Durian Rind Research Articles

Slow pyrolysis of Durio zibethinus rind and the influence of carbonization temperature on biochar properties

Due to rapid development in some countries that puts increasing urgency on the global community to replace non-renewable resources, Interest in harnessing energy from other sources like biomass has grown immensely in recent years. Biomass can be converted to energy through thermo-chemical and biological conversion routes. Pyrolysis is one the thermo-chemical methods to transform biomass into useable fuels. Pyrolysis conducted without the presence of oxygen at high temperatures results in the production of biochar, bio-oil and gases. The aim of this work was to perform pyrolysis experiments for durian rinds with the emphasis on the characterization of the rinds and their biochars. The pyrolysis of durian rinds was performed in a horizontal tubular reactor at temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 °C. The effects of temperature together with holding time on the yield of biochar and heating value were investigated. It was found that the pyrolysis operating temperature had a significant effect on the yield of biochar, heating value and elemental composition of the biochar. Increment of pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 700 °C, showed a decrease in the total biochar yield, while the heating value increased. The optimum temperature was found at 325 °C with a holding time of two hours. The biochar yield obtained at optimum temperature was 40.8 %wt with a heating value of 28.7 MJ/kg. In conclusion, the results from the pyrolysis showed the durian rinds has potential to be converted into solid biofuel that can be used for energy application.

Ale beer containing free and immobilized Lactobacillus brevis, a potential delivery system for probiotics

Probiotics in ale beer may be attractive to health-conscious consumers. However, beer conditions may decrease probiotic viability. Powder produced from durian (Durio zibethinus) rind, a by-product that is currently unutilized, can be used for the immobilization of probiotics. MRS medium was incubated with Lactobacillus brevis and periodically sampled to obtain the growth curve. Ale beer with free L. brevis and cells immobilized in durian rind powder was produced and separately assessed during storage at 21 °C for 24 days. The physico-chemical parameters of both beers did not differ significantly. Durian rind powder conferred protection up to 12 days of storage with the immobilized cells in the beer having a significantly higher count than the free cells, which can be due to the acid detergent fiber content (19.67%). Free and immobilized cells remained viable with counts of 4.89 and 5.00 log CFU/mL of beer, respectively, at the end of the storage period. Both treatments had approximate counts of 5 log CFU/mL after 120 min in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The predominant bacterial species present at the end of storage were L. brevis and L. farciminis. This study suggests that ale beer could be a potential delivery system for free and immobilized probiotic bacteria. This is one of the few studies demonstrating the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in beer brewing.Graphical abstract

Bio-pellets from empty fruit bunch and durian rinds with cornstarch adhesive for potential renewable energy

In this paper, two biomass that are abundantly available in Malaysia, namely empty fruit bunch and durian rinds were investigated for bio-char production through pyrolysis process. Both biomass was mixed at different ratio and subjected to a temperature of 325 °C with a holding time of 2 h and 5 °C/min heating rate. The raw mixed biomass was characterised using a Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA) and the energy content of biomass and produced bio-char was determined using a bomb calorimeter. It was found that the char of 90% empty fruit bunch and 10% durian rinds mixture yielded the highest energy content of 10.3 MJ. The bio-char yield was 41% with a heating value of 25.14 MJ/Kg. Conversion of mixed biomass waste into solid bio-char showed an improvement in the char yield and energy content. The bio-char was then pelletised using corn starch as an adhesive. Addition of 1% corn starch as adhesive to the bio-char yielded pellets with a heating value of 22.37 MJ/kg. The pellets are stable and could be easily handled, transported and stored compared to the bio-char itself. This research is significant in respect to biomass waste reduction and generation of environmental friendly and effective solid biofuel.

Durian Rind Micro Composter Model: A Case of Kampung Durian, Ngrogung, Ponorogo, Indonesia

The case of waste from durian rind in Ngrogung, Ngebel, Ponorogo, Indonesia increased significantly per year. Agglomerations and decomposition of durian rind surrounding agro park caused air pollution and bad view in park areas. The decomposition of durian rind is very important to reduce those impacts. The micro composter model in Kampung Durian consisted of three main components. The first component was drying area with cemented ground. The drying area was set to accommodate 1 t fresh durian rind per day. The materials come from surrounding areas of agro park. The second was a machine house with one ton material capacity per day. The third was a composter house consisted of composter tube and packing area. The result of the micro composter house showed a cleaning agglomeration of durian rind from Ngebel lake and surrounding areas. In addition, the model produced liquid organic fertilizer and compost. A cycle of composting was 30 d in the dry season. Amount 1 t of durian rind decomposition resulted of 100 L liquid organic fertilizers and 50 kg compost. The result of composter had a direct impact to control waste problems in Ngebel and surrounding areas.

