Effect Of Different Materials Research Articles

Analysis and study of the migration pattern of microplastic particles in saturated porous media pavement

This work aims to establish an analytical and comparative model of pavement stormwater runoff and determine how to solve water pollution in saturated porous media pavements. Heavy metal element particles in the stormwater runoff due to the rainfall will cause inevitable environmental pollution. First, the pavement runoff and materials of saturated porous media are analyzed. Besides, particle migration laws and separation effects of different materials are compared. Based on this, microplastics are selected as the primary material for pavement filling. Then, the adsorption effect of microplastics and the parameters of rainwater infiltration rate and infiltration ratio are analyzed to propose a multi-level ecological integrated treatment system for pavement runoff. Specifically, the environmental resource pollution and saturated porous media materials are analyzed. In addition, the adsorption effect of microplastic particles is analyzed to establish a model to study the selection process of the optimal adsorption material. The main contribution of the research is to analyze the migration process of metal particles in the soil in combination with the internal particle migration rules of plastic granular materials. The research results demonstrate that the rain runoff coefficient gradually increases with the expansion of the permeable area of the pavement. The rain runoff coefficient reaches the maximum value under the pavement of 120 square meters. In addition, a comparative analysis of three street pavements is conducted on the residential street pavement (RSP), commercial street pavement (CSP), and active street pavement (ASP). When comparing the two sets of data, the overall average permeability of the RSP is better than CSP and ASP. The research materials are compared under isothermal conditions. The particle adsorption effect of the same material at 50 °C is significantly better than that at 30 °C. Therefore, it is feasible to resolve the pavement runoff water pollution through technical schemes.

Compression test of multi-scale modified concrete and application of novel damage variable in concrete performance analysis

To change the characteristics of brittle failure and easy cracking of the concrete, a novel method of mixing materials with different scales into concrete to inhibit the generation and development of cracks is proposed. Taking carbon nanotubes (CNTs), calcium carbonate whisker (CCW), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, steel fiber and rubber particles as the experimental materials, the multi-scale modified concrete compression test was carried out. According to the test results, the effects of different materials on the mechanical properties of concrete are analyzed, and the optimal content scheme of materials is determined. In view of the damage constitutive and damage variables based on the Weibull distribution cannot comprehensively reveal the mechanical properties and damage state of concrete, the combined damage variable, the damage variable based on energy method and the corresponding damage constitutive model are presented. To synthetically evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete from the perspective of damage, the modified damage variable is proposed considering the influence of concrete compressive strength. The analysis results show that the optimal content of CNTs, CCW, PVA fiber, steel fiber and rubber particles are 0.6%, 6%, 0.075%, 1% and 0%, respectively. The damage variable based on the energy method has a clear damage mechanism and can accurately represent the performance state of concrete. The modified damage variable can significantly distinguish the comprehensive performance of different concretes. In addition, the scanning electron microscope results verified that CNTs, CCW, PVA fiber and steel fiber can inhibit the development of cracks through the bridging effect to change the failure pattern of concrete.

Comparative Effects of Different Materials on Alveolar Preservation

The purpose of this study was to compare different materials' effects on alveolar ridge preservation of postextraction sockets in anterior maxilla. In this prospective, single center, randomized, controlled clinical trial, healthy patients who needed one single anterior maxillary tooth extraction (including bicuspids) were selected. After a minimally traumatic extraction without complications, 44 patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups: 1) natural socket healing (blood clot), 2) xenograft and gingival free graft, 3) dense polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, and 4) platelet rich fibrin plugs. Alveolar ridge height and width loss were evaluated in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and in dental casts at 3 moments: 1) preoperative (T1), 2) 7days postoperative (T2), and 3) 120days postoperative (T3). Height and width alveolar ridge loss detected in CBCT and in dental casts were compared among the groups (two-way analysis of variance [ANOVA]; P<.05). Forty patients (24 women and 16 men) ranging from 25 to 70years old (mean of 42years old) participated in this study. Group 2 showed the least alveolar ridge height loss results in CBCT (9.8±1.9% at T3) and dental cast analysis (1.0±0.2mm). Groups 2 (12.7±4.7% at T3) and 3 (15.4±2.7% at T3) showed the least alveolar ridge width loss measured in CBCT compared with groups 1 and 4, but the difference between groups 2 and 3 were not statistically significant (P=.968). Group 3 (0.9±0.2mm) and group 2 (1.0±0.2mm) showed the least width loss compared with groups 1 and 4 in dental cast analysis. Again, the difference between groups 3 and 2 was not statistically significant (P=1.000). In postextraction sockets of the anterior maxilla and bicuspid region, group 2 (xenogenous bone graft with free gingival graft) and group 3 (dense polytetrafluoroethylene) obtained the best results in alveolar preservation, with group 2 being more indicated when the vertical alveolar ridge preservation is mandatory.

