Dry Weight Of Extract Research Articles

Kudzu Leaf Extract Suppresses the Production of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Cyclooxygenase-2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Interleukin-6 via Inhibition of JNK, TBK1 and STAT1 in Inflammatory Macrophages.

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep) is a perennial leguminous vine, and its root and flower have been used for herbal medicine in Asia for a long time. Most dietary flavonoids are reported to be concentrated in its root, not in its aerial parts including leaves. In this study, we investigated whether kudzu leaf and its major constituent, robinin (kaempferol-3-O-robinoside-7-O-rhanmoside) possessed anti-inflammatory activity. To test this hypothesis, we used peritoneal macrophages isolated from BALB/c mice and stimulated the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus interferon (IFN)-γ. Compared with kudzu root extract, its leaf extract was more potent in inhibiting the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Kudzu leaf extract decreased LPS-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1) with no effects on nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 transcriptional activity. Also, kudzu leaf extract inhibited LPS/IFN-γ-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation partly via an altered level of STAT1 expression. Robinin, being present in 0.46% of dry weight of leaf extract, but almost undetected in the root, decreased iNOS protein involving modulation of JNK and STAT1 activation. However, robinin showed no impact on other inflammatory markers. Our data provide evidence that kudzu leaf is an excellent food source of as yet unknown anti-inflammatory constituents.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL PHENOLICS CONTENTS, TOTAL FLAVONOIDS CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT VEGETABLES IN HUE

<p>The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of plant phenolics and flavonoids outlined the necessity of determining their contents in vegetables. The study comprised 10 vegetable species commonly consumed in Hue. The total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The content of total flavonoids was measured also spectrophotometrically by using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Antioxidant activity of extracts were expressed as IC<sub>50</sub> values (µg/ml). Values in IC<sub>50</sub> ranged from 2.08 to 51.06. The total phenolic content ranged from 3.18 ± 0.03 to 11.87 ± 0.06 (mg/g) of dry weight of extract expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentrations varied from 2.33 ± 0.03 to 19.47 ± 0.21 (mg/g), expressed as quercetin equivalents.</p>

Supercritical CO2 Extracts and Volatile Oil of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Comparison with Conventional Methods

Interest in new products from aromatic plants as medical and nutritional compounds is increasing. The aim of this work was to apply different extraction methods, including the use of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, and to test the antioxidant activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts. In vitro efficacy assessments were performed using enzymatic assays. Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and volatile oil obtained from supercritical fluid extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography to quantify components. The total phenolic content in the extracts ranged from 35.5 ± 2.9 to 85.3 ± 8.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents and the total flavonoid content ranged from 35.5 ± 2.9 to 93.3 ± 3.9 micromole catechin equivalents per gram of dry weight of extract. All the extracts showed an antioxidant activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and the reducing power test. Extracts obtained from methanol had a higher antioxidant capacity per the DPPH test results (IC50 = 3.05 ± 0.36 mg/mL) and the reducing power test assay 306.8 ± 21.8 μmol of trolox equivalents per gram of extract (TE/g) compared with ethanolic or supercritical fluid extracts. However, using the ABTS assay, the extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction had a higher antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 1.74 ± 0.05 mg/mL. Finally, the examined extracts showed practically no acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory capacity and a slight inhibitory activity against tyrosinase.

Screening of anti-inflammatory phytocompounds from Crateva adansonii leaf extracts and its validation by in silico modeling.

Anti-inflammatory phytocompounds from Crateva adansonii DC leaf extracts were identified by GCMS analysis and its anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by in silico molecular docking study against inflammatory molecular targets. Three different (Aqueous, Methanol and Petroleum ether) dried leaf extracts of Crateva adansonii were obtained from soxhlet extraction method. Preliminary phytoconstituents analysis of three different leaf extracts of C. adansonii confirmed the presence of various major classes of bioactive phytoconstituents such as polyphenols (tannins and flavonoids), steroids, alkaloid, coumarin, carbohydrate and terpenoids. Among three leaf extracts, methanolic leaf extract possess highest total phenolic content of 77 ± 1.65 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry weight of leaf extract, subsequently methanolic leaf extract also shows maximal in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity) of 71.22 ± 1.32% among three different leaf extracts. GC–MS analysis of petroleum ether leaf extract revealed the presence of nine phytocompounds representing 95.43% peak area percentage, among nine identified phytocompounds three phytocompounds of C. adansonii possess anti-inflammatory property namely phytol, 1-Hexyl-2-Nitrohexane and 2-Isopropyl-5-Methylcyclohexyl 3-(1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-Oxobutyl)-Coumarin-4-Yl Carbonate were chosen for in silico molecular docking study against four inflammatory receptor targets (COX-2, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) and they shows less binding energy with highest docking score ranging from −15.9500 to 5.0869. The present study substantially indicated and proven that anti-inflammatory potential of phytocompounds from C. adansonii leaf extracts which can be exploited for commercial designing of novel anti-inflammatory drug to treat various inflammatory disorders.

