Durian Peel Research Articles

Structural characterization and anticoagulant activity of homogalacturonan from durian peel

Two novel pectic polysaccharides DZM-A (5.1 kDa) and DZM-B (160.8 kDa) were isolated from durian peel and purified by DEAE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 column. The structures of two polysaccharides were analyzed by infrared spectrum (IR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It was deduced that DZM-A had a complicated main and branch chain with →4)-α-d-GalA-(1→, →5)-α-l-Araf-(1→ and →4,2)-α-l-Rha-(1→, a small amount of galactose and glucose. The structure of DZM-B was mainly composed of →4)-α-d-GalA-(1→. DZM-A showed anticoagulant effects through endogenous and exogenous coagulation pathways in vitro and in vivo. DZM-A could also regulate the content of ET-1 and eNOs, change the state of blood flow, and have anticoagulant effect in vivo.

Sulfur-Doped Carbons from Durian Peels, Their Surface Characteristics, and Electrochemical Behaviors.

Durian peels are an agricultural waste in Asian countries, including Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia, which can be used as a precursor for the production of activated carbon. The objective of this work is to produce activated carbon from durian peels by chemical activation using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) as an activating and sulfur-doping agent. The process parameter investigated in this study was the activation temperature (500–900 °C) at a fixed impregnation ratio (durian to activating agent of 1:1, by weight). Specific surface areas and pore structures were determined by nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements, and elemental compositions were characterized by CHNSO analysis. The chemical structure and surface functionality were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the obtained activated carbon was characterized in 6 M KOH using a three-electrode configuration. It was found that the sulfur content decreases with activation temperature. In contrast, the specific surface area of the activated carbon increases with activation temperature. However, the sample activated at 900 °C with the highest specific surface area (1499 m2 g–1) has a lower specific capacitance (166 F g–1) than the one activated at 700 °C (183 F g–1). This could be due to the presence of a pseudocapacitance caused by the organic sulfur functional groups such as thiophene, sulfone, and sulfoxide, which can trigger a surface redox reaction, leading to a higher capacitance.

A Single Mutation in the Carbohydrate-Binding Module Enhances Cellulase Activity in Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Mutant

From our earlier work, we modified the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to increase cellulase activity using cold plasma technology. The cellulase gene (BglC-M) from the mutant was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) under the T7 promoter. The hydrolysis activity of the cellulase mutant (BglC-M) was approximately 2.5-fold higher than the control (BglC-W) over a wide range of pH and temperature conditions. The amino acid sequence of the mutant BglC-M contained 471 residues that were almost identical to the control BglC-W. Only a single amino acid, lysine, was replaced by glutamic acid at position 370 (K370E) within the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Structure prediction and substrate docking of BglC-M indicated that the single mutation (K370E) might involve cellulose binding of the β-sandwich facilitated by hydrogen bonding. The docking study of cellopentaose with the model structure of BglC-M indicated that the replacement of lysine-370 led to the formation of a hydrogen bond with 436Y, which has a shorter distance (2.6 Å) compared with the control (5.4 Å). As a result, the structure becomes more compact and stable, resulting in increased catalytic efficiency. Finally, the biomass hydrolysis ability of cellulase was investigated on lignocellulosic wastes such as pineapple peel, corncob, and durian peel. The BglC-M enzyme showed a more significant amount of reducing sugar released from all lignocellulosic wastes than the control. This was the first evidence that altering the base composition of the cellulose binding module enhanced the catalytic activity.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Increasing cellulase activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens using plasma technology
 Mutation at cellulose-binding module enhance cellulase hydrolysis activity
 Greater cellulase activity in the hydrolysis on lignocellulosic wastes
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Pengolahan Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Membran Poliamida/Titanium Dioksida/Arang Aktif Kulit Durian

Processing of wasted cooking oil uses the photocatalyst method with metal catalysts and zeolites to reduce organic compounds. In this study, researchers used activated charcoal from durian skin and titanium dioxide embedded in a polyamide membrane as an adsorbent which was used as a medium for processing wasted cooking oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of processing used cooking oil using a membrane of polyamide/titanium dioxide/durian peels activated charcoal on changes in the characteristics of wasted cooking oil. Based on the results of research on the processing of wasted cooking oil with a membrane of polyamide/titanium dioxide/activated charcoal from durian peels, there was an increase in water content by 10.21%, a decrease in free fatty acids by 33.75%, a decrease in the peroxide number by 18.33%. Used cooking oil that has passed through the membrane has a decrease in %Transmission for the functional groups of C-H alkenes, C-O esters, and C-H alkanes. In the analysis of the compound content by mass spectrophotometry, it was found that the content of the methyl ester compound with the C17 and C19 chains was close to the composition of the biodiesel constituents.