Numerical Modelling of Moisture Transport Between Two Enclosures Connected by a Tube

The electronics is protected using plastic or metallic enclosures. Although, the electronics is protected by the enclosures from the surrounding environment, the moisture can still enter the enclosure via gasket, plastic enclosure walls, cable feedthroughs. The moisture existing inside enclosure may condense on PCBA or components due to a temperature changes or different temperature levels and can lead to a moisture-related failures. The temperature in the enclosure is also very dependent on the location and the heating of electronic components. Furthermore, the electronics can be mounted nearby to other heating or cooling components in the complex mechanical systems, such as water pump or water meter. The paper concerns the complex transient heat and mass transfer processes between two connected enclosures with one being warm and another cold. The objective of the paper is to develop an in-house code based on the RC approach for predicting and studying the temperature and moisture behaviour inside two connected enclosures. The developed RC model combines one-dimensional description and lumped analysis for heat and mass transport. The modelling of temperature and moisture response is carried out under non-isothermal B3 STANAG ambient conditions. Moreover, the effect of different material of warm enclosure and the heating are considered.

Shear Strength Prediction Model for RC Exterior Joints Using Gene Expression Programming.

Predictive models were developed to effectively estimate the RC exterior joint’s shear strength using gene expression programming (GEP). Two separate models are proposed for the exterior joints: the first with shear reinforcement and the second without shear reinforcement. Experimental results of the relevant input parameters using 253 tests were extracted from the literature to carry out a knowledge analysis of GEP. The database was further divided into two portions: 152 exterior joint experiments with joint transverse reinforcements and 101 unreinforced joint specimens. Moreover, the effects of different material and geometric factors (usually ignored in the available models) were incorporated into the proposed models. These factors are beam and column geometries, concrete and steel material properties, longitudinal and shear reinforcements, and column axial loads. Statistical analysis and comparisons with previously proposed analytical and empirical models indicate a high degree of accuracy of the proposed models, rendering them ideal for practical application.

Chemical Properties of Peanut Oil from Arachis hypogaea L. 'Tainan 14' and Its Oxidized Volatile Formation.

Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Tainan 14’ has purple skin characteristics. This study investigated the effects of different materials (shelled or unshelled peanuts) and temperatures (120 or 140 °C) on the properties of extracted peanut oil. The results show that its antioxidant components (total flavonoid, α–tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol) and oxidative stability were mainly affected by the roasting temperature (p < 0.05). Fifty-eight volatile compounds were identified by peanut oil oxidation and divided into three main groups during the roasting process using principal component analysis. The volatile formation changes of different materials and temperatures were assessed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis. These results provide useful reference information for peanut oil applications in the food industry.

