Polycystic ovary syndrome

IntroductionPCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) is being known as a significant metabolic and reproductive disorder deliberating to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Tinospora cordifolia is frequently used in traditional system of medicine where the leaf of the plant possesses pharmacological properties like hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. In recent years the Niosomes a novel drug delivery system is gaining more attention because of their biodegradability, toxicity reduction, improved therapeutic effectiveness and absorption enhancement. In our present study an attempt is made to examine the ameliorative effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (ELETC) and Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosomes (nELETC) on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in PCOS female rats that are induced by mifepristone. Materials and MethodsPCOS was induced by administrating 4mg/kg b. w. Mifepristone to female rats for 8 days and confirmed by persistent estrous cycle. 200mg /kg b. w of ELETC and nELETC extracts were given to the rats which attained PCOS condition for 28 days. The enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GPx and non-enzymatic antioxidants GSH, ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol were estimated followed by Histopathological analysis. ResultThe antioxidants showed decreased levels in the PCOS induced rats. The treatment with the drug nELETC reverted the antioxidant levels back to normalcy. From the histopathological studies we can understand that corpus luteum, antral follicles and primordial follicular cells were absent with the formation of follicular cyst in the mifepristone induced PCOS rats. nELETC drug treated rats showed the presence of corpus luteum with graafian follicles and primordial follicle cells, with the absence of follicular cyst, indicating nELETC could regain the functional ability of the ovaries from PCOS condition. ConclusionFrom the restoration of antioxidant status we can conclude that nELETC extract can be effectively used in the management of PCOS.

Protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of myrianthus arboreus on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in adult male wistar rats

Gastric ulcers are a common gastrointestinal disease with a complex etiology. It manifests with various signs and symptoms, which, in severe cases, could be life-threatening, especially in developing countries. Medicinal plants have been known to exhibit therapeutic potential with minimal adverse effects and thus have been employed in treating various diseases. This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic Myrianthus arboreus leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in adult male Wistar rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each: group A received distilled water; group B received distilled water for 14 days, and 30 mg/kg body weight of indomethacin after 24 hours of fasting. Group C received 20 mg/kg of omeprazole for 14 days and 30 mg/kg of indomethacin after 24 hours of fasting. Groups D and E received 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of M. arboreus, respectively, for 14 days and 30 mg/kg of indomethacin each after 24 hours of fasting. The ulcer index, antioxidant parameters, gastric pH, and histopathology of the stomach were evaluated after the laboratory experiment. The results showed a significant increase in ulcer index and malondialdehyde caused by the indomethacin, while there was a reduction in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and hydrogen ion concentration (pH), as well as extensive damage to the gastric mucosa. In contrast, both the extract and the omeprazole significantly improved these damages. The results revealed that the leaf extract of M. arboreus has a significant gastro-protective effect comparable to that of omeprazole on the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Plukenetia volubilis on blood glucose and triglyceride levels of mice induced by alloxan

The study aims to determine the phytochemical profile of ethanol extract of kacang saca leaves and its effect on reducing blood glucose and triglyceride levels. Used 18 mice were divided into six groups, namely the normal group, the positive control group (glibenclamide treatment), the negative (alloxan induction), and the treatment group doses used were 0.0262 mg/dL, 0.0525 mg/dL, and 0.105. mg/dL. The treatment of mice was carried out for 10 days with three measurements, namely before treatment, on the 7th day, and on the 10th day of giving the extract. Phytochemical test results showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS application. The results of the measurement of blood glucose levels in mice on the 7th day showed normal numbers, the results of data analysis showed no significant difference, namely 0.164. In the measurement of triglycerides, triglyceride levels fell in two groups, namely groups 1 and 3. Data on the 10th day there was an increase in blood glucose and triglycerides. Analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference in each group on day 7 and day 10. The ethanol extract of cacao beans has the potential to reduce glucose levels used for 7 days but does not affect the triglyceride levels of mice. Keywords: Alloxan; Glucose; Mice; Triglyceride; Plukenetia volubilis

