Effect Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory potentials of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Inflammation due to diabetes mellitus has been understudied. Gongronema latifolium (GL) is reported to have anti-inflammatory potentials. This work was designed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium on some inflammatory markers in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 40 Wistar rats of both sexes (150 g-200 g) were divided into 5 groups of eight (8) rats each. Group 1; control received normal saline placebo orally. Group 2; GL only received 200 mg/kg of GL orally. Group 3 DM only received 65 mg/kg bw of STZ intraperitoneally for two days with an interval of one day in between. Group 4; DM + GL received 65 mg/kg bw of STZ + 200mg/kg bw of GL. Group 5; DM + Insulin received 65mg/kgbw of STZ followed by 10 IU/kgbw of insulin subcutaneously. For further inflammatory study, paw oedema was induced by sub-plantar injection of 2% formalin in two groups before and after administration of 200 mg/kg bw of GL daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Results: Results from this study showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in blood glucose DM group, compared to the control. Intervention with GL and insulin significantly reduced the glucose level towards normal. Interleukin-6 concentration and C-reactive proteins were significantly (p<0.01) higher in DM group compared with the GL and control groups. Paw oedema size was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the formalin treated group compared with the control. Pretreatment and post treatment with GL significantly (p<0.05) reduced the paw oedema size. Conclusion: In conclusion, GL (like insulin) has hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Irvingia gabonensis leaf extract scavenges nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in vitro and modulates arsenic-induced hepatic oxidative stress in wistar rats

BackgroundArsenic is a carcinogenic heavy metal that contaminates the environment, predisposing the exposed populace to its detrimental health effects. This study investigated the liver protective effect of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis (ELEIG) in sodium arsenite (SA)-exposed Wistar rats and its nitric oxide (NO.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-scavenging properties in vitro.MethodsEleven experimental groups made up of five (5) rats each (weight range 100 - 161 g) were used in this study. Group 1 (normal control) had normal rat chow and water. Group 2 received 4.1 mg/kg body weight (kgbw) of SA. Groups 3–8 received SA and graded doses of ELEIG and groups 9-11 had varied doses of ELEIG. Treatment, which spanned 14 days, was by oral gavage. Concentrations of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as activities of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT) and concentrations of total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) were determined using standard procedures. Standard methods were also used to determine the in vitro NO. and H2O2-scavenging properties of the extract.ResultsExposure to SA orchestrated significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in CAT, MDA, AST, ALT, ALP and GGT and significant (p ˂ 0.05) decreases in SOD and GPx, relative to control. There were insignificant (p ˃ 0.05) differences in TBIL and DBIL concentrations, compared with control. Simultaneous and post-treatment with ELEIG at graded doses, alleviated the noxious effects of SA. In addition, ELEIG scavenged NO. and H2O2 in concentration-dependent manner.ConclusionThe results suggest that ELEIG possesses potent antioxidant property and combats SA-induced hepatic oxidative stress/toxicity in Wistar rats.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg on selected biomarkers of toxicity in Wistar rats

In Nigeria, plant-based herbal medicines are vital component of traditional medicine (TM) and their use for the maintenance of health and wellbeing has been a common practice. These TMs are freely used without mandatory safety or toxicological evaluation. Thus, it is necessary to identify plants with toxicity potentials among the plants used for therapeutic purposes in the country. This study investigated effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg on selected biomarkers of toxicity in Wistar rats. Fifteen Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 96.8 -250 g were divided into three groups comprising of group 1 (control 0.5ml distilled water); group 2 (500 mg/kg b.w Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg leaf extract) and group 3 (1000 mg/kg b.w Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg leaf extract). At the end of one week oral administration, animals were sacrificed; blood and tissues samples were taken for biochemical and histopatological investigations respectively. Phytochemicals present were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpeneoid/steroids, carbohydrates, cardenolide, and saponins. Urea, sodium ion, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration were significantly elevated in group 3; non-significant increase in creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride ion and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration in group 2 and 3 compared to group 1. Total protein and triglyceride were significantly decreased in group 3 compared to group 1. Albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin were non-significantly decreased in group 2 and 3 when compared to control group 1. Histological examination of kidney tissue showed no change in kidney histology; liver tissue indicated vacuolar and cytoplasm degeneration, and fatty change. Hart tissues showed normal cardiac myocytes. This study has established that ethanolic leaf extract of Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg can cause hepatoxicity, mild nephrotoxicity and no significant alteration of lipid profile in Wistar rats. Therefore, users of this plant in TM should avoid excessive and prolong use, as it can be toxic to the liver.

Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper Guineense (Uziza) On The Liver of Paraquat Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Piper guineense (Uziza in Igbo) is a medicinal plant whose leaves are commonly used as spices.This study is to investigate the effects of the ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineenseon the histology of the liver, liver biomarker enzymes of paraquat-induced Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing between 160g – 200g which was randomly assigned to six Groups (A-F) of 5 rats each. The control Group A was not induced with paraquat, while Groups B, D, E and F were induced with 20mg/kg of paraquat. Group C received 200mg/kg of the extract only. After the fourteenth day, groups E and F were withdrawn and treated with 80mg/kg and 100mg/kg of the extract, respectively, for another fourteen days; while Group D was withdrawn without treatment.The results showed that animals in all Groups (P<0.05) except B (-21.67 ± 22.55) and D (-12.21 ± 15.67) had decreased in body weight; severely degenerated hepatic tissue with severe aggregates of intra lobular inflammatory cells, sever intra hepatic haemorrhage and necrotic debris around the haemorrhagic area; These effects were ameliorated in Groups E and F which received the variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineense. The ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineense have ameliorative effects on the body weight, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and histologic changes in liver and testes of paraquat-induced Wistar rats.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg on selected biomarkers of toxicity in Wistar rats

Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Macaranga spinosa Muell-Arg on selected biomarkers of toxicity in Wistar rats

Chemopreventive effects of Costus comosus Linn against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

Introduction: Costus comosus is a potential medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments. The present study aimed to evaluate antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and the ameliorative effect of its ethanolic leaf extract against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Methods: HCC was induced by 0.01 % v/v DEN through the drinking water for 16 weeks. The animals were treated with ethanolic leaf extract of C. comosus (EECC) at 200 and 400 mg/kg for 16 weeks. In this study, tumour incidence, tumour volume, tumour burden, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, liver marker enzymes, and histological responses were measured in the animals. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, their livers were removed and the levels of antioxidant enzymes were measured in the liver homogenate. Results: In DEN-treated animals, there were 100% tumour occurrences probably due to an imbalance in carcinogen metabolizing enzymes and cellular redox state. The oral administration of ethanolic leaf extract of C. comosus therapy at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced lipid peroxide levels and restored the increased activities of liver marker enzymes and antioxidant status to near normal. The biochemical findings corroborate histological findings, indicating that the leaf extract has a significant hepatoprotective impact in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the promising anti-carcinogenic effects of ethanolic leaf extract of C. comosus against the DEN-induced HCC in rats.

HR-LCMS Analysis and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia L.

Momordica charantia L. (Bitter melon) has been used to treat hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in many parts of the world. The present study revealed antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of M. charantia L. (named as EMC). The ethanolic extract of leaves were prepared and phytochemical constituents were identified using liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrophotometry. LCMS study indicates the presence of phenolic compound (m-hydroxy benzoic acid, octyl gallate, 3-hydroxycoumarin), triterpenoids (momordicin II, momordicoside E and momordicoside K), saponin E and fatty acids were the major constituents in EMC. Whereas, Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats model was used to evaluate antihyperlipidemic activity of EMC at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, b.w. or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg, b.w.). The plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL level, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, fecal cholesterol and triglycerides level were checked. Triton X-100 significantly (P < 0.01) increased the serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL with a concomitant reduction in HDL cholesterol. These alterations were ameliorated by EMC at dose dependant manner. EMC (200 mg/kg, b.w) showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction in lipid level among three doses of extracts in comparison with the standard drug atorvastatin. Overall results findings suggest that bitter melon may have potential to use as supplementary ingredient for the prevention of hyperlipidemia and related conditions.

Determination of antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic crude leaf extract of cassia auriculata in the streptozocin induced male wistar albino rats