Mechanistic insights into the adsorption of methylene blue by particulate durian peel waste in water.

This study aims to investigate the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) over particulate durian peel waste, which is chemically activated with hydrogen peroxide. The equilibrium data are well described by the Freundlich isotherm model, which indicates that the MB adsorption takes place predominantly on multilayers and heterogeneous surfaces of the biosorbent. The Freundlich adsorption constants, KF and n, are 11.06 L/g and 2.94, respectively. Thermodynamic data suggest that the MB adsorption occurs spontaneously and endothermically. The enthalpy and entropy for the MB adsorption are obtained as 10.26 kJ/mol and 0.058 kJ/mol K, respectively, in the temperature range of 303-323 K. Based on the stepwise desorption method, the adsorption of MB is dominated by physical interactions, particularly hydrogen bonding.

Improved glucose recovery from durian peel by alkaline-catalyzed steam pretreatment.

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peel, as agricultural waste, is a potential under-utilized lignocellulosic biomass that is sufficiently available in Thailand. In this study, durian peel from monthong (D. zibethinus Murr. cv. Monthong) and chanee (D.zibethinus Murr. cv. Chanee) were subjected to pretreatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under autoclaving conditions to improve glucose recovery. The effect of NaOH concentration (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and autoclave temperature (110 °C, 120 °C, and 130 °C) was investigated based on the amount of glucose recovered. The optimal NaOH concentration and autoclave temperature were determined to be 2% and 110 °C, respectively, under which maximum glucose (36% and 35% in monthong and chanee peels, respectively) was recovered. Glucose recovery was improved by about 6-fold at the optimal pretreatment condition for both pretreated monthong and chanee when compared to the untreated durian peels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed great changes to the surface morphology of pretreated durian peel from the two cultivars. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also revealed a rise in cellulose crystallinity index (CrIs) after pretreatment. A combination of mild NaOH concentration and autoclaving is a very effective pretreatment technique for maximum glucose recovery from durian peel.

Experimental investigation on durian thorns

Durian is a fruit that has a round shape with thorny shell. When a durian is ripe and falling down from a tall branch to the ground, its thorn help absorb shock from an impact with the ground and lessen the damage to its soft internal flesh. This research aims to investigate the structure of durian thorn and its mechanical properties. Among varieties of durian cultivars, Monthong durian is selected as a representative variety because of its popularity and availability. Thorns and components of durian peels are harvested from a ripened durian and stored in vacuum refrigerated bags. Modulus of Elasticity of each component is measured by performing uniaxial tensile tests on coupon samples. The results show the gradients of modulus of elasticity at various points on the durian peels. The experimental results can be used as inputs for finite element simulations of durian thorns for further analysis.

Perancangan Alat Pengupas Buah Durian Di UKM Pancake Lena

DABSTRACTPancake Lena is the small and medium industries that produce durian pancake. These SMEs durian pancake producing as many as 600 pieces per day. For the manufacture of pancakes per day SMBs can spend as much as 25 durian fruit. Preliminary observations on the initial durian peel using a knife, but by using this way many factors that cause accidents and long lead time process. The average time for the start of durian peel 1.1 minutes while peeling durian total with an average time of 3.3 minutes. In the observations were made for 25 pieces of durian with a work accident as much as 4 times. To solve the problem time and productivity happens to need a durian peeler. How it works peeler durian by sticking a durian on a crutch durian, then there are two claws blade left and right to stab the left side and the upper right durian, then the driver is struck so that the claw knife stab to the durian, and the left stick and right-drawn simultaneously to open a durian. The design of this durian peeler using R&D (Research and Development), which is a method of research and product development. The tool development considersefficiency, product effectivity and easeof useof product design. The efficiency of stripping time early durian fruit on average 0.11 minutes while peeling fruit durian total with an average time of 1.02 minutes and accidents reducedand productivity before and after obtained a 2,22 earned 2,27.Specifications tool designed measuring 50 cm long and 92 cm high.