Effectiveness of powdered activated carbon from fruit waste in removing heavy metals in groundwater

This study was conducted to measure and compare the existing concentration of heavy metals in groundwater at riverbank. This study was also carried out to determine the effectiveness of activated durian rind which serves as powdered activated carbon (PAC) as an adsorption agent to remove heavy metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater. The initial concentration of Fe and Mn from all groundwater samples have exceeded the allowable standard. The process of removing iron and manganese was done by using 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g and 0.4g of activated durian rind. The results has shown a promising success with the percentage of removal with activated durian rind for iron ranging from 93.06% to 98.39%, while removal percentage for manganese ranging from 93.42% to 98.57%.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Rind with Difference Activations and Its Optimization

Durian rind wastes are an important raw material for activated carbon production due to their renewable sources and low-cost materials. The efficiency of increasing surface area and the quantity of oxygen groups on the surfac... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

In Situ Deposition of Green Silver Nanoparticles on Urinary Catheters under Photo-Irradiation for Antibacterial Properties

Urinary tract infections, especially catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), are the most common type of nosocomial infections. Patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters have a higher risk of infection due to biofilm formation on the urinary catheter surface. Therefore, in this work, a novel, cost-effective antimicrobial urinary catheter was developed using green technology. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Mon Thong durian rind waste were used as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of infection. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and glucose extracted from durian rind were used as a reducing agent to reduce the Ag+ dissolved in AgNO3 solution to form non-aggregated AgNPs under light irradiation. The AgNPs were simultaneously synthesized and coated on the inner and outer surfaces of silicone indwelling urinary catheters using the dip coating method. The results showed that the antimicrobial urinary catheter fabricated using a 0.3 mM AgNO3 concentration and 48 h coating time gave the highest antibacterial activity. The as-prepared spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 9.1 ± 0.4 nm formed on catheter surfaces in a monolayer approximately 1.3 µm thick corresponding to a 0.712 mg/cm2 silver content. The AgNP layer was found to damage and almost completely inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli cells with antibacterial activity by 91%, equivalent to the commercial, high-price antimicrobial urinary catheter. The cumulative amount of silver released from the coated catheter through artificial urine over 10 days was about 0.040 µg/mL, which is less than the silver content that causes tissue and organ toxicity at 44 µg/mL. Thus, we concluded that the developed antimicrobial urinary catheter was useful in reducing the risk of infectious complications in patients with indwelling catheters.

Teknologi Pengomposan Limbah Kulit Durian Menggunakan EM4

Durian rind waste is a source of organic material that is easily found during the durian fruit season in South Kalimantan, where the potential abundance can reach 100 tons / day. If left unchecked, it will involve environmental problems such as garbage build-up, strong odors, and aesthetically disturbing views, so special care needs to be taken on the organic waste. Therefore, a solution is needed to overcome this problem by using durian rind waste as raw material for composting. The purpose of this study was to study how to apply the EM4 dose to the quality of durian skin waste compost. This study used a single complete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 preparations: s0 (0 mL EM4 / kg material), s1 (1 mL EM4 / kg material), s2 (1.5 mL EM4 / kg material), s3 (2 mL EM4 / kg material), s4 (2.5 mL EM4 / kg material), s5 (3 mL EM4 / kg material). The results showed that what was needed in the study with the help of 1 mL EM4 / kg material (S1), where the durian skin compost was in accordance with SNI on the pH parameters namely 7.48, C-organic 16.59%, total N 1.34%, moisture content 42.54%, temperature 30oC, and compost odor test with criteria not approved rotten.