Characterization of high-molar-mass fractions in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) knotwood ethanol extract

AbstractThe identification of compounds in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) knotwood (KnW), obtained by extracting with hydrophilic organic solvents, has been performed previously almost exclusively by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) equipped with long GC columns (≥25 m). That means that the molar mass (MM) of the majority of the identified compounds was below 500–600 Da, and the analytical data accounted for only about half of the dry extract weight. In the present work, high-molar-mass (HMM) fractions in a Scots pine KnW-EtOH extract were isolated and chemically characterized by means of several advanced analytical techniques, such as high performance size-exclusion chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPSEC-ELSD), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry [(HPLC)ESI-IT-MS], ESI-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (THM-GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and GC-MS. The results indicate that the MM maxima of the HMM fractions ranged from approximately 500 to 2200 Da, and that the compounds consist mainly of oligomers of hydroxylated resin acids (RAs), especially dehydroabietic acid, but also of fatty acids (FAs), stilbenes and sterols. A large number of RA dimers were tentatively identified in the HMM fractions. However, it remains unknown how the monomer units are linked together, as it was not possible to isolate a RA dimer fraction pure enough for NMR characterization. RA dimers in native KnW have not been identified previously.

Investigation of the composition and antioxidant activity of acetone and methanol extracts of Daphne sericea L. and Daphne gnidioides L.

The compositions of methanol and acetone extracts obtained from Daphne sericea L. and Daphne gnidioides L. were investigated. The antioxidant activities of each extract were determined by various test methods. Phenolic composition profile analysis by HPLC-DAD showed that D. gnidioides extracts contain more phenolic compounds than D. sericea extracts. Among the components, syringic acid was found to be the most abundant one in D. gnidioides extracts (42.8 and 38.4mg per g dry extract of methanol and acetone, respectively). Total flavonoid, total phenolic and total carotenoid contents of methanolic D. gnidioides extracts were found to be 244.5mg rutin/g dry weight of extract, 1219.3mg GAE/g dry weight of extract and 11.9mg/g dry weight of extract, respectively. DPPH·, ABTS·+ and O2·- assays were applied to plant extracts as radical scavenging activity tests. Methanolic extracts of D. sericea and D. gnidioides showed the highest radical scavenging activities according to DPPH· and ABTS·+ tests (61.6 and 147.2 in terms of IC50, respectively). Antioxidant activity tests for measuring lipid oxidation inhibiting capacity were carried in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and bovine brain extract (BBE). Methanolic extracts of D. gnidioides and D. sericea demonstrated remarkable lipid oxidation inhibiting capacity in LDL and BBE tests.

Effect of GA3 and Shading on the Growth and Content of Artemisinin Compound in Leaf of Artemisia (<i>Artemisia annua</i> L.) Grown on the Medium Land of Karanganyar, Indonesia

Malaria is still becomes a concern for the government of Indonesia, since this disease has affected many people. Artemisia annua L. is an aromatic plant that destroys malarial parasites, lowers fever and of which the secondary metabolite is artemisinin. Enhanced production of the artemisinin content in the whole plant is desirable. This experiment was conducted in Karanganyar, Indonesia 900m asl. The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate the effects of GA3 and shading on the growth and content of artemisinin of Artemisia. Experiment using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) arranged in factorial treatments. The first factor was the concentration of GA3 consists of 4 levels, namely: G0 (without GA3), G1 (50 ppm GA3), G2 (100 ppm GA3) and G3 (150 ppm GA3). The second factor was the level of shade, which consists of three levels, namely: N0 (without shade), N1 (55% shade) and N2 (75% shade). The results showed that: 100 ppm GA3 increased plant dry weight, chlorophyll content and yield of total extract. A treatment without shade gives the best results on the height of plant, length of root, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant and yield of total extract. Treatment of 150 ppm of GA3 and 75% shade gave the highest content of artemisinin (3.96%) while control provided 0.64%.

Comparative Evaluation of Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities between Ethanol Extracts of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia L. Leaves by Different Methods.