Cassia auriculata is used extensively in the indigenous system of medicine as an anti-diabetic agent. The current investigation focuses on determination of antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic crude leaf extract of cassia auriculata (CA) in the streptozocin induced male wistar albino rats. A single dose of (45mg/kg of body weight/day) STZ was administered to induce diabetes and the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of cassia auriculata on STZ induced diabetes were assessed based on glucose, plasma insulin, creatinine and urea, serum lipid profile, serum protein, albumin, globulin, serum Transminases and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] analysis.The ethanol extract of CA leaf elicited significant reductions in the STZ induced elevation in the biochemical markers. From the above results, it is concluded that ethanolic leaf extract of CA possesses significant antihyperglycemic effects in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Assessment of the Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) on Lung Histology of Treated Wistar Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of lemongrass on body lung histology of treated wistar rats. Freshly harvested leaves of lemongrass were dried at room temperature and afterwards ground into fine powder. 250 g of powdered plant sample was suspended in 1000 mL of 95% ethanol for 72 hours and agitated thrice daily. The resulting extract was concentrated. Twenty adult male wistar rats were divided into four groups of five rats. Group I was the Normal Control, Group II was administered with 100 mg/kg b.w of ethanolic extract of lemongrass, Group III was administered with 300 mg/kg b.w of ethanolic extract of lemongrass, and Group IV was administered with 600 mg/kg b.w of ethanolic extract of lemongrass. Treatment lasted for 14 days after which subsequently sacrificed. The lungs were harvested for histological examination which was carried out using standard procedures. Oral administration of ethanolic leaf extract of lemongrass significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased body weight of treated rats compared to their untreated counterpart. The histopathological report showed a mild to moderate congestion of blood vessels and inflammatory cells around the bronchioles in the treated groups when compared to control. In conclusion, it can be deduced from this study that extract of lemongrass has the capacity to inflict harm to the lungs at high doses.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Gongronema latifolium (Bush Buck) on the Reproductive System of Male Albino Rats

Medicinal plants are plants used for medicinal purposes and are commonly used in treating and preventing specific ailments and diseases that are generally considered to be harmful to humans. Gongronema latifolium is a well-known plant that is beneficial in preventing and treating certain diseases and ailment due to their phytochemical constituents. This study evaluates the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium on the reproductive system of male Albino rats using standard methods. Twenty-five male rats equally divided into five groups and five female rats were used. Group I and 2…. .II served as the Normal and Positive controls and were orally administered with distilled water and subcutaneously standard drug; testosterone respectively. The other three groups were orally treated with Gongronema latifolium extract at low, middle and high dosage (200,300 and 400ml/kg body weight) respectively. After 7 days of treatment, the female rats were introduced into the male cages in the ratio 1:1 (male: female) to ascertain for the different aphrodisiac parameters. Treatment continued for another 7 days after which the male animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for hormonal assay. Results showed that all the aphrodisiac frequencies had a significant increase (p≤0.001) in mounting frequency, intromission frequency and penile erectile frequency when compared with the controls while the mounting latency, intromission latency, ejaculatory latency and penile erectile latency were significantly reduced (p≤0.001) in comparison with the controls in this study. Most of the reproductive hormones were significantly increased (p≤0.001) in the extract treatment group when compared to the controls. Thus, this study suggests that the crude leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium may possess aphrodisiac properties and consequently on the reproductive system.

EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS (P. BEAUV) ON CISPLATIN-INDUCED CHANGES ON TESTICULAR AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF WISTAR RATS

Thirty-five Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 mg were categorized into five treatment groups- the control, saline, cisplatin, pre-cisplatin and the post-cisplatin groups, each comprising of seven rats per group, to assess the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis on cisplatin-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats. The control group received feed mash and water ad libitum, the saline group received equal volumes of physiological saline intraperitoneally with normal feeds and water. The pre-cisplatin group was treated with 100mg/kg body weight of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks before being treated with 8mg/kg of cisplatin intraperitoneally for five days. Sacrifice was done after another twelve weeks. Cisplatin group received 8 mg/kg body weight of cisplastin for five days without any extract treatment, but had normal feeds and water for twelve weeks before sacrifice. The post-cisplatin group had 8mg/kg body weight of cisplatin for five days before being treated with 100mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks before sacrifice. The extract group received only the 100mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis for twelve weeks without any other treatment before sacrifice. The effects of these treatments on body weight, testicular and epididymal weight, testicular volume, total and motile sperm count, sperm motility, percentage live:dead sperm, hormonal and haematological parameters as well effects on testicular and epididymal cytoarchitecture of the Wistar rats were assessed.There were significant (p&lt;0.05) changes in body weight, testicular and epididymal weight, testicular volume, sperm, hormonal and haematological parameters in the treatments, compared to control. The pre-cisplatin treatment group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement in the induced changes caused by cisplatin, compared to the post-cisplatin group. The findings of this investigation confirms the protective effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis on cisplatin-induced gonadotoxicity in male Wistar rats.

Toxicological Evaluation and Protective Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Cassia spectabilis DC on Liver and Kidney Function of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice.