Yeast-based biodiesel production using sulfonated carbon-based solid acid catalyst by an integrated biorefinery of durian peel waste

An integrated biorefinery concept for yeast-based biodiesel production using durian peel (DP) as a feedstock was developed. After dilute acid hydrolysis, DP hydrolysate (DPH) and DP solid fraction (DPSF) hydrolysis residues were generated. Yeast lipid was produced from undetoxified DPH by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KKUSY14. DPSF was subjected to a one-step sulfonation process to prepare a solid catalyst (DPSF-SO3H) and was characterized using FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM analysis. DPSF-SO3H catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity for yeast-based biodiesel (FAME) production from wet cell of KKUSY14 grown in DPH by direct transesterification. FAME yields of 81.57% and 78.73% were reached, respectively, for microwave and conventional heating. The fuel properties of FAME were in accordance with the ASTM and EN standards. Based on the higher heating value of FAME produced, an energy output of about 32.44–34.90 MJ/kg was estimated. The proposed bio-refinery concept led to the production of 101.2 kg yeast biomass, 16.0 kg yeast lipid, 717 kg DPSF-SO3H catalyst, 79.7–82.6 kg FAME, and 70.4 kg yeast residues from 1000 kg of DP waste. This model clearly provides economic benefits by creating value-added products and eliminating any waste streams.

Scavenging malachite green dye from aqueous solution using durian peel based activated carbon

Physiochemical activation consists of heat treatment coupling with CO2 gasification and KOH chemical treatment were applied in preparing durian peel based activated carbon (DPAC) to remove basic dye, malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. Several parameters namely, effect of initial MG concentration as well as contact time, solution temperature and initial solution pH were carried out in this study. Characterization study revealed that DPAC pose high BET surface area which is 886.31 m2/g and its surface was found to be mesoporous in nature with heterogeneous type of pore structures. Eight isotherms and four kinetic models were utilized and it was revealed that the adsorpttion system followed Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first order (PFO) kinetic model. Mechanism study using intraparticle diffusion and Boyd plot confirmed that adsorption of MG onto DPAC was controlled by the film-diffusion mechanism. Thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption system was exothermic, spontaneous, feasible and governed by physical-type of adsorption.

Tensile Strength and Moisture Resistance Properties of Biocomposite Films Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with Cellulose as Reinforcement from Durian Peel Fibers

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) based biocomposite film with cellulose was successfully fabricated by the solution casting method. The cellulose fibers were obtained by extraction of durian peel using alkalization and bleaching treatments. These treated cellulose fibers were used for the fabrication of PVA-based biocomposites. The durian peel cellulose fibers were varied by 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% in the PVA matrix. Tensile test and moisture resistance of biocomposites were evaluated. The 6% addition of cellulose fibers in biocomposites increases the tensile strength up to 54% (37 MPa) than pure PVA film (24 MPa). Conversely, it reduces the elongation at break of the biocomposite film. Meanwhile, the moisture resistance properties of the biocomposites increased with the addition of cellulose fibers. The tensile strength and moisture resistance of biocomposites have been increased due to the homogeneous dispersion of the cellulose fibers and PVA matrix. These biocomposites able to reduce the environmental impacts by utilizing residual lignocellulosic biomass.

Antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of methanolic extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. (durian) peels

This study aimed to determine the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of methanolic extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. (durian) peels and its fractions. The chemical constituents of durian peels extracted into methanol by soxhlet extraction were sequentially extracted into hexane, dichloromethane and aqueous methanol. Among the fractions, the dichloromethane fraction showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 179.9 ± 6.6 μg/ml) with high TPC and TFC (85.82 ± 12.11 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried weight of extract and 12.66 ± 1.94 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of dried weight of extract, respectively). A very strong positive correlation (r = 0.9677) was observed between the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the TPC of fractions and a strong positive correlation (r = 0.7858) was noticed between the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and TFC of the fractions indicating that phenolic compounds in durian peels may contribute to their strong antioxidant activity. As the dichloromethane fraction had constituents with the highest antioxidant activity, it was analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry to identify its volatile constituents. The results revealed that the dichloromethane fraction was rich in [1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester], [2,3-diphenylquinoxaline], [2-coumaranone], [4-((1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol], [7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione] and [phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)], which are known to exhibit antioxidant activity.