The effect of different enclosure materials and NePCMs on performance of battery thermal management system

A battery thermal management system (BTMS) with nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) is a favorable system because of its sustainable lifespan and high-latent heat in the absence of needing any external pumping power like air/liquid cooling in electric vehicles. However, some improvements and investigations are needed to improve the system. Hence, this current study has been conducted numerically to analyze the effect of different materials of the enclosure including copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), and acrylic (Acr) on thermal performance of a cylindrical lithium-ion BTMS by utilizing CuO nanoparticles and n-eicosane PCM. Additionally, the impact of various CuO nanoparticles volume fractions of NePCM (2 % and 4 %) on battery surface temperature and Nusselt number have been investigated. The battery is considered under the full discharge condition at a 3C current rate within 20 min. Furthermore, two different initial and ambient temperatures (300 K and 305 K) have been considered to study the thermal performance of BTMS in solid and solid/liquid phases of NePCM. The numerical results presented that using Cu enclosure in BTMS keeps the battery surface temperature at the lowest level and also causes to delay in melting the NePCM. Moreover, with the addition of CuO nanoparticles to pure n-eicosane and an increase in nanoparticles volume fraction, the battery surface temperature and onset melting time of NePCMs decreases and increases, respectively. Finally, the Nusselt number investigation illustrates that by adding nanoparticles to pure n-eicosane and increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction, the Nusselt number decreases slightly.

Calcareous Materials Effectively Reduce the Accumulation of Cd in Potatoes in Acidic Cadmium-Contaminated Farmland Soils in Mining Areas.

The in situ chemical immobilization method reduces the activity of heavy metals in soil by adding chemical amendments. It is widely used in farmland soil with moderate and mild heavy metal pollution due to its high efficiency and economy. However, the effects of different materials depend heavily on environmental factors such as soil texture, properties, and pollution levels. Under the influence of lead–zinc ore smelting and soil acidification, Cd is enriched and highly activated in the soils of northwestern Guizhou, China. Potato is an important economic crop in this region, and its absorption of Cd depends on the availability of Cd in the soil and the distribution of Cd within the plant. In this study, pot experiments were used to compare the effects of lime (LM), apatite (AP), calcite (CA), sepiolite (SP), bentonite (BN), and biochar (BC) on Cd accumulation in potatoes. The results showed that the application of LM (0.4%), AP (1.4%), and CA (0.4%) had a positive effect on soil pH and cations, and that they effectively reduced the availability of Cd in the soil. In contrast, the application of SP, BN, and BC had no significant effect on the soil properties and Cd availability. LM, AP, and CA treatment strongly reduced Cd accumulation in the potato tubers by controlling the total ‘flux’ of Cd into the potato plants. In contrast, the application of SP and BN promoted the migration of Cd from the root to the shoot, while the effect of BC varied by potato genotype. Overall, calcareous materials (LM, CA, and AP) were more applicable in the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils in the study area.

Theoretical Investigation of Gamma- and Neutron-Shielding Properties of Polysulfone (PSU) Polymer Material Using Geant4.

Polymers are widely used materials that have many medical and industrial applications. Some polymers have even been introduced as radiation-shielding materials; therefore, many studies are focusing on new polymers and their interactions with photons and neutrons. Research has focused on theoretical estimation of the shielding effectiveness of different materials. It is well known that theoretical studies on the shielding properties of different materials through modeling and simulation have many benefits, as they help scientists to choose the right shielding material for a specific application, and they are also much more cost-effective and take much less time compared to experimental studies. In this study, polysulfone (PSU) was investigated. PSU is a high-temperature, amber-colored, semi-transparent plastic material with good mechanical properties. It is resistant to degradation from hot water and steam and is often used in medical and food preparation applications, where repeated sterilization is required. The interactions of photons and neutrons with PSU were investigated using a Monte Carlo-based simulation toolkit, Geant4, within a wide range of energies of both photons and neutrons. The mass attenuation coefficients (µm), the half-value layers (HVL), the effective atomic numbers (Zeff), and the effective electron densities (Neff) of gammas were investigated. In addition, the effective removal cross-sections (ΣR) and the mean free paths (λ) of neutrons were also studied. The results were then compared to other commonly used polymer materials.