The in vitro antioxidant potential assay between ethanolic extracts of two species from the genus Vitex (Vitex negundo L. and Vitex trifolia L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family were evaluated. The antioxidant properties of different extracts prepared from both plant species were evaluated by different methods. DPPH scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, and β-carotene-linoleic acid and ferrous ion chelation methods were applied. The antioxidant activities of these two species were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Both species of Vitex showed significant antioxidant activity in all of the tested methods. As compared to V. trifolia L. (60.87–89.99%; 40.0–226.7 μg/mL), V. negundo has been found to hold higher antioxidant activity (62.6–94.22%; IC50 = 23.5–208.3 μg/mL) in all assays. In accordance with antioxidant activity, total polyphenol contents in V. negundo possessed greater phenolic (89.71 mg GAE/g dry weight of extract) and flavonoid content (63.11 mg QE/g dry weight of extract) as compared to that of V. trifolia (77.20 mg GAE/g and 57.41 mg QE/g dry weight of extract respectively). Our study revealed the significant correlation between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both plant species.

Multi-stage recovery of phytochemicals from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flowers by supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extraction methods

Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide and co-solvent ethanol (SFE–CO2/ET) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with the increasing polarity solvents, hexane (HX), acetone (AC), ethanol/water (ET/W) and water (W) were applied for recovery of bioactive substances from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) flowers (BWF). The products obtained were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and phytochemical composition. Extract yields varied from 1.78 to 35.6% with the highest values for ET/W (21.7–35.6%), while the total yields were in the range of 37.02–64.05%. Comparing total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging capacity in ABTS assay W extracts were weaker antioxidants than AC and ET/W extracts, while ORAC was in the range of 672–2114μmol Trolox equivalents/g. The highest total TPC and TEAC was obtained using PLE at 140°C, while the highest ORAC value was obtained using SFE–CO2/PLE combination. Antioxidant activity indicators of solid plant substances were followed during extraction by using QUENCHER method. Lipophilic fractions were weaker antioxidants although they contained high concentrations of tocopherols, up to 392μg/g dry weight of extract (DWE). Seven phytochemicals were quantified in BWF, rutin being the major constituent (70–110mg/g DWE) followed by quercitrin (6.4–88.0mg/g DWE) and citric acid (0.31–31.3mg/g DWE). Extracts increased the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil and emulsion in Oxipres and Rancimat assays. High pressure fractionation schemes have never been applied to BWF previously: as a result new promising fractions have been obtained, which may serve as a good platform for the development of new industrial products.

Biorefining of goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) leaves by supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extraction and evaluation of antioxidant properties and main phytochemicals in the fractions and plant material

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE–CO2) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with increasing polarity solvents were applied for biorefining goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) into fractions. Extract yields varied from 2.40 to 28.9% (dry weight); the total yields were 42.87–63.79%. The highest content of phenolics and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was obtained using PLE at 140°C, while the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value was obtained using the combination of SFE-CO2/PLE. Antioxidant activity indicators of solid plant substances gradually decreased during extraction as measured by QUENCHER method. α-Tocopherol was the major tocol in lipophilic extracts (61.4–134µg/g). Ten phytochemicals were quantified: the concentration of quercitrin was 50.7–94.1mg/g followed by hyperoside, 33.8–70.1mg/g dry extract weight. PLE fractions increased the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil and emulsion in Oxipres and Rancimat assays. Multistep SFE-CO2/PLE processes were demonstrated to be effective for producing high added value functional ingredients from goldenrod leaves.

Experimental and chemometric study of antioxidant capacity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) extracts

The interest in a natural and healthy lifestyle has moved the plant crops under the spotlight. The aim of the work was to test the antioxidant activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts obtained by extraction with water (in presence and absence of light), methanol (95%), ethanol (30, 40, 50, 60, 96%), chloroform, dichloromethane and hexane. Fragmentation of plant material was 0.3 and 2mm and the extraction was performed during 10 and 30min. The total phenolic content ranged from (5.17±0.15 to 65.25±2.19)mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of a dry weight of extract, and the content of the total flavonoids from (0.11±0.01 to 40.63±2.14)mg of quercetin per gram of a dry weight of extract. All the extracts showed an antioxidant activity with an IC50 values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition in the range from (0.22±0.01 to 20.49±1.54) μg/ml. The evaluation of experimental data for 44 basil extracts was performed by applying hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). It was found that the increased time of extraction, solvent polarity and plant fragmentation increase the quality of the extracts in terms of the content of phenolic components and antioxidant effects. Extracts with the strongest antioxidant capacity were obtained by concentrated ethanol and methanol maceration. The chemometric analysis showed good correlation between the yield and total phenolic composition, and between the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity, predicting thus, basil extract quality.