Hepatoprotective activity of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract against Alcohol-induced liver damage in wistar rats

Averrhoa bilimbi is one of the India’s most legendary and sacred trees which belongs to the family Oxalidaceae.The aim of the current study is to examine the hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against alcohol-induced hepatic damage in albino rats.The degree of protection was determined by evaluating biochemical parameters such as serum Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase,Serum alkaline phosphatase, and total Bilirubin.The study reveals,when compared to the positive control, the leaf extract at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg bodyweight p.o. showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in liver enzyme levels. The histopathological examination of liver sections were supported by these biochemical parameters. The phytochemical analysis of the extract shows the presence of phytosterols and flavonoids, which might be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity.Therefore it could be concluded that Averrhoa bilimbi leaves extract possess potent hepatoprotective activity against alcohol induced hepatic damage in rats.

Effect of Ethanolic leaf extract of Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir. on Retinal Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic rats

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and causes loss of vision. Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir. is a tree species that bears edible fruits and is traditionally used to treat diabetes. The study is aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of ethanolic leaf extract of E. tectorius on retinal oxidative stress and aldose reductase levels in STZ-NIC-induced diabetic rats. The leaf extract was orally administered to diabetic rats once a day for about 28 days at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined at regular intervals during the treatment period and retinal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation levels and aldose reductase activity were assessed at the end of the experiment. Oral administration of E. tectorius leaf extract caused a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. The extract also improved the retinal antioxidant status by increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione. The rate of lipid peroxidation was lowered in diabetic rats as a result of treatment with the leaf extract. The diabetic rats treated with the leaf extracts also had lower retinal aldose reductase activity when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. This study suggests that Elaeocarpus tectorius leaf extracts exhibit protective effects and improve the antioxidant status of the retina under diabetic conditions helping in the prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats

Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats

Evaluation of the Effects of Extracts of Laurus nobilis on some Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Rats

Laurus nobilis is one of the most popular species belonging to the lauraceae family and it has been reported to possess many physiological properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal and wound healing effects. In this study, effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Laurus nobilis on some oxidative stress markers and liver function parameters of female Wistar rats were investigated. Five rats were randomly assigned into each of groups 1-4, of which group one (1) served as control and received distilled water. Groups 2-4 were treated with 100mg/kg bw, 200mg/kg bw and 400mg/kg bw of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Laurus nobilis respectively, for a period of 14 days. The results obtained indicated that the superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities as well as, gluthathione reductase and peroxidase activities were not significantly affected. The malondialdehyde level did not change significantly after two weeks of extract administration. The extract caused no significant (P<0.05) alteration in the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and total bilirubin. This study have shown that extract of Laurus nobilis neither altered hepatic function parameters nor promoted toxic stress in the female Wistar rats.

Neuroprotective Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina and Cymbopogon Citratus on Diabetes Induced Cognitive Impairments in Mice

Evaluation of learning and memory enhancing efficacy of ethanolic leaf extracts of vernonia amygdalina and cymbopogon citratus was studied in alloxaninduced diabetic mice to scientifically validate its usefulness traditionally. Upon induction and confirmation of diabetes using alloxan monohydrate, forty mice were randomly divided into 8 groups of 5 mice each and treated with low and high doses of the extracts (400 and 800mg/kg). Metformin, a standard antidiabetic drug was used as a reference agent and given to group 8. Results revealed that diabetes induced memory impairment in neurobehavioural assessment and histomorphological examination of the hippocampus. However, administration of ethanolic leaf extracts of vernonia amygdalina and cymbopogon citratus reveals its neuroprotective potential by ameliorating the histological alterations in the hippocampus (CA1 region) relative to the control and attenuating the learning and memory impairments when compared with the control. Findings from this study suggests the ethanolic leaf extracts of vernonia amygdalina and cymbopogon citratus are potentially efficacious in attenuating diabetes induced memory deficit and alterations in the hippocampus of mice and could be utilized for the treatment and management of diabetes and dementia.