Kinetic Analysis of Durian Rind Pyrolysis Using Model-Free Method

In this study, the thermal degradation behavior and kinetic parameters of durian rind were investigated by using the thermogravimetric analysis technique. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 313 – 1,073 K with the heating rate of 5, 10, 20 and 40 Kmin−1. Three model-free methods namely Friedman (FR) method, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method were used to attain the kinetic parameters. The results show that the thermal degradation of durian rind exhibits 3 stages including dehydration stage (up to 380 K), active pyrolysis stage (380 – 680 K) and passive pyrolysis stage (above 680 K). A maximum rate loss shifts to a higher temperature with an increases in the heating rate. The values of kinetic parameters obtained from FR, KAS and FWO methods are in a good agreement with the experimental results. The average activation energies calculated by FR, KAS and FWO methods are reported at 243.02, 220.38 and 218.33 kJmol−1, respectively. Combining with heating value and chemical structure of durian rind, it can be stated that durian rind can become a useful source of alternative fuels and/or chemical feedstocks.

Photo-irradiation induced green synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles using durian rind biomass: effects of light intensity, exposure time and pH on silver nanoparticles formation

The purpose of this work is to single-pot biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract from mesocarp and endocarp of durian rind under photo-irradiation. Without adding chemical substance, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and glucose dissolved in the extract served as the reducing agent; while proteins acted as the particle-stabilizing agent in the formation of AgNPs. The synthesis parameters i.e. light intensity, exposure duration, and pH value directly associated with the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of nanoparticles. The amount of synthesized AgNPs increased with increasing visible light intensity and exposure duration, while the size and stability of nanoparticles were decided by pH value adjustment. The size of synthesized AgNPs decreased when the pH value increased, on the contrary, the size increased when the pH value decreased. Under the optimized synthesis conditions (visible light intensity of 13,430 lx and pH value of 8.5), approximately 99% of silver ions was reduced to the spherical AgNPs with the mean diameter of 11.4 ± 3.2 nm within 5 min. The AgNPs remained uniformly dispersed in de-ionized water at no less than six months. The present environmental-friendly method is facile, rapid, and cost effective for the large scale preparation of AgNPs. The obtained AgNPs synthesized under optimum conditions could be applied for use in various fields such as antimicrobial activity, biosensors, and catalysis in the near future.

Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of grafted cellulose fiber from durian rind waste

In this work, novel strategy for the low-cost and facile grafting copolymerization between isolated cellulose from durian rind waste (DRC) and 2-[acryloyloxyl] ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CIAETA) initiated with potassium persulfate was developed. Subsequently, the grafting yield of 30.4 % was obtained. Comparative characterization of the ungrafted and grafted cellulose through techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD and thermogravimetry confirmed the grafting of the CIAETA monomers onto DRC polymer backbone (DRC-g-CIAETA). Grafting process resulting in formation of porosity of DRC and coarse structure, thus crystallinity index slightly reduced from 48.45 to 36.58 %, however DRC-g-CIAETA increased in thermal stability. Water uptake capability revealed a significant enhancement by almost three times due to the hydrophilicity of CIAETA monomer. In addition, DRC-g-CIAETA demonstrated excellent antibacterial and antifungal ability against S. aureus, S. epidermis, and C. albicans. These antimicrobial properties exhibited potential application in biomedical healthcare fields.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI DAN UKURAN PARTIKEL TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET KULIT DURIAN DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA

Research has been carried out on the utilization of durian rind and coconut shell waste by turning it into bio briquette. This study aims to determine the amount of heat, water content and duration of combustion in order to obtain the best quality. Samples were made with the composition of durian rind, coconut shell, and tapioca flour as an adhesive. Each sample was carbonized with a combustion drum and furnished at a temperature of 250 0 C, then grinding, sifting, and molding were carried out. The composition variations used are (20:80)%, (40:60)%, (60:40)%, and (80:20)% with particle sizes of 100 mesh and 170 mesh, the adhesive mass used is 3 gr. The results of the study, testing the calorific value using the bomb calorimeter obtained the best quality in the composition (80:20)% with a size of 100 mesh of 6482,76 cal/gr, the results of testing the moisture content using an 105 0 C oven obtained the best quality in the composition (80:20)% with a 100 mesh size of 6,77% and the longest burning test with the longest burning duration in composition (20:80)% with a 170 mesh size of 211,8 minutes/gr.