Study on the Improvement of Waterproof Performance of Historical Silt Sites with Silicone Waterproofing Agent

Silt has the characteristics of obvious capillary water effect and strong water sensitivity. The flooding of the Yellow River caused the water level in Kaifeng to be high, and the damage of capillary water to the silt site of Kaifeng Zhouqiao site is increasing day by day. In order to improve the waterproof performance of the site soil, three kinds of silicone waterproof materials were selected, and the site soil was improved by internal mixing. The improvement effects of different materials were compared through the capillary water rise test, and the contact angle of the modified soil with the optimal ratio was measured. Microscopic tests were conducted to evaluate its wetting properties and reveal the mechanism of action of the modified materials. The results show that the three kinds of silicone waterproofing agents can improve the waterproofing effect of soil, among which 0.5% sodium methylsilicate modified soil has the most significant waterproofing effect; its capillary water absorption inhibition effect can reach 98.34%, and the contact angle is 137.06. The surface of the modified soil is hydrophobic after the addition of sodium methylsilicate. An evenly distributed waterproof film is thus formed on the surface of the soil particles, which changes the contact mode between the soil particles and strengthens the connection between the soil particles, so that the proportion of large pores decreased. The proportion of mesopores and small pores increased, which made the soil sample more compact. These results explain the improvement of the waterproof performance of the soil sample.

Effect of Reinforcements and 3-D Printing Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Polymer Composites

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) systems utilize a wide variety of commercially available filaments, including Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), as well as their variants. However, the effect of filament composition, reinforcements (chopped fibers and nanotubes), and 3-D printing variables on the microstructure and thermomechanical behavior is not well understood, and systematic studies are needed. In this work, different types of ABS materials with and without carbon fiber and carbon nanotube reinforcements were printed with multiple print layer heights. The microstructure, elastic behavior, tensile behavior, and fracture toughness of 3-D printed materials were characterized. ABS material systems printed at a low print layer height of 0.1 mm outperformed those printed at a larger height of 0.2 mm. Carbon nanotube reinforcements result in significant improvement in the strength and elastic modulus of ABS materials. Printed coupons of ABS with carbon nanotubes achieve an ultimate strength of 34.18 MPa, while a premium grade ABS coupon achieved 28.75 MPa when printed with the same print layer heights. Samples of ABS with chopped carbon fiber show an ultimate strength of 27.25 MPa, due primarily to the significant porosity present in the filament. Elastic moduli and fracture toughness measured using dynamic and mechanical methods show similar trends as a function of layer height. The effects of different materials, reinforcements, and printing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed in detail.

Structural Performance of GFRP Bars Based High-Strength RC Columns: An Application of Advanced Decision-Making Mechanism for Experimental Profile Data

Several past studies have shown the use of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars to alleviate the reinforced steel rusting issue in different concrete structures. However, the practise of GFRP bars in concrete columns has not yet achieved a sufficient confidence level due to the lack of a theoretical model found in the literature. The objective of the current study is to introduce a novel prediction model for the axial capability of concrete columns made with bars of GFRP. For this purpose, two different approaches, such as data envelopment analysis (DEA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) modelling, are used on a collected dataset of 266 concrete column specimens made with GFRP bars from previous literature works. Eight parameters were used to predict the axial performance of GFRP-based RC columns. The proposed DEA and ANNs predictions demonstrated a good correlation with the testing dataset, having R2 values of 0.811 and 0.836, respectively. A comparative analysis of the DEA and ANNs models is undertaken, and it was found that the suggested models are capable of accurately forecasting the structural response of GFRP-made RC column structures. Then, a comprehensive parametric analysis of 266 GFRP-based columns was performed to study the effect of different materials and their geometrical shape.