Nephroprotective Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clausena anisata Against Chlorpromazine-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Nephroprotective drugs used in the management and treatment of kidney ailments are most times associated with numerous side effects. The desire to search for alternative safer drugs become imperative, hence, the need to explore nephroprotective drugs from the leaf of indigenous plants. This study evaluates the ameliorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Clausena anisata on chlorpromazine-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 rats served as control and received distilled water; Group 2 rats were induced with Chlorpromazine only every other day for 30 days; Group 3, 4 and 5 rats were intraperitoneally administered with Chlorpromazine for 1h and subsequently followed with 50mg/kg bwt, 100mg/kg body weight and 150mg/kg body weight ethanol extract orally every other day for 30 days respectively. The food was withdrawn from the rats and the rats were fasted overnight. The rats were sacrificed, dissected and blood samples were collected through ocular puncture. Nephroprotective effects of the extracts were evaluated by estimating the concentration levels of renal biomarkers such as albumin, creatinine and total protein concentration. Renal histopathological study of the rats was also investigated to validate the findings obtained from the in vivo study. The results concluded that Clausena anisata ethanol leave extract is safe at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight and 100mg/kg body weight; hence, it could be employed at appropriate concentration as an alternative synthetic pharmaceutical with promising effect in the management and treatment of kidney damage.

Combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis on the histology of testes of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on the histology of testes of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Forty male wistar rats weighing 150 -180 g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - H. Group A served as the control group, and received distilled water only. Animals in groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Diabetic group B received no treatment throughout the experiment, while the diabetic groups C - H received 400 mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600 mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200 mg/kg of C. papaya + 200 mg/kg of N. laevis , 300 mg/kg of C. papaya + 300 mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days via oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and testes were harvested for histological studies. Result: Histopathological findings showed moderate spermatogenic arrest with interstitial hemorrhage (H) within the basal layer; mild regeneration with moderate spermatogenic arrest (SA), moderate vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with mild spermatogenic arrest (SA), mild vacoulation (V) of the sertoli cells and moderate interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate regeneration with active seminiferous tubules, and well enhanced spermatogenesis though there were mild pyknotic (P) appearance of the sertolli cells in some areas and interstitial hemorrhage; mild regeneration with moderate atrophy (A) of the seminiferous tubules, mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (SA) and interstitial hemorrhage (IH); moderate healing with disorganization of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial fibrosis (IF); and moderate healing with distortion (D) of the seminiferous tubules, interstitial fibrosis (IF) and mild arrest of the spermatogenesis (AS) on the histology of testes in groups B - H that received variable doses of C. papaya and N. laevis leaf extracts respectively. Conclusion: Combined leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis leaf extracts have antidiabetic and ameliorating effects on the histology of testes of alloxan induced wistar rats.

Combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis on the histology of testes of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Newbouldia laevis on the histology of testes of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Telfairia occidentalis on the Histology of Kidneys of Lead-Induced Wistar Rats

Objective: This research study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occendentalis on the histology of kidneys of lead-induced wistar rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) male wistar rats weighing 150-180g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into five (5) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A – E. Group A served as the control group and was not induced with lead (Pb), while Groups B – E were induced. Groups A received distilled water only, Groups B – E received vitamin C, vitamin C + 100mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract Telfairia occendentalis, vitamin C + 400mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occendentalis and vitamin C + 800mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occendentalis respectively for 14 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 15th day, the animals were weighed and sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and kidneys were harvested from the rats for histological study. Results: Histopathological findings showed normal renal architecture with glomeruli (G), renal tubules (RT), tubular cells (TC), and normal cuboidal epithelial cells(CEC) within the medullar for animals in group A; moderate degeneration with moderate fatty changes (FC), moderate intra renal hemorrhage (IRH), and moderate renal inflammation (IRI) for animals in group B; mild regeneration with moderate fatty changes (FC), tubular atrophy (TA), and moderate renal inflammation (IRI) for animals in group C; moderate regeneration with mild fatty changes (FC), and mild renal inflammation (IRI) for animals in group D; and moderate regeneration with mild fatty changes (FC) otherwise normal with well outlined tubular cells (TC) for animals in group E. Conclusion: Ethanolic leaf extract of Telfaria occendentalis have ameliorating effect on the histology of kidneys of lead-induced wistar rats, and the ameliorating effect improves with increase in the dosages of the leaf extract.

