Durian Peel Research Articles

Pengaruh Massa Karbon Aktif dan Konsentrasi Adsorbat dalam Penyerapan Zat Warna Metilen Blue

In this study, the effect of activated carbon mass and methylene blue solution concentration on adsorption capacity, the length of time required to reach equilibrium, and isothermal modeling of activated carbon material in the adsorption process were studied. The variables used are the mass of activated carbon as much as 100 mg, 75 mg, and 50 mg and the concentration of methylene blue solution of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm. The adsorption process in the three mass variations occurred at an optimum contact time of 80 and 90 minutes with an adsorption percentage of 99%. Adsorption of methylene blue dye by activated carbon from durian peel follows Freundlich isothermal modeling with a K value of 15846.44 mg/g and 1/n of 23.666 which shows an indicator of concentration dependence of the amount of energy associated with the adsorption process.

Effect of durian peel fiber on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation characteristics of thermoplastic cassava starch composites

This study is focused on developing and enhancing the properties of durian peel fiber (DPF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) composites. The proposed DPF was extracted from agro-waste and incorporated into TPCS with various contents of DPF (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) via compression molding. The mechanical and thermal characteristics of the fabricated composites were studied. The thermal properties of the biocomposite were improved with the addition of DPF, as evidenced by an increase in the material's thermal stability and indicated by a higher onset decomposition temperature. The integration of DPF into TPCS improved the biodegradation rate process of the composites. Besides, the results indicated that incorporating DPF in TPCS composites enhanced tensile and flexural properties, with a 40 wt% DPF content exhibited the highest modulus and strength. The tensile and flexural strengths of TPCS/DPF composites were raised significantly from 2.96 to 21.89 MPa and 2.5 to 35.0 MPa, respectively, compared to the control TPCS sample, as DPF increased from 0 to 40 wt%. This finding was consistent with Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron micrograph (SEM), which showed good interaction between DPF and TPCS matrix. The analysis revealed that DPF at a 40 wt% ratio was the best composition compared to the other ratio. Finally, based on improved results, DPF was identified as a potential resource of green reinforcement for the biodegradable TPCS matrix.

Oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals from Durian Peel Waste by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained much attention due to their biodegradable, renewable, nontoxic, and inexpensive nanomaterials with some remarkable properties. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals from durian peel waste were isolated by chemical oxidation. This process involved two stages of a chemical process, namely, bleaching followed by oxidation of ammonium persulfate (APS). The impact of process parameters (APS concentrations and oxidation temperatures) on the oxidized CNC was assessed. The properties of CNC were investigated by attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ATR-IR results showed that the structure of cellulose did not change during APS oxidation. XRD results indicated that APS oxidation improved the crystallinity index by 103% due to the removal of the amorphous components. The resulting CNC was needlelike in shape and had an average width range of 5.00-7.81 nm, a length range of 114.52-126.83 nm, and an aspect ratio range of 16.76-24.20. From the TGA analysis, the thermal stability was found to increase with increasing oxidation temperature. The optimum conditions for a maximum crystallinity index and the highest thermal stability were obtained at 80°C oxidation with 1 M APS. Therefore, APS oxidation was a remarkable method for increasing the value of durian peel waste into high-value nanocellulose.

Biochar and pyrolysis liquid production from durian peel by using slow pyrolysis process: Regression analysis, characterization, and economic assessment

This study examines the conversion of durian peel to biochar and pyrolysis liquid via slow pyrolysis. The central composite design was utilized to optimize the conditions of three independent variables, namely pyrolysis temperature, cooling temperature, and holding time. Analysis of variance revealed that only pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields. The biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields fit by a second-order polynomial model agreed well with experimental results. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the solid product yield decreased, while the pyrolysis liquid yield increased. The highest biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields were 56.11% and 38.53% that derive at 300 and 600 °C of pyrolysis temperature, respectively. The validation of both prediction models showed over 96% agreement. Biochar of high heating value (26.55 MJ/kg) was obtained at 600 °C pyrolysis temperature and 30 min holding time. According to the Van Krevelen plot, the molar ratios of the H/C and O/C of the biochar obtained at 600 °C of pyrolysis temperatures were similar to coal material. The high-quality biochar was of carbon storage class 4 according to the IBI classification; and the characteristics of pyrolysis liquid met community product standards of Thailand. An economic analysis was performed to assess the feasibility of converting 60 tons/year of durian peel into biochar and pyrolysis liquid. An internal project rate of return (IRR) of 25.91% with a payback period of 1.58 years was estimated. The findings of this study indicate the economic viability of immediately deploying large-scale pyrolysis utilizing a waste stream from agriculture.