Currently, the presence of antimalarial drug resistance has become a major obstacle in the treatment of malaria. To overcome the problem, a series of studies are needed to find new antimalarial drugs from plants. Previously, 90% ethanolic extract of Cassia spectabilis DC (EECS) leaves have been reported to have antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The research is conducted to find out the toxicity and protective effects of EECS on the liver and kidneys of mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. The acute and subacute toxicity tests were carried out on healthy mice that were given EECS at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW. An antimalarial activity test was carried out at doses of 150 and 200 mg/kg BW in P. berghei-infected mice. Regarding hepatomegaly, further plasma levels of hepatic enzyme were analyzed, as well as histopathological observation of the liver to determine the effect of the extract on liver. The kidney was observed histopathologically as well. The acute toxicity test of EECS showed that there was no mouse died at the highest dose, indicating safe for the mice. The subacute toxicity based on the histology data showed no significant difference in the liver and kidney of mice between the tested group and the healthy group. The histological and enzymatic effect of EECS in mice infected with P. berghei showed the histological and enzymatic effect that improved liver function and the histopathological effect on kidneys with the highest activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW compared with the negative control. The results showed the EECS was not toxic in mice and repaired the liver and kidney functions of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice, indicating a good candidate for antimalarial drug development.

Combined Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Carica Papaya and Newbouldia Laevis on Hematological Parameters and Sperm Quality of Alloxan-Induced Rats

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of C. papaya and N. laevis on hematological parameters and sperm quality of alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. Methodology: Forty male rats weighing 130-180g were procured, acclimatized for two weeks, after which, were divided into eight groups of five rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A – H. Group A served as the control group and received distilled water only. Groups B – H were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Group B did not receive any treatment, while the groups C – H received 400mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 600mg/kg of C. papaya leaf extract, 400mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 600mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract, 200mg/kg of C. papaya + 200mg/kg of N. laevis, and 300mg/kg of C. papaya + 300mg/kg of N. laevis leaf extract respectively for 21 days orally with oral gastric tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation and blood samples were collected through ocular puncture for hematological analyses, and epididymis were collected for sperm quality study. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Result: The levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, sperm motility and sperm count were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased in group B (48.0 ± 2.25) (28.0 ± 2.25) (24.0 ± 1.87) and (50.86 ± 3.18), and D (44.0 ± 3.39) (30.0 ± 2.92) (26.0 ± 2.0) and (42.44 ± 2.17) (for sperm motility and count) when compared to group A (71.0 ± 2.25) (15.0 ± 1.58) (14.0 ± 1.87) and (68.74 ± 2.30), and significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in groups F (89.0 ± 1.0) (6.0 ± 1.0) (5.0 ± 0.01) and (82.74 ± 3.19), G (91.0 ± 3.30) (5.0 ± 2.81) (4.0 ± 1.8) and (88.78 ± 2.50), and H (88.0 ± 1.60) (7.0 ± 0.80) (5.0 ± 0.01) and (80.92 ± 0.26) ( for sperm motility and count), groups D, F, G and H (for WBC, HGB, PCV) and groups DEFGH (for RBC) when compared to the control group A. However, there was no significant difference on the levels of WBC, RBC, HGB, and PCV, sperm motility and sperm count for groups C and E when compared with the control group A. Conclusion: C. papaya and N. laevis leaf extracts have ameliorating effects on diabetes and increased serum levels of hematological parameters and sperm quality. The ameliorating effects of the combined doses to the diabetic rats were better at lower dosages than when the individual leaf extracts were administered

Protective Effect of Ipomoea biloba on Myocardial Antioxidant Status in Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction Male Albino Rats

The protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Ipomoea biloba in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity and the antioxidant activity involved in this protection were investigated in rats. Myocardial infraction was produced in rats with 20 mg/kg b.wt of ISO administered subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 h. Effect of EEIB oral treatment for 28 days at two doses (100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated against ISO – induced cardiac necrosis. Level of enzymatic (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST), non-enzymatic (GSH, Vitamin C and E) and of membrane bound ATPases (Na+K+ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and Ca2+ATPase) were assayed in heart homogenate. Significant myocardial infarction, depletion of endogenous antioxidants enzymatic and non-enzymatic were observed in ISO-treated animals when compared with the normal animals. Rats induced with ISO, showed a significant (P&lt;0.05), decrease in the activities of GSH, Vitamin C and Eon comparison with normal rats. EEIB elicited a significant cardioprotective activity by elevated the levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx and GR. A significant decrease in the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase and a corresponding increase in the activities of Ca2+ ATPase and Mg2+ ATPase were observed in isoproterenol induced rats when compared to normal control rats. Pretreatment with EEIB was able to efficiently prevent the increase in activity of Mg2+ ATPase and maintain the activities of Na+ /K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase at near normality. There is no significant difference between the control and plant alone treated rats. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the antioxidant effects on the main cardioprotective activity of ethanolic leaf extract Ipomoea biloba.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Khat (Catha edulis forsk) on Prefrontal Cortex Oxidative Markers and Hematological Profile of Wistar Rats