TOTAL POLYPHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SILYBUM MARIANUM CULTURES GROWN ON DIFFERENT GROWTH REGULATORS

Objective: The present study was designed to study the effect of supplementing Silybum marianum cultures with different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators on the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the produced cultures.Methods: The total polyphenolic content of 23 extracts of calli was calculated as µg of gallic acid/mg of dry weight extract (DWE) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was calculated as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay for extracts containing more than 10 µg gallic acid/mg DWE.Results: Most of the combinations showed an increase in the total polyphenolic concentration compared to the wild plant. However, cultures grown on media supplemented with combinations of benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and gebberellic acid (Gb), adenine (Ad) and kinetin (Kin), BAP and indole acetic acid (IAA) possessed the highest total polyphenolic contents 20.5, 13.09 and 12.15 µg gallic acid/mg DWE, respectively. However, only (BAP+Gb), (BAP+1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), IAA, kin and (BAP+Ad) showed a significant increase in the antioxidant activity calculated as trolox equivalent with 2.65, 1.56, 1.56, 1.35 and 1.22 folds increase over the wild plant, respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained clearly indicated that changing the growth regulator system of Silybum marianum cultures serves as an easy and reliable method for increasing the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of cultures.

Polyphenolic compounds of a new biologically active extract from immortelle sandy flowers (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench.)

The chemical composition of a new bioactive extract from immortelle sandy (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench.) was investigated. Naringin, its soluble aggregate, prunin, quercetin, apigenin, naringenin, apigenin 5-O-glucoside, and isosalipurposide were found among the flavonoids. The tested immortelle sandy extract was shown to contain known dimers, trimers, or more complex aggregates. The compounds had similar spectral but substantially different chromatographic characteristics, which can be used for their identification based on the corresponding data on flavonoids glycosylated at different positions and/or carbohydrates of various complexities, which are also characterized by similar absorption spectra and different retention times. It was found by molecular absorption spectroscopy that the immortelle extract contained 73.48 mg of flavonoids relative to rutin or 17.94 mg relative to quercetin per 1 g of dry extract weight, which corresponded to 20.99 and 5.13%, respectively. The immortelle extract obtained by the method proposed displayed antitumor activity against the transplanted sarcoma 45 and had a beneficial effect on animals in general.

Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of wine brandies aged using oak and chestnut wood simultaneously in wooden barrels and in stainless steel tanks with staves

SummaryThis study provides innovative information on the simultaneous use of Limousin oak and chestnut wood in the ageing of wine brandy. Ageing was performed in 650‐L wooden barrels and in 3000‐L stainless steel tanks with staves over a 2‐year period. Effect of both kinds of wood in the brandy features depended on the ageing technology. Stainless steel tanks with staves originated lower enrichment of the brandy in dry extract (0.89 vs. 1.25 g L−1), total phenolics (22.33 vs. 29.40) and low molecular weight extractable compounds (119.83 vs. 231.65 mg L−1), but promoted a faster evolution of the analytical colour (lower L*, higher C*, a* and b*) and sensory colour (topaz and greenish vs. golden). The aroma and flavour profiles of the brandy were not significantly influenced by the ageing technology. Therefore, it is a promising option for both ageing technologies because it ensures the quality of brandy, together with a lower cost of the wood and exemption of the blending operation.

Anticancer, antioxidant potential and profiling of polyphenolic compounds of Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. (R.Br.) bark.

Wrightia tinctoria Roxb. (R.Br.) is an Ayurvedic remedy, ethnomedically used in the treatment of various ailments. The present work was carried out to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity as well as total phenolic and phytochemical contents of W. tinctoria bark methanolic extract (WTBM) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector. Antiproliferative activity of WTBM was evaluated against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, colony formation, and Hoechst staining. In addition, the antioxidant potential was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2- azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay. Total phenolic content was assessed by Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results demonstrated that WTBM exhibited significant antiproliferative effect against MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 88.9 ± 1.27 μg/ml) and MCF-7 (IC50 = 45.71 ± 7.74 μg/ml) cancer cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. WTBM significantly suppresses colony formation and induces apoptosis in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells as evident by morphological assessment, clonogenic assay, and Hoechst staining. The total phenolic content of WTBM was found to be 30.3 gallic acid equivalent mg/g dry weight of bark extract while IC50 value for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 72.2 ± 2.8 μg/ml and 45.16 ± 1.95 μg/ml, respectively. HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin in WTBM. These findings demonstrated that WTBM significantly inhibited proliferation of breast cancer cells and induced apoptosis, suggesting the potential chemopreventive activity of W. tinctoria bark.