Finite element analysis of energy absorption mechanism of durian peel and durian thorns under compressive load

This study aims to investigate the energy absorption mechanism of durian peel under compression using finite element analysis. The durian peel comprises four substructures: thorn skin, thorn core, locule, and membrane. Their mechanical properties were measured experimentally and used as inputs for finite element models. Three-dimensional solid models of the durian peel were created and compared to the corresponding macroscopic responses. Good agreements between the experimental results and model predictions validate the measured properties. Energy analysis of the substructures shows that thorn skins and cores are the dominant components of energy absorption in durian peel under large deformation. Single thorn models with various aspect ratios were created to analyze their influence on energy absorption. The single thorn models were compressed at four angles of attack to capture the effect of peel curvature. The analysis shows that the aspect ratio of a single thorn that balances energy absorption at all angles of attack falls between 1 and 1.25, which is consistent with the experimentally measured values.

Antibacterial Activity of Durian Peel Ethanol Extract (Durio zibethinus Murr.) against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis

Dental caries and root canal infections are common dental and oral diseases due to the dominance of S.mutans and E.faecalis. Despite not having any economic value and becoming a waste, durian peel is claimed as an antibacterial. This study aims to analyze durian peel ethanol extract antibacterial activity against S.mutans and E.faecalis based on the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). This type of research is a laboratory experiment using Post-test Only Control Group Design. There were 7 concentrations of durian peel ethanol extract (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78%), both positive and negative control with three times repetitions. Moreover, the bacterial suspensions used were S.mutans ATCC 25175 and E.faecalis ATCC 29212. Data analysis used One Way Anova, while data that were not normally distributed used Kruskal-Wallis. Post Hoc analysis used LSD for normal data and Mann-Whitney for abnormal data. Durian peel ethanol extract shows the antibacterial activity of S.mutans with MIC at a concentration of 0.78%, while against E.faecalis is 12.5%. The higher the concentration, the larger the inhibition zone formed. The best-tested concentration of ethanol extract from durian peel is 6.25-50% to inhibit the growth of S. mutans and 50% for E.faecalis. Durian peel ethanol extract can prevent dental caries since it is antibacterial against S.mutans and E.faecalis.

In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Coconut, Sugar Palm, and Durian Peel Silages, Prepared with Selected Additives

Understanding the nutritive values of fruit peel residues could expand our feed atlas in sustaining livestock production systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), cellulase enzyme, molasses, and their combinations on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of coconut peel (CCP), sugar palm peel (SPP), and durian peel (DRP) silage. The CCP, SPP, and DRP were ensiled in a small-scale silo without additive (control), and with LAB strain TH14 (TH14), molasses, or Acremonium cellulase (AC) using a small-scale silage preparation technique according to a completely randomized design. All fresh peels had sufficient factors for ensiling such as moisture content (78–83%), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC, 4.20–4.61% dry matter (DM)), and epiphytic LAB population (104–105 colony-forming units (cfu)/g fresh matter (FM)). However, aerobic bacteria counts were high (107–109 cfu/g FM). The fiber content of these fruit peels was high, with lignin abundances ranging from 9.1–21.8% DM and crude protein was low (2.7–5.4% DM). After ensiling, the pH values of the silage were optimal (≤4.25) and lower (p < 0.01) for SPP silage. The addition of molasses+TH14, molasses+AC, and molasses+TH14+AC has the potential to enhance fermentation characteristics and improve chemical composition. Silages treated with molasses alone improved the in vitro digestibility of tropical fruit peels. The residue of tropical fruits has the potential to be used as an alternative feed source for ruminants. Adding molasses, TH14, and AC during silage preparation could improve its nutritive value and digestibility.

Comparative Study on Biological Activities and Chemical Profiling of Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.) Cultured on Lignocellulosic Agro Wastes.