The Effects of Sub-chronic Administration of the Ethanolic Extract of Chromolaena odorata Leaves on the Immune System and Spleen of Male Wistar Rats

Chromolaena odorata, a neglected weed with wide spectrum is a multipurpose plant that contains high concentration of anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive agents that protects against tissue damage. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on the immune system and spleen of Albino Wistar Rats. 41 adult male rats weighing between 110g -140g were used for this study. LD50 was carried out using 13 rats while 28 rats were used for the experiment proper. The rats used for the experiment proper were divided into four groups of 7 animals each. Group A served as control group and received animal feed and distilled water only, Group B received 1000mg/kg of the leaf extract and water, Group C received 3000mg/kg of the leaf extract and water, and Group D received 6000mg/kg of the leaf extract and water. The ethanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata was administered 4-times per week for 13 weeks. The animals were killed using diethyl ether suffocation, blood samples were collected by ocular puncture for haematological analysis of RBC, WBC and differentials, Platelets, CD4 and CD8 cells count, the spleen and peyer’s patches harvested, weighed and the spleen immediately fixed in 10% formol saline for histological analysis. Data was considered significant at p<0.05. Result showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in body weight in the groups when compared to the control group A. Peyer’s patches had a significant decrease (p<0.05) in group B and C, while group D had a significant increase (p>0.05). Hemoglobin concentration, and PCV revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease when compared to the control group. RBC result showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease when compared to group A. Platelet count revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the groups. CD4 and CD8 count also revealed a significant increase. Histopathological study showed reactive lymphoid follicles in group B, circumferential zone of necrosis around a disc shaped eosinophilic, foreign material was seen in group C, and group D had necrosis when compared to control group. In conclusion, the ethanolic leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata have toxic effect on hematological indices of RBC, PCV with no effect on immune cell functions of Cd4 and CD8 cell counts and white blood cells.

Chemical Constituents and Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Hibiscus articulatus Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Malvaceae) on Glucose- and Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycaemia using Wistar Rats

Hibiscus articulatus is an herbaceous plant that is consumed over decades as diet, in management stomach pain and diabetes in north central Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the chemical constituents and evaluate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Hibiscus articulatus (ELEHA) on glucose- and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia using Wistar rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening, proximate and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometric (GC-MS) analyses was conducted on ELEHA. Acute toxicity, blood glucose levels of ELEHA in Wistar rats was evaluated using; glycaemic index (GI) test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia test. Secondary metabolites; alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes and primary metabolites; carbohydrates, proteins and fats, were present in ELEHA. Ascorbic acid, linoleic acid, coumaran, phytol hexadecanoic acid are some chemical constituents present in ELEHA. The oral median lethal dose was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. The glycaemic index and glycaemic load of ELEHA were calculated to be 41.60 % and 17.83 respectively. There was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the blood glucose level (250 and 500 mg/kg of ELEHA administered) in OGTT and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia test compared with diabetic group. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and glutathione reductase were evaluated however, only superoxide dismutase levels (250 and 500 mg/kg) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Moreso, the level of low density lipoprotein (125 mg/kg) and HOMA IR values (125 and 250 mg/kg) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when compared with diabetic group. In summary, the ethanol leaf extract of Hibiscus articulatus possesses important phytochemicals with anti-hyperglycaemic activity on Wistar rats.

