Abstract
Urinary tract infections, especially catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), are the most common type of nosocomial infections. Patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters have a higher risk of infection due to biofilm formation on the urinary catheter surface. Therefore, in this work, a novel, cost-effective antimicrobial urinary catheter was developed using green technology. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Mon Thong durian rind waste were used as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of infection. Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and glucose extracted from durian rind were used as a reducing agent to reduce the Ag+ dissolved in AgNO3 solution to form non-aggregated AgNPs under light irradiation. The AgNPs were simultaneously synthesized and coated on the inner and outer surfaces of silicone indwelling urinary catheters using the dip coating method. The results showed that the antimicrobial urinary catheter fabricated using a 0.3 mM AgNO3 concentration and 48 h coating time gave the highest antibacterial activity. The as-prepared spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 9.1 ± 0.4 nm formed on catheter surfaces in a monolayer approximately 1.3 µm thick corresponding to a 0.712 mg/cm2 silver content. The AgNP layer was found to damage and almost completely inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli cells with antibacterial activity by 91%, equivalent to the commercial, high-price antimicrobial urinary catheter. The cumulative amount of silver released from the coated catheter through artificial urine over 10 days was about 0.040 µg/mL, which is less than the silver content that causes tissue and organ toxicity at 44 µg/mL. Thus, we concluded that the developed antimicrobial urinary catheter was useful in reducing the risk of infectious complications in patients with indwelling catheters.
Highlights
A urinary catheter is one of the most essential medical devices with the aim to drain urine from the bladder on an intermittent or indwelling catheterization
+ ) into a zero-valent of durian rind extract were served as reducing agents to reduce silver ions (Ag of durian rind extract were served as reducing agents to reduce silver ions (Ag+) into a zero-valent state (Ag andgrowth growth proteins dominated in the were extract state (Ag) 0followed
The results clearly demonstrated that the antibacterial urinary catheter was successfully prepared using the novel in situ photo-assisted deposition method, which
Summary
A urinary catheter is one of the most essential medical devices with the aim to drain urine from the bladder on an intermittent or indwelling catheterization. A biofilm is an aggregation of microorganisms sheathed in the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances consisting of DNA, proteins, lipids, and lipopolysaccharides They are initially produced from the attachment of free-swimming (planktonic) bacterium on the indwelling catheter surface and eventually lead to microbial infective biofilm formation [14,15]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been of particular interest as they exhibit efficient long-term toxicity to a wide range of various bacteria, fungi, yeast, and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms [21]. They offer low toxicity to mammalian cells [12,15,22].
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