Phenolic contents and bioactive potential of peach fruit extracts

Several cultivars of peach fruit (Prunus persica L.) were investigated. Their phenolic composition and concentration were assessed by LC–MS. Concentrations were calculated in mg per g of dry weight extract. Their antioxidant capacity (Folin–Ciocalteu, ORAC, DPPH, ABTS, PFRAP and ICA), inhibitory property against β-amyloid and α-synuclein fibril formation and protective capacity against Aβ-induced toxicity on PC12 cell lines (viability assessed by MTT assay and intracellular ROS production by DCFH-DA assay) were evaluated. Fifteen different phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. In particular, new isorhamnetin derivatives were identified. Phenolic contents were ranged between 19 and 82mg/g. Spring Belle extract had the highest content and Romea the lowest. Except for the ICA assay, a good correlation between phenolic content and the antioxidant capacities of peach fruit extracts was found, indicating that phenolic compounds are major contributors to their antioxidant capacity. Results indicate that the phenolic extract of peach cultivars inhibits Aβ and αS fibril formation and protects PC12 cell lines against Aβ-induced toxicity.

Chemical composition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from red chilli seeds (Capsicum frutescens L.)

The objectives of present study were to assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Capsicum frutescens L. seeds and to characterize the chemical constituents of the crude extracts. The n-hexane and chloroform extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), which showed the presence of many biologically important volatile constituents, including heterocyclic compounds, β-diketones, hydrocarbons, long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, such as esters, hydroxy ester, and aromatic compounds. The amounts of the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content in same the extracts were in the ranges of 7.95–26.15 gallic acid equivalents (GAE mg/g) and 4.64–12.84 rutin equivalents (RU mg/g) of dry weight of extract, respectively. In the determination of the in vitro antimicrobial activity, seed extracts prevented the growth of most of the tested pathogens by forming significant inhibition zones. The inhibitory activity was especially remarkable (inhibition zone≥13mm) against Pesudomaonas aeruginosa, Klebsilla pneumonae, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. During the evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity via DPPH assay, n-hexane and chloroform extracts showed 26.9% and 30.9% free radical scavenging abilities, respectively, at the concentration of 1mg/mL. Considering these results, C. frutescens seeds can be used as a source of novel antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds.

An Evaluation on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavaonoid Contents of Extracts from <i>Adina cordifolia</i> (Roxb.)

In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and concentration of flavonoids of four different extracts of Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed as percentage of DPPH radicals’ inhibition and IC50 values (μg/ml). IC50 values ranged from 20.39 to 38.96 μg/ml. The total phenolic content ranged from 17.48 to 20.83 mg/g of dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentrations varied from 17.49 to 22.48 mg/g, expressed as quercetin equivalents. The significant linear correlation was confirmed between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high value.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and solvent extracts of Mentha pulegium L.

We report the total phenolic (TPC; expressed as gallic acid equivalents, GAE, per milligram of dry extract weight) and the total flavonoid contents (TFC; expressed as quercetin equivalents, QE, per milligram of dry extract weight) and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) collected in Serbia. The total phenolic content was in the range of 129.43-388.29 ?g GAE/mg, while TFC ranged from 57.81 to 160.94 QE/mg; the highest TPC and TFC were found in the methanol extract. The antimicrobial activity (against five bacteria and two fungi species) of the essential oil and solvent extracts was assessed using disc-diffusion method. However, the studied samples demonstrated a poor antimicrobial potential. The antioxidant activity was screened using five different tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation decolorization assay (ABTS), total reducing power (TRP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay (CUPRAC); the methanol extract showed the strongest antioxidant potential. The results of the different antioxidant assays were correlated mutually and with the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents (regression analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering).

Geoclimatic influences on the constituents and antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruit of Arbutus unedo L.

We made a comparison between the total phenolic content, concentrations of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of four different extracts (1-butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, water) of Arbutus unedo L. fruit (Ericacea) of El Marsa and Terni area. The total phenolic content in the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and it ranged between 26.57 and 48.23 gallic acid equivalents mg/g of dry weight of extract. The concentrations of flavonoids in plant extracts varied from 17.98 to 56.84 catechin equivalents mg/g. The antioxidant activity was analyzed in vitro using the DPPH reagent; among all extracts, ethyl acetate fraction from El Marsa area showed the highest antioxidant activity.