Anti-Anaemic And Hepato–Renal Activities Of Ethanol Leaf Extract Of Alchornea Cordifolia In Phenyl Hydrazine Induced-Anaemic Wistar Rats

The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia on some biochemical parameters in phenyl hydrazine-induced anaemic Wistar rats was studied. A total of thirty-six (36) Wistar rats weighing 95-200 g were selected for this study and randomly divided into six groups of six animals per group. Group A (normal control), group B (negative or anaemic) control, group C (standard), group D, E and F (treated groups). Animals in groups B, C, D, E and F were induced with anaemia via intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of 10mg/kg body weight phenyl hydrazine (PHZ) for 3 days and group A received distilled water in place of the PHZ for the same duration. After the induction, group A and B rats received oral administration 0.9w/v normal saline solution while groups C, D, E and F received oral administration of enzoron (10mg/kg.bwt), 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg.bwt of extract respectively for 14 days. The percentage yield of the extract was determined to be 18%. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, phytosterols, phynols, flavonoids and glycosides at varying concentrations.A dose of 5000mg/kg. bwt was found to be safe in the LD50 study of the extract. The oral administration of the extract showed a significantly (p<0.05) level of total protein (TP) ,packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBCs) of the animals in treated groups compared to those of the animals in anaemic groups.The aspartate transaminase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT)and total bilirubin (TB)were significantly (p<0.05) lowered in the extract treated groups than in the anaemic non-treated groups. There was a no-significant decrease (p>0.05) in the serum urea, creatinine, Na+ ,K+ and ,Cl­- of animals in the extract treated groups when compared to both the normal and standard control . The histology of the spleen revealed the regeneration of damaged cells in extract treated groups unlike that of the anaemic non-treated groups which showed distorted architecture. The study suggests that treatment with Achornea cordifolia leaf extract in phenyl hydrazine induced anaemia enhances anti- anaemic and hepatoprotective effect possibly due to both its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Investigation into the effect of ethanol leaf extract and fractions of Justicia Secunda on platelets and WBC counts in mice

Aim: This study investigated the effect of the ethanol leaf extract and fractions of Justicia secunda on platelets and WBC counts in mice. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out on the ethanol leaf extract of justicia secunda. A total of 96 apparently healthy mice of different sex were used in this study. Fourteen treated and two control groups of six mice each were used to investigate the effect of leaf extract and fractions of justicia secunda on platelets and white blood cell counts in mice (Groups 1-12) using 20mg/kg/i.p. phenyl-hydrazine (PHZ) daily for 2 days, and then intervention with ethanol extract and 3 fractions (n-hexane, ethylacetate and n-butanol) for 6 days. The positive control group received 20 mg/kg PHZ i.p. only, while the negative control group received food and water only. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexuses of the mice into EDTA-containing specimen bottles on the 7th day and analyzed for white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) count. Results: The ethanol leaf extract significantly decreased the platelets and white blood cell count compared to the negative control groups (p< 0.05), they were almost brought back to normal(baseline).The fractions (n-hexane MD, ethyl acetate HD and n-butanol HD) had statistical significant effect on WBC (p< 0.009) in a dose dependent manner. Some of the fractions of J. secunda however had no significant effect on platelets counts (p > 0.146) compared with the control. Conclusion: n-butanol fraction of J. secunda leaf possessed better significant effect on WBC when compared with other fractions, thus, perhaps eliciting immunosuppresant action in the mice.