PENGARUH pH LARUTAN PENGEKSTRAK TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK PEKTIN ALBEDO KULIT BUAH DURIAN

The purposes of this research is to determine the effect of pH solution during extraction of pectin from the albedo of durian rind on its characteristic and yield resulted from the extraction which resulted with the highest amount of yield and best pectin characteristic. This research is using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the treatment of the pH solution during the extraction with the pH being used is (2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5 and 4.0),. The treatment is repeated three times so that were obtained 15 unit of experiment and data were analyzed by variance analysis. If any effect showed by the treatment then the analysis were followed by the Duncan test. The test result indicate that the pH of the solution have an effect to the yield and characteristic of pectin extracted from the albedo of durian rind. The treatment that produce pectin with the best characteristic and the most yield are obtained at solution with pH 2.0 with the result of yield (4.07%), equivalent weight (767.39 mg) level of metoksil (10.06%), ash content (4.67%). And levels of anhidrogalacturonat acid (84.04%)
 Keywords: pH, pectin, fruit peel durian, albedo

Transesterification of Pangium Edule Reinw oil to biodiesel using durian rind ash as heterogeneous catalysts

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of addition durian rind ash as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Waste of Durian rind ash containing potassium oxide compound can be used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification process. Potassium oxide in durian rind ash catalyst has been synthesized by the simple burning method. In this research, durian rind ash catalyst was potentially for biodiesel production from Pangi (Pangium Edule Reinw) oil. The optimum biodiesel yield of 96.24% can be achieved over durian rind ash catalyst of 5 wt.% of catalyst, reaction temperature 65°C at 1 hour, and a methanol-to-Pangi oil ratio of 8:1. The characterization was also conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The Antibacterial Activities of Durian Rinds Extract (Durio Zibethinus) Against Propionibacterium acne

Acne vulgaris is a kind of skin diseases which caused by Propionibacterium acne bacterias. Nowadays, the treatments of acne are still using the antibiotics as a first protocol, but the overuses of this in a long duration can be resistants. Therefore, it is very important to find some candidates of natural products to become antibacterial agents in the acne treatments. One of the natural products is Durian (Durio zibethinus (Linn)), a part of durian which is called rinds of durian known as mesocarpium, it contains a lot of organic chemical compounds, there are alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics which have antibacterial activities especially in flavonoids. This study was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of durian rinds extracts to the Propionibacterium acnes bacterias. This study was used as a randomized completed trial design. The test of antibacterial activities uses the dilution method in 96 well plate and diffusion method, then the amount of the colony was measured by colony counter. The treatments were using a series concentrations 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, the negative control using 10% of DMSO and the positive control using clindamycine. The Results showed that the rinds of durian have given the moderates antibacterial activities at the 7.5% concentrations with the MIC value of 5% and the colony number was 67 colonies. Based on this results, it might conclude that the rinds of durian have the potential as an antibacterial agent which was bacteriostatic.

Extraction and characterization of cellulose fiber of durian rinds from north sumatera as the raw material for textile fiber

Cellulose is a kind of biopolymer that abundance in nature. Cellulose has been utilized in the wide area, i.e. textile fibre. Cellulose fibre for this kind of application was obtained from the fibre of pineapple, bamboo, hemp, jute, flax, kenaf and banana. Textile fibre based on cellulose is known as rayon, a derivate of cellulose. The aim of this research is to extract and characterize the cellulose fibre that obtained from durian rinds as the alternative of textile fibre. The characterization for the cellulose fibre including FT-IR, SEM, DSC, and XRD. The FT-IR spectra showed the heating treatment around 70-80°C can separate the lignin and hemicellulose from the durian rinds. SEM analysis showed the similar result, the heating process during the alkalization treatment able to separate lignin from the cellulose matrix, that was shown with the smoothest surface of cellulose fibre. DSC thermogram for the cellulose without heating process showed two peaks at 406 and 443°C. The lower value was obtained for the cellulose with heating process that showed at 362 and 386°C. Crystallinity degree of the obtained cellulose was 68 and 47% for without and with heating process, respectively.