Aim: This study evaluated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Catha edulis on the prefrontal cortex oxidative markers and hematological profile of Wistar rats.&#x0D; Study Design: The study design was experimental.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Uganda and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda. Between January and May, 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Fresh C. edulis leaves were collected after on-spot identification, and authenticated before being chopped into small pieces and pulverized mechanically. The powdered material was extracted through cold maceration using 70% ethanol for 72 h. The extract was concentrated in vacuo to dryness at 40oC using rotary evaporator. The lethal dose (LD50) of the crude extract was determined using acute toxicity test. The sub-acute toxicity of the crude extract was evaluated by orally administering daily doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg to the male Wistar rats for 28 days. The animals were monitored for mortality, behavioral and physiological signs of toxicity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) activities and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were estimated using standard methods. The blood samples were analyzed using the automated hematology analyzer: Mindray BC-6000. Shenzhen, China.&#x0D; Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) of the C. edulis leaf extract was greater than 5000mg/kg b w. The SOD and CAT activities of C. edulis treated groups compared to the control group were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in C. edulis treated groups compared to the control group. There was no significant change in the hematological parameters, however, there were slight variations in the WBC and RBC counts in some C. edulis treated groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Long term chewing of C. edulis could result in oxidative stress. It is therefore important for chronic C. edulis leaf chewers to take caution.

Chemotherapeutic Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata on Biochemical Aberrations Associated with Experimentally-induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Male Rats

The sudden rise in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cases, severe side effects, and the high cost of conventional methods have necessitated the intensive search for alternative BPH management strategies. This study investigated the restorative effects of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata (EECO) on testosterone-induced BPH in male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats with a weight range of 150-210 g were randomly distributed into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 was normal rats and not induced. Groups 2-6 were induced via daily subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (3 mg/kg) for 28 days. After induction, group 2 received vehicle (carboxyl methylcellulose), group 3 received finasteride (1 mg/kg), while groups 4-6 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of EECO, respectively, for 21 days orally. Prostate and biochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. Treatments with EECO decreased the concentrations of prostate-sensitive antigen, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, malondialdehyde, cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, and liver enzyme activities compared with BPH-control. Furthermore, there was increased superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in extract treated groups compared with BPH- control. The findings from this study showed that EECO inhibited testosterone-induced BPH anomalies, making it promising phytotherapy for the management of BPH in males.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca on Induced Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress

Biologically active compounds with pharmacological potentials have been reported in Simarouba glauca; these compounds have shown interactions with biological molecules, hence this study. This study focused on long-term effect of ethanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (EESG) on lipoproteins and oxidative stress biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Oral administration of EESG was conducted according to the guidelines of organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), No. 425 using a total of twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats, divided into four groups of six rats each. Test rats were given EESG at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight respectively daily for thirty (30) days. At the end of the study, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed; relevant biochemical analyses were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed with the Graphpad prism®, version 7. The data show marked reduction and increase (P ? 0.05) in HDL-cholesterol and TG respectively, at all doses; significant increase (P ? 0.05) in LDL-cholesterol at EESG 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Furthermore, the data obtained however indicated significant (P ? 0.05) elevation in heart MDA level at 500 mg/kg. The liver and kidney CAT activity were elevated (P ? 0.05) at EESG 1000 mg/kg; 500 and 2000 mg/kg respectively. Liver and Kidney SOD activity were elevated (P ? 0.05) at 2000 mg/kg, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively. The Liver GSH-PX was elevated (P ? 0.05) at 2000 mg/kg. The findings of the study showed that oral administration of EESG at high doses resulted to dyslipidemia. The marked increases in the endogenous defense enzyme system may have resulted from cytochrome P-450/NADPH Oxidase induced oxidative stress linked to xenobiotic metabolism.