Outcomes of inferior vena cava reconstruction using artificial or autologous materials in ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation

BackgroundThe use of artificial or autologous materials for inferior vena cava (IVC) reconstruction is controversial. This study retrospectively explored the effects of different materials on perioperative outcomes. MethodsThis study included 91 patients who underwent IVC reconstruction during liver autotransplantation between 2014 and 2020. A univariate analysis was performed to select variables affecting postoperative morbidity. The effect of IVC reconstruction materials on perioperative outcomes was tested with a multivariable generalized linear model. The effects on postoperative morbidity and operation time were further tested with the multivariate regression analysis based on the generalized estimating equation. Adjusted models were used in all analyses. ResultsA median operation time of 710 (633–790) min, a median blood loss of 2200 (1550–3000) mL, an incidence of 33% (30/91) for major morbidities and a median comprehensive complication index (CCI) of 0.0 (0.0–26.2) were observed, with no IVC reconstruction-related complications postoperatively or in the long term. The IVC reconstruction material had no significant effect on postoperative outcomes, while artificial materials significantly increased inpatient cost (191 ± 35 vs. 164 ± 36 k Yuan, p < 0.001). The multivariate regression revealed a significant shift in outcomes of operation time (p = 0.0368). DiscussionArtificial grafts are recommended for IVC reconstruction if cost is not a factor.

Additive Manufacturing of a Miniature Functional Trocar for Eye Surgery.

Stereolithography is emerging as a promising additive manufacturing technology for a range of applications in the medical domain. However, for miniature, medical devices such as those used in ophthalmic surgery, a number of production challenges arise due to the small size of the components. In this work, we investigate the challenges of creating sub-millimeter features for a miniature, functional trocar using Stereolithography. The trocar cannula system is used in eye surgery to facilitate a passage for other instruments. A standard trocar consists of a hollow cannula and a flexible check valve. The research was performed in two stages: in the first stage we investigated the effect of different materials and print settings on the current design of the cannula and the valve separately, and in the second stage we used these findings to optimize the design and production process. After the first investigation, it became apparent that even though the dimensions of the trocar are within the feature size range of Stereolithography, all hollow features tended to fuse shut during printing. This effect appeared regardless of the materials or print settings, and can be attributed to refraction of the laser source. In order to circumvent this, we identified two potential strategies: (1) increasing the negative space surrounding features; and (2) decreasing the surface area per layer. By applying these strategies, we tested a new design for the cannula and valve and managed to 3D print a functional trocar, which was tested in an artificial eye. The design of the 3D printed trocar allows for further personalization depending on the specific requirements of both patient and surgeon. The proposed strategies can be applied to different applications to create miniature features using Stereolithography.

An experimental evaluation of particle impact dampers applied on the tool for milling of hardened steel complex surface

In the manufacturing of dies and molds, vibrations may represent serious problems, since the finishing tool used is usually slender (high length/diameter ratio) in order to machine deep cavities with complex geometries, typical of these products. Vibration is an undesirable phenomenon in any machining operation as it can lead to poor surface finish, low material removal rate, and high tool wear rate. Impact dampers have been put into the tools as a method for reducing vibration in machining processes. Damping occurs through energy dissipation and linear momentum exchange during intermittent collisions between the main structure (in this case the milling tool) and a free mass (spheres or cylinders placed within a tool cavity). Although efficient, these types of dampers are highly nonlinear. Thus, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of different materials and geometries (steel spheres, tungsten spheres and steel cylinders) acting as impact damper elements inside a ball nose end milling tool. To perform this task, a comparison of commercial tool holders and dampened tool holders was done in the milling of a convex D6 steel surface, comparing commercial tool holders with dampened ones. The results showed that the tools with impact dampers generated lower values of roughness in the workpiece (around 30% of the value observed in the conventional steel tool holder for the case of steel cylinders and around 40% for both spheres) and presented lower levels of vibration when compared to the same tool without the impact damper, mainly in the machining of workpiece regions where radial and tangential forces are predominant. The tool which used tungsten spheres as damper elements generated roughness surfaces similar to those obtained with steel spheres, while the tool which used steel cylinders only generated lower roughness in the regions where the axial force component is not predominant, which shows that its performance is highly dependent on the resulting force direction.

Monitoring the Surface Quality for Various Deep Rolling Processes –Limits and Experimental Results

Mechanical surface treatments are specialized processes for improving part properties during their lifetime. However, they are additional processes within the process chain, which generate costs and use additional resources. In order to reduce the reject rate within the production line, process monitoring and process simulation need to be developed for these processes. Within the presented project, the effects of different materials, pre-machining and deep rolling tools are analyzed to simulate the surface quality. The effect of process parameters on the surface quality is measured to identify the limits of a surface integrity control system for deep rolling.