Simultaneous adsorption of lanthanum and yttrium from aqueous solution by durian rind biosorbent

This paper presents the adsorption capacity of a biosorbent derived from the inner part of durian (Durio zibethinus) rinds, which are a low-cost and abundant agro-waste material. The durian rind sorbent has been successfully utilized to remove lanthanum (La) and yttrium (Y) ions from their binary aqueous solution. The effects of several adsorption parameters including contact time, pH, concentrations of La and Y, and temperature on the removal of La and Y ions were investigated. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of the metal ions were also evaluated in detail. Both La and Y ions were efficiently adsorbed by the biosorbent with optimum adsorption capacity as high as 71 mg La and 35 mg Y per gram biosorbent, respectively. The simultaneous adsorption of La and Y ions follows Langmuir isotherm model, due to the favorable chelation and strong chemical interactions between the functional groups on the surface of the biosorbent and the metal ions. The addition of oxygen content after adsorption offers an interpretation that the rare-earth metal ions are chelated and incorporated most probably in the form of metal oxides. With such high adsorption capacity of La and Y ions, the durian rind sorbent could potentially be used to treat contaminated wastewater containing La and Y metal ions, as well as for separating and extracting rare-earth metal ions from crude minerals.

Extraction and partial characterization of durian rind pectin

Durian which is famous for its plentiful nutrition, is a delicious fruit from Southeast Asia with rising popularity worldwide. Since durian rinds are often thrown away as waste, it would be beneficial to transform it into value-added product like pectin. In general, pectin is a complex carbohydrate molecule which broadly applied in food industries such as stabilizer, texturizer, emulsifier, thickeners, gelling agent and many others. The purpose of this research is to determine pectin content in durian rinds using conventional acid extraction and to characterize the properties of pectin in terms of yield, water activity, moisture content and ash content. Pectin was extracted using hydrochloric acid at pH 2.5, 85°C for 60 minutes. The statistical analyses were conducted by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and data obtained were reported in mean and standard deviation. The results indicated that durian rinds pectin yield is 73.67%, 11.53% moisture content, 4.67% ash content, and 0.452 water activity. The overall study highlighted that durian rinds are rich source of pectin and it is likely to become a significant raw material for food industries. The results of this research show successful pectin extraction, acquiring potential advantages for industrial pectin extraction economically and environmentally.

Production of Brikueda (Briquettes from Teak Sawdusts and Durian Rind/Durio zibethinus) as Renewable Fuels

Jepara is a carving city. The result of carving produces sawdust waste which is usually used to be sold and burned. In addition, durian fruit is available that has a distinctive taste and made an icon of one village in Jepara. The fruit is the belle of the whole community to be eaten by meat and made food. But the skin has the traits and characters that are difficult to decompose. Then the two wastes will be combined with tapioca flour into briquettes as an alternative fuel. This research take four stage: combustion, filtering, printing, and drying. Obtained two treatment, the first treatment is using ratio wood sawdust and durian rind; 50 gr: 50 gr; 25 gr: 50 gr; 50 gr: 25 gr. The results shown it does not ignite up and very hard. The second treatment is using same ratio but added 25 gram starch, the results shown it ignite. This is due to the starch content is used, it ignite the longest with a concentration ratio of 50 gr: 50 gr because its combination increases the calories value. In durian rind there are 3786 cal/g and teak wood consists mainly of cellulose (40-50%), hemicellulose (20-30%), lignin (20-30%), and the calories value of sawdust briquettes is 4714-5519 kcal/kg.©2019 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Antibacterial potency from the waste of durian rind (Durio zibethinus Murr.) against Propionibacterium acnes that causing acnes

One of the things that could cause pathogenesis of acne is the activity of normal flora bacteria on the skin, one of them is the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The use of extracts which is derived from severalparts of plant such as banana peel, mangosteen peel, dragon fruit peel, potato peel, crinum lily leaf, Marsh fleabane leaf, soursop leaf, soma leaf, green betle vine leaf, and cacao seed that are known to have antibacterial activity could help in acne healing attempt. This research was conducted at Microbiology Laboratory Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Udayana University from December 2017 until March 2018.The research was conducted with the intention toknow the appropriate solvent to obtain the compound type of durian rind extract dissolved with three types of solvent (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate), to look for the smallest resistor value (MIC) of the extract with a solvent that provides the best inhibitory power, and to know the compound type of the extract with a solvent that provides the best inhibitory power. The method is diffusion wells and phytochemical tests. The data that is obtained in the study were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In inhibition test against P. acnes, it is known that the durian rind ethyl acetate extract effectively showed the inhibitory effect on the bacteria growth, with MIC value of 1.1%. The compound that is contained in the durian rind ethyl acetate extract is terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, phenolic, and tannin.