Hepato and Nephro-protective Potentials of Gongronema latifolium in Streptozotocin Induced diabetic Rat Model

Gongronema latifolium (GL) is reported to have hepato-protective and nephron-protective ability. Diabetes is associated with liver and kidney damage. This work was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium on liver and kidney functions in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 40 Wistar rats of both sexes (150g-200g) were divided into five (n=8). Group 1- normal control (received normal saline placebo orally). Group 2 received 200mg/kg GL orally. Group 3 was the diabetic group administered 65mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally for two consecutive days with an interval of one day in between. Group 4 (diabetic + GL group) had STZ (65mg/kg i.p.) + oral administration of 200mg/kg GL. Group 5 was the diabetic group treated with insulin subcutaneously. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture to assess Liver enzymes activity, Serum electrolytes biomarkers, Urea and Creatinine. The Result shows a significant (P<0.05) increase in the glucose level of the diabetic group compared to the control. Intervention with GL and insulin significantly reduced the glucose level towards normal. The liver enzymes activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the diabetic group but was significantly (p<0.01) decreased following treatment with GL and insulin. Sodium, potassium, chloride, urea and creatinine were significantly (p<0.01) increased in the diabetic group with a decrease in bicarbonate. GL and insulin significantly (p<0.01) reversed these changes in electrolytes and liver enzymes activity towards normal. Results presented shows that GL just like insulin possess hypoglycemic, nephro and hepato-protective potential. Thus, in diabetic condition, Gongronema latifolium leaf extract may exert ameliorative effect on these target organs.
 Keywords: Gongronema Latifolium, Diabetes, insulin, serum electrolytes, liver enzymes, rats.

Antioxidant and Anti-Anemic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Mucuna poggei and Telfairia occidentalis in Phenyl-Hydrazine-Induced Anemia in Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract Introduction With the use of recent therapeutic data, several methods for finding medications from untapped natural materials continue to advance research and development. The antioxidant and antianemic effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Telfairia occidentalis and Mucuna poggei in phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in Wister albino rats were investigated. Method A total of 54 male albino rats were randomly assigned to nine experimental groups (n = 6). Anemia was induced in groups 2 to 9 with 10 mg/kg body weight of phenylhydrazine. Group 1 (normal control) rats were administered normal saline only. Group 2 (anemic control) rats were untreated. Group 3 (standard controls) rats were treated with a standard multivitamin, groups 4, 5, and 6 rats were treated with varying doses of M. poggei leaf extract respectively, while groups 7, 8, and 9 rats were treated with similar doses of T. occidentalis leaf extract by oral intubation for 21 days. Results Earlier, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated eighteen (18) and twenty-nine (29) active compounds present in M. poggei and T. occidentalis, respectively. More so, T. occidentalis and M. poggei were studied for their inhibitory potentials against 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl-free radicals, nitric oxide, phosphomolybdenum, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. M. poggei and T. occidentalis also showed the following trend of minerals Mg > Ca > Fe > Na > Zn > Mn > K and Mg > Fe > Ca > Na > K > Mn > Zn, respectively. The results also showed that the packed cell volume, red blood cells, and hemoglobin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in anemic control rats compared with normal controls and were significantly (p < 0.05) increased on treatment with the leaf extracts. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in anemic control, compared with normal. However, these significantly (p < 0.05) increased on treatment with the leaf extracts in a dose-independent manner. Malondialdehyde levels took the reverse trend. Conclusion This study indicated that leaf extracts of M. poggei and T. occidentalis can be used in the management of anemia and oxidative stress-related complications

Evaluation of the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the Testicle of Diabetic Wistar Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of V. amygdalina on the testicle of alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats. Freshly harvested leaves of V. amygdalina was washed with clean tap water and subsequently dried at room temperature prior to being ground to fine powder. Twenty (20) adult male wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats per group. · Group I was the normal control and was fed rat chow and water · Group II was induced diabetes without treatment, while · Groups III and IV were diabetic rats administered with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bw of V. amygdalina extract respectively. Sperm morphology, motility and count evaluated indicated that the aforementioned parameters were significantly (P<0.05) low in diabetic rats which were not treated but however improved in a dose dependent manner to values which though were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the normal control. In conclusion, this study shows that extract of V. amygdalina can ameliorate damage imposed on the testicle by diabetes mellitus.