Research Progress in the Preparation of Phosphor for White Light Emitting Diode

As a solid-state lighting source, white light emitting diode (LED) has become the most promising green lighting energy source in the 21st century with its three advantages of energy-saving, environmentalfriendly and green-oriented. The study summarized the research progress in the preparation of phosphor for white light emitting diode, analyzed and compared the effects of different materials and synthesis methods on its luminescence performance. The future development trend was also prospected.

Research progress on effect of different materials on the retention rate of Resin-Bonded Bridges

Research progress on effect of different materials on the retention rate of Resin-Bonded Bridges

Effect of Ayurveda water purification method on total dissolved solutes in water.

Water is vital for life as the body uses water in all its cells and tissues to maintain vital functions. Hence, water used for drinking should be free from all types of impurities. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned various water purification methods by keeping it in different types of vessels (silver, copper, and clay) and by adding herbs such as Kataka Beeja (seeds Strychnos potatorum Linn.). With urbanization, there are changes in the lifestyle of individuals and their food habits. Therefore, based on the ease of availability of materials, storage of water needs to be analyzed by simple parameters such as total dissolved solutes (TDS) that comprises inorganic salts such as bicarbonates, sulfates, and chlorides and a small amount of organic matter that is dissolved in water. A high level of TDS indicates water is unfit for consumption and may lead to nausea, vomiting, dizziness, etc., TDS level indicates whether water is suitable for consumption or it requires filtration. To evaluate and compare the TDS of water kept for 24 h in different vessels made up of silver, copper, clay, plastic, and steel and further with the addition of different herbs like Kataka seeds, Tulsi leaves (Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn.), Nimba leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) separately in different vessels. The effect of different materials used for storage of water was assessed by evaluating TDS in water samples with the help of a well-calibrated TDS meter, on stored water (100 ml) in different types of vessels (silver, copper, clay, plastic, and steel) and further with the addition of different herbs (10 g) Kataka seeds, Tulsi leaves and Nimba leaves individually and separately, by keeping undisturbed for 24 h. TDS values of the water samples kept for 24 h in different vessels, i.e., silver, copper, plastic, steel, and clay are 372, 429, 436, 445, 628 ppm, respectively, were found. The silver vessel was found to be best in decreasing the TDS value of water among vessels. On evaluating additional effects by adding different herbs, Nimba showed its action best among the storage vessels.

Critical review of mineral admixture impregnation in bituminous mixes

The effect of different materials in bituminous mixes, as well as their variance in test parameters, are summarised in this paper. Many studies which were carried out earlier were studied to enhance the sustainable parameters from waste materials. Engaging the proper materials usage with precise can make the bitumen more cost-effective and durable one. For user in order to reduce the cost, the engineers started investigation on the usage of treated waste from different industries as filler in the mix. The use of 4–7 percent Fillers is advised because the amount of ash increases the mix's Marshall Stability. It is concluded that stone dust and limestone sludge, cement, coal ash, zeolite powder, limestone, rice husk ash, date seed Ash, broken brick powder, broken tile powder, cow Bone ash, Broken Glass powder, waste brick powder can be used as a filler. All these materials can be used as the filler and combination of these fillers forms a mastic mix of the bitumen and increases durability. The increase in Marshall Properties can be observed by the addition of filler. This critical review research emphasizes the waste material to serve the purpose of increasing the stability, durability and strengthen the mix and to keep the environment clean using these materials gives satisfactory results. According to abundant study, 25% fly ash by total weight of filler bounces with characteristics comparable to traditional Marshall Stability and Flow value of asphalt mix. Apart from these brick dust or stone dust also produce lot of air voids, but it also provide a lot of stability, so it can be used to replace traditional fillers in almost all cases. The Marshall Stability and flow value of the mix design properties after using the above-mentioned fillers are the focus of this study.