Adsorption of Acid Blue 25 on Agricultural Wastes: Efficiency, Kinetics, Mechanism, and Regeneration

In this study, Acid Blue 25 (AB25), which is a negatively charged synthetic dye was removed from an aqueous solution by adsorption onto agricultural wastes, including banana (BP) and durian (DP) peels. The adsorption performances of AB25 were related to surface characteristics of the agricultural wastes, including their chemical functional groups, net surface charge, surface morphology, surface area, and pore volume. Parameters affecting the adsorption, including contact times, initial concentration, pH, and temperature were investigated. The results revealed that the adsorption of AB25 followed pseudo-second order kinetics, and that the adsorption process was controlled by a combination of intraparticle and film diffusion with a two-step mechanism. The equilibrium data could be simulated by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that AB25 molecules are adsorbed on active sites with a uniform binding energy as a monolayer on the adsorbent surface. The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, and the adsorption capacity decreased with the pH of the medium. The spent adsorbents were best regenerated by acid treatment (pH 2), and could be recycled for several adsorption-desorption processes. Under ambient conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities of AB25 on BP and DP were 70.0 and 89.7 mg g−1, respectively, which is much higher than on a large variety of reported adsorbents derived from other agricultural wastes.

Effect of Durian Peel Ash Added in Zinc Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites Used as a Chemical Sensor for Hydrazine Detection

As the hydrazine is toxic, the methods to detect hydrazine at low concentrations are essential in scientific research. This preliminary study reported on how to increase the efficiency of ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by adding durian peel ash (DPA) and using three-electrode method. The ZnO/rGO composites were prepared using chemical reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with zinc chloride. The rGO was prepared by the chemical reduction of GO using hydrazine. The properties of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Potentiostat/Galvanostat. The results showed that the optimal condition for the composite material was 70%DPA:30%ZnO/rGO with the sensitivity of 222.92 mA/mM·cm2 and the current density up to 116.50 ± 0.95 A/g. The relationship between the current and the hydrazine concentration was I (μA) = 48.69 + 21.91C (mM) with R2 of 0.9870. The minimum concentration of hydrazine solution that the modified electrode can measure was 0.125 mM. The DPA powder can then be used to enhance the hydrazine detection efficiency at low concentrations.

Durian husk wastes as low-cost adsorbent for physical pollutants removal: groundwater supply

Durian peel can be the main contributor to agricultural wastes and becomes an environmental problem when it is discarded into the landfill site or even burning it. The average of entire durian fruit weight is about 255,353 MT for all over the country. The loading rate of landfills is increasing, especially with the massive amount and size of the durian waste that requires a larger space to dispose of. Therefore, it is certainly important to utilize durian husk as an adsorbent to improve water quality, especially groundwater source. Groundwater commonly has a higher hardness level than surface water. The higher hardness in water becomes a major concern, especially in every cleaning task. This research aimed to investigate the potential of durian husk in reducing water hardness, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Durian husk was treated with NaOH solution to improve adsorption efficiency. Laboratory analyses such as the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration method were performed for the water hardness, total dissolved solids, and conductivity concentrations respectively to test the performance of the removal efficiency before and after the treatments. As the results, the removal of hardness concentrations by durian husk has significantly dropped with dosage and settling time. However, not for TDS and EC concentrations removal, which it went sudden increased for a higher dosage. The novelty of this study is that it is the first-ever experiment using the real on-site samples in the field as for initial concentrations, different from other previous studies by lab-scale the synthetic hard water and most of them using the highest concentration of hardness which up to 700 mg/L of CaCO 3 as to find out the removal efficiency for water softening in water treatment using durian husk, compare to this study using a concentration that is too low within 300 mg/L and below.

N/P Codoped Carbon Materials with an Ultrahigh Specific Surface Area and Hierarchical Porous Structure Derived from Durian Peel for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Activated N/P codoped carbon (A-NPC) materials with ultrahigh specific surface areas (SSA) and hierarchical porous structures were synthesized by a green and cheap method to enhance the electrochem...