The relevance of the lignocellulosic substrate in the cultivation of mushrooms has lent support to the exploration of several lignocellulosic agro wastes. This study was, thus, aimed at the evaluation of durian peel as an alternative substrate for more sustainable mushroom cultivation and climate change mitigation. The secondary metabolites and biological activities of both aqueous and organic mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel.) extract cultured on durian peel and rubberwood sawdust substrate were compared using GCMS, LCMS as well as various biological assays (cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities). Mushroom extracts from durian peel substrates possess remarkable biological activities. The results showed that the aqueous extracts had poor antimicrobial activities. The organic extracts were more active against cancer cells than the aqueous extracts, while the aqueous extracts were more potent as antioxidants than the organic extracts. Overall, the mushroom extract from the durian substrate was the most effective except against A549 and SW948, while the aqueous extract from the durian substrate was the most effective against the A549 cancer cell lines with 29.53±2.39 % inhibition. On the other hand, the organic mushroom extract from the sawdust substrate was the most effective against SW948 with 60.24±2.45 % inhibition. Further studies, however, are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of P. pulmonarius extracts against cancer cell proliferation and the effect of the substrates on the nutritional composition, secondary metabolites, and other biological activities of P. pulmonarius extracts.

ANTI-DIABETES ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DURIAN FRUIT FRUIT METHANOL FRACTION

Durian fruit peel is one of the natural ingredients that are considered environmental waste by the people of Indonesia. The use of durian skin is starting to be sought, especially in the treatment of degenerative diseases, one of which is diabetes. Testing of activity as antidiabetic on durian fruit peel needs to be done. Durian fruit peel fraction was made by liquid-liquid partition which was then carried out to make compounds and in vitro antidiabetic potency test. Identification of compounds in the methanol fraction by qualitative TLC and UV-Vis spectrophotometry quantitatively showed high levels of rutin flavonoids. The flavonoid-rich fraction of rutin from durian peel was found to be effective in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. The methanol fraction of durian fruit peel inhibited the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme significantly (IC50 of 24) and did not differ much from conventional drugs, namely acarbose (IC50 of 23). This study showed that the methanol fraction of durian fruit peel which contains high routine flavonoid compounds has an active ability in in vitro antidiabetic testing.

The biochar, and pyrolysis liquid characteristics, of three indigenous durian peel; Monthong, Puangmanee, and Bacho

Durian peel is a type of biomass derived from agricultural residues, which are found in abundant in Thailand. This study aims to investigate the thermal and chemical properties of three indigenous durian peels, namely Monthong (MDP), Puangmanee (PDP), and Bacho (BDP), as well as the characteristics of biochar and pyrolysis liquid derived from slow pyrolysis of the durian peel. MDP had the greatest volatile matter and fixed carbon content, with 73.97 and 18.43 wt%, respectively. MDP was applied for further research in order to produce biochar and pyrolysis liquid at pyrolysis temperatures of 400 and 600 °C. The maximum biochar yield was 36.01% at 400 °C, while the maximum pyrolysis liquid yield was 37.25% at 600 °C. The largest high heating value of biochar (24.48 MJ kg−1) was obtained at 600 °C more than the high heating value of feedstock (14.32 MJ kg−1). Biochar obtained at 400 °C can be categorized as fertilizer class 4, while biochar obtained at 600 °C can be classified as carbon storage class 2 using the IBI biochar classification tool. The quality of the pyrolysis liquid was determined to be of 3.14 pH and 1.052 g mL−1 specific gravity at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, which meets Thailand standards. As a result, both 400 °C and 600 °C pyrolysis liquids produced significant chemicals that are employed in a variety of industries. Consequently, this research is strongly recommended to be expanded to produce high-quality durian peel biochar and pyrolysis liquid.

FORMULATION FOR MAKING HAND SANITIZER BASED ON DURIAN PEEL EXTRACT (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) IN IMPROVING ANTIBACTERIAL ABILITY

Maceration using ethanol solvent was chosen in extracting durian rind which was then evaporated to obtain 50 grams of durian peel extract. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that the durian rind contains tannin compounds as evidenced by the addition of Iron (III) chloride reagent to produce a black solution. In addition, durian peel also contains terpenoid compounds which have been proven using the Lieberman Burchard reagent so that a blackish brown ring is produced in the extract. The best hand sanitizer product formulation is 75 mL of 96% ethanol, 2 mL of glycerin, 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide, 10 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of a 6% concentration of durian peel extract solution. The hand sanitizer product has a liquid form, has a clear brownish color, has a distinctive durian rind aroma with a pH around 6 indicating that the hand sanitizer is suitable for use. Concentration of 6% Durian fruit peel hand sanitizer has better antibacterial ability than other concentrations with a large inhibition zone of 12.4 mm which is categorized as a strong level as an antibacterial substance.