Polyphenolic-enriched olive leaf extract attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation

BackgroundThe therapeutic value of doxorubicin as an effective anti-neoplastic agent is limited by its cardiotoxic side effects. We investigated the effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of olive leaf OL on cardiotoxicity as well as oxidative stress which was induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in Wistar rats. The cardiotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneally injecting a single dose of doxorubicin (10 mg kg−1) after 7 days of OL administration. OL was given by gastric gavage in 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses of extract for 10 days.ResultsCardiac toxicity of DOX was evidenced by histopathological changes in cardiac tissues and an increase in the activities of serum markers of heart damage (AST and CK). DOX caused oxidative stress as evidenced by the elevation of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content levels, and catalase activity. That stress was also accompanied by a concurrent depletion of the activity of superoxide dismutase within cardiac tissues. The cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress damages caused by DOX also coincided with an increase of myeloperoxidase activity and iNOS expression. Most of these doxorubicin-induced biochemical and histological alterations were effectively attenuated by prior administration of OL. OL combination with DOX significantly increased its cytotoxicity in HepG2 liver cancer cell line and IC50 dropped from 259.35 to 158.12 μg/ml.ConclusionOL potentiated the cytotoxicity of DOX in liver cancer cell line and may play a role in the protection against its cardiotoxicity and thus can be a useful adjuvant therapy where doxorubicin is the common liver cancer-treating drug.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum splendens (G. Don) (Verbenaceae) on some biochemical parameters of Alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats

BackgroundThe lack of significant breakthrough in the treatment of diabetes, a global threat has led to continuous search of herbs that contain bioactive constituents with hypoglycemic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum splendens on some biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. MethodThe induction of Diabetes to albino wistar rats was done intraperitoneally using 120 mg/kg body weight of Alloxan monohydrate and the diabetic rats were randomly divided into five groups of four rats each comprising Group I (Diabetic rats), Group II (normal control), group III (200 mg/kg of ethanol extract), group IV (400 mg/kg of ethanol extract) and group V (5 mg/kg Glibenclamide - standard drug). All treatments were administered orally once daily for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, the blood sera of the blood samples from rats across the groups were collected and biochemical assays were carried out on them to evaluate their individual concentration of ALP, AST, ALT, TG, HDL, TC and LDL. ResultsA significant reduction (p<0.05) in the serum TC, TG, LDL-C and increased HDL-C was recorded in alloxan-induced diabetic treated groups. The ethanol leaf extract of Clerodendrum splendens at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed improving activities of the tested biochemical parameters. However, the group treated with 400 mg/kg showed more significant reduction (p<0.01) in the values of ALP (40.25±0.75), AST (25.25±3.84), ALT (3.25±0.25) and LDL (14.25±0.85).The 200 mg/kg showed more significant reduction in TC (67.25±2.59) than 400 mg/kg with TC value of 96.25±1.49. There was no significant effect on the TG value with 200 and 400 mg/kg while a significant increase (p<0.01) in HDL was recorded in the group treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg for HDL with 200 mg/kg showing more significant increase. ConclusionsThese findings revealed that Clerodendrum splendens has ameliorating activities on the lipid profile and liver function parameters of degenerating condition of diabetes mellitus associated secondary complications.

Neuroprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora caudata (Wight &amp; Arn) against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats

Introduction: Commiphora caudata contains various essential phytoconstituents and is a potential medicinal plant used traditionally to treat various ailments such as neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora caudata against the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced behavioral changes in rats. Methods: The in-vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay methods. For in-vivo studies, the animals were pre-treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Commiphora caudata (EECC) at 200 and 400 mg/kg of b.w for 30 days, and neurotoxicity was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS 1 mg/kg, b.w on day 31. The neurotoxicity was evaluated with a chain of behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze test, radial arm maze, and choice reaction time (CRT) tests. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, the brain hippocampal region was removed, and the levels of acetylcholinesterase, nitric oxide, and protein were measured. Results: The IC50 value in the DPPH method was 71.58 ± 15.62 μg, and the total antioxidant activity of EECC was found to be 742.33 ± 14.57 μmol Fe (II)/g extract. In behavioral tests, animals treated with EECC at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a neuroprotective effect in the Morris water maze test, an 8-arm radial maze test, and in the CRT test. Both doses reduced acetylcholinesterase, nitric oxide, and protein levels (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The present study results showed the promising neuroprotective effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Commiphora caudata and its action against the LPS-induced cognitive impairment in rats.