Bioconversion of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peel hydrolysate into biodiesel by newly isolated oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KKUSY14

Durian peel (DP) is considered as potential renewable resource of lignocelluloses. The utilization of DP for the production of microbial lipid as biodiesel feedstock has not yet been reported. Hence, this study aimed to convert DP hydrolysate (DPH) into microbial lipid by newly isolated yeast R. mucilaginosa KKUSY14. Lipid yield of 1.68 ± 0.24 g/L and 1.68 ± 0.24 g/L was achieved in undetoxified and detoxified DPH, respectively. The main compositions of fatty acids were consisted of C16–C18 series with high content of oleic acid (51.2–65.7%) with the absence of linolenic acid. Over 90% of lipid in wet cell could be converted into biodiesel and most of biodiesel fuel properties reached the specified limit of ASTM D6751 and EN14214. R. mucilaginosa KKUSY14 has potential to convert 1000 g durian peel into 103.3 g biomass, 16.8 g lipid, and 15.86 g biodiesel. R. mucilaginosa KKUSY14 demonstrated good characteristics as promising yeast capable to convert DPH into lipids and biodiesel without detoxification.

Syngas Production From Palm Kernel Shells With Enhanced Tar Removal Using Biochar From Agricultural Residues†

In this study, palm kernel shells (PKS) were utilized in an air gasification process to produce syngas. Also, biochar prepared from pyrolysis of the mangosteen and durian peels in was used in the gasification process to enhance the tar removal efficiency. The expected outcomes of this study could result in not only the generation of renewable energy but also the waste utilization of agricultural residues. The effect of catalysts and biochar on tar reduction to improve the syngas quality were extensively studied. A downdraft gasifier equipped with catalytic and adsorption units was utilized to produce syngas. The process was operated with 1 kg of palm shell per batch at a fixed airflow rate of 25 L/min. The NiO/CaO catalysts with a fixed CaO amount of 10 wt% and various NiO contents of 2 wt%, 4 wt%, and 8 wt% were synthesized by co-impregnation on the ceramic supporter. The results of SEM analysis showed that the NiO and CaO were deposited and well dispersed on the porous ceramic ring supporters. The presence of an associated active NiO peak at a wavelength of 692 cm-1 was observed in the FTIR result. The durian and mangosteen peels residues were pyrolyzed at 400 – 700 oC for 2 hrs to prepare biochar to be used as tar adsorbent. The BET surface area of obtained biochar was 0.9219 - 0.9989 m2/g with a range of adsorption pore size of 11.193 - 11.912 nm. The syngas samples were collected from the gasification unit every 15 min during a 1-hr period of processing time. The syngas compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography. The GC results indicated that increasing NiO contents in the catalysts tended to result in increasing methane and carbon dioxide concentration of the syngas, possibly contributed from the further involving tar cracking reactions. With the presence of biochar, the amount of tar captured in the filter unit was significantly increased up to 9 times compared to the system without biochar.

Design and performance test of drum kiln for durian peel carbonization

Durian is one of famous fruit in several places in Indonesia. Only about 20 % of durian fruit is utilized or consumed. The huge amount of waste, especially durian peel, still un-utilized and potential causing some environmental problems. Based on the composition of durian peel, carbonization is one of the best process to utilize durian peel to produce bio-charcoal. The research aims to design a specific kiln for durian peel carbonization and conducting performance test of the kiln. The kiln has been designed as drum type, by using used oil drum as main raw material of the kiln, so it will be easy to find even in the village area and relatively cheaper and easier on kiln fabrication. The performance test shows that the kiln capacity is around 10 kg durian peel. The best performance was achieved in the second test, which produce yield 25% of good quality bio-charcoal in 75 minutes process at temperature range of 326 – 359 °C. The charcoal has LHV (low heating value) of 6347 kCal/kg at water content of 4.66% wet basis, which is compatible to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) quality. Based on the performance investigation, the kiln design should be improved to avoid some weakness performance such as smoke flow and duration time of carbonization.

Nanoporous Carbon from Durian Peel via Hydrothermal-Carbonization and their Application in Ripening Delay of Durian

This research was aimed to examine conditions on synthesis of nanoporous carbon materials from durian peel via the process of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as an application for delaying durian ripening process. The experiment was conducted by using durian peel as materials for producing nanoporous carbon via the process of hydrothermal at 160-200 °C for 8-24 hours. It also included the process of carbonization at 500-900 °C for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere for developing pore structure and removing contaminants to obtain the nanoporous carbon. The properties of nanoporous carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectrometer analysis. The results indicated that the process of hydrothermal at 200 °C for 12 hours and carbonization at 900 °C for 2 hours was suitable for delaying ripe durian. This is become of the carbon content, porous structure and amorphous structure increased with HTC temperature.