Flexible Impact-Resistant Composites with Bioinspired Three-Dimensional Solid–Liquid Lattice Designs

The ubiquitous solid-liquid systems in nature usually present an interesting mechanical property, the rate-dependent stiffness, which could be exploited for impact protection in flexible systems. Herein, a typical natural system, the durian peel, has been systematically characterized and studied, showing a solid-liquid dual-phase cellular structure. A bioinspired design of flexible impact-resistant composites is then proposed by combining 3D lattices and shear thickening fluids. The resulting dual-phase composites offer, simultaneously, low moduli (e.g., 71.9 kPa, lower than those of many reported soft composites) under quasi-static conditions and excellent energy absorption (e.g., 425.4 kJ/m3, which is close to those of metallic and glass-based lattices) upon dynamic impact. Numerical simulations based on finite element analyses were carried out to understand the enhanced buffering of the developed composites, unveiling a lattice-guided fluid-structure interaction mechanism. Such biomimetic lattice-based flexible impact-resistant composites hold promising potential for the development of next-generation flexible protection systems that can be used in wearable electronics and robotic systems.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) Peel Flour as Novel Ingredient in Gluten-Free Biscuit: Physico-Chemical, Technological and Nutritional Perspective

ABSTRACT This research aimed to study the properties of durian peel flour and the effect of substitution of wheat flour by durian peel flour on physical characteristics, nutritional value and consumer acceptance of biscuits for the development of gluten-free products. The concentration of durian peel flour was varied at 0%, 50%, 80% and 100% (w/w). It was found that the hardness, cohesiveness, crispness and L*, a*, b* of the product increased with the increasing addition of durian peel flour. There were only carbohydrate and fat contents significantly higher in wheat biscuits, while protein, ash, crude fiber and moisture were statistically greater as increasing durian peel flour concentration (p ≤ 0.05). At 100% of durian peel flour, biscuits had the lowest water activity of 0.24. A 100% durian peel flour replacement produced biscuits with highest scores of appearances, color, aroma, taste, flavor, texture and overall acceptability at a significant level (p ≤ 0.05).

A natural armor-protected absorbent from discarded durian peel with rapid and recyclable absorption, high oil retention and self-cleaning ability

How to use simple and effective methods to achieve the recycling of discarded durian shell (DP) is still a huge challenge. Herein, the one-step in situ hydrophobic modification method based on self-generated surface roughness of low surface energy polysiloxane nanofilaments is proposed to prepare natural armor-protecting absorbent from discarded DP while imparting the absorbent versatility. This method gives the absorbent outstanding oil-water selectivity. For the absorption of chloroform, the absorbent can reach the absorption equilibrium in only 10 s, holding rapid absorption kinetics. The absorbent also shows a good recyclability and high oil retention capacity. In addition, the hydrophobicity also allows the absorbent to remove particulate pollutants from the surface, holding exceptional self-cleaning ability. Direct turning the pristine DP into the multifunctional material provides simpler preparation process, which can be used as a new design idea for the practical application of the DP.

THE UTILIZATION OF DURIAN PEELS (Durio zibethinus) FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Durian peels is a biomass waste that can be used as an alternative fuel in charcoal briquettes. Durian peels contains combustible materials, namely high cellulose (50%-60%) and lignin (5%) and low starch (5%). This study aims to determine the characteristics of charcoal briquettes from durian skin waste using adhesive from sago starch as an alternative fuel. The adhesive used is adhesive from sago flour, which is 3% of the weight of the charcoal used. In this study, 500 g of charcoal was used, so that the adhesive used was 15 g. The results of testing the quality of briquettes products made from durian peels obtained calorific value (5189.128 Cal/g), moisture content value (3.6044%), ash content value (3.5643%), volatile matter value (21.1273%), and the value of bounds carbon content (69.2279%), density (0.4778 g/cm3), combustion rate (0.22 g/second). Briquettes produced from durian skin waste using starch from sago as an adhesive can be used as an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly

Insektisida Nabati Kulit Durian (Durio zibethinus murr) dan Jahe (Zingiber 0fficinale) Untuk Mengendalikan Larva Kumbang Tanduk (Oryctes rhinoceros) Di Laboratorium

Durian and Ginger Peel Vegetable Insecticides to Control Horn Beetle Larvae The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of durian peel extract and ginger extract to control horn beetle larvae (O. rhinoceros). This research was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Non Factorial consisting of 3 levels, as follows: D0J0 (Control), D1 (15 ml of durian peel extract L.air-1), D2 (20 ml of durian peel extract L.air-1) , D3 (25 ml durian peel extract L. water-1), J1 (15 ml ginger extract L. water-1), J2 (20 ml ginger extract L. water-1), J3 (25 ml ginger extract L. water -1). Parameters observed were the proportion of mortality of O. rhinoceros larvae and time of initial death (LT50). The results of the study showed that the proportion of mortality of O. rhinoceros larvae to treatment had a significant effect, while the proportion of mortality was significantly different with all treatments. The fastest initial time of death occurred in treatment D3, namely 1,293 HSA in the range 1,248–1,328 HAS.

Analysis of Water and Ash Content in Biomass Briquettes from Durian Fruit Peel Waste and Sawdust

Briquettes are used to convert biomass energy sources into other forms of biomass by compressing them so that their shape becomes even. One of the materials for briquettes uses durian peel waste and sawdust as raw materials using molasses (molasses) as adhesive. The results of this study are to bring briquettes as an alternative fuel with biomass raw materials from durian peel and sawdust using molasses adhesive, which has good quality, so that the community can utilize that. This study aimed to determine the moisture and ash content of biomass briquettes as preliminary studies. The analysis was done with carbonation and drying processes, and the resulting weight was recorded after the procedure can be known. Based on these results, the sample with 20 mesh sieves has the lowest water and ash content percentage, about 1.74% and 0.77%. Then, the sample with 30 mesh sieves has the lowest water and ash content percentage, about 1.87% and 0.78%. This value still meets the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard, where both are a maximum of 8%. Combustion the higher the coal ash content, the lower the calorific value obtained.

Effect of Contact Time on Biosorption of Pb(II) Metal Ions Using Biosorbent from Durian Peel (Durio zibethinus L)

Lead metal (Pb2+) is a heavy metal that is dangerous and has high toxicity. Pb2+ metal comes from industrial waste such as electroplating, paint, and the textile industry so it can find air. An effective, efficient, and economical method to overcome air contact with the biosorption method. Pb2+ metal ion biosorption using durian peel (Durio zibethinus L) as biosorbent. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the absorption of Pb2+ metal ions using the batch method with variations in speed and stirring time. The results showed that the optimal condition for Pb2+ absorption occurred at a contact time of 60 minutes with an absorption capacity of 33.6163 mg/g.

Removal of pollutants from wastewater using activated carbon from durian peel

The efforts in reducing food waste can lead to better water management with less land required for food production and indirectly having a positive impact on the livelihoods and the environment. In order to support the practice of reducing food waste in Brunei Darussalam, one must find ways to recycle or reuse them, particularly waste generated from fruit peels. This paper investigates the feasibility of utilising Durian (Durio zibethinus) rinds to remove pollutants in wastewater, namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Nitrates by the process called adsorption. Durian is a local fruit and has high consumption in the country. Hence, it produces a large amount of waste, particularly in the form of peels or rinds. In the present research, the fruit peels are treated by dehydration and carbonisation method prior to utilisation. The variable parameters will be investigated such as the effect on particle size, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and agitation. The maximum COD removal percentage was found to be 68.2 % with an adsorption capacity of 690 mg/g. Overall, carbonised samples gave a better outcome than dehydrated samples. Possibly due to the presence of a unique pore structure in carbonised samples that allows organic matter to be adsorbed on the surface.

PREPARATION AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DURIAN PEEL CELLULOSE GRAFTED WITH POLY (2-[ACRYLOYLOXYL]- ETHYL TRIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE/CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITES AS ANTIMICROBIAL APPLICATION

In this work, facile preparation and low-cost utilizing durian peel organic waste as a cellulose (DPC) source and copolymerization grafted between 2-[acryloyloxyl]-ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (AETAC) and chitosan were developed. Accordingly, a grafting yield of 21.9 % was obtained. In addition, to further understand the characterization of grafted cellulose with AETAC and cellulose grafted with AETAC and chitosan through techniques, including FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and contact angle confirmed the grafting of AETAC and chitosan monomers onto cellulose backbone (DPC-g-AETAC-co-chitosan). The morphology grafting process resulted in the DPC-g-AETAC-co–chitosan with wrinkle structure, coarse surface, and formation of pores, resulting in a crystallinity index slightly reduced from 36.58 to 19.3 %, however, DPC-g-AETAC-co-Chitosan increased in thermal stability. In addition, DPC-g-AETAC-co-chitosan demonstrated excellent antibacterial and antifungal ability against S. aureus, S. epidermis, and C. albicans