Dry Weight Of Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant activity and DNA damage inhibition in vitro by a methanolic extract of Carissa carandas (Apocynaceae) leaves

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and DNA damage inhibition potential of a methanolic extract of Carissa carandas leaves. The extract had significant (p<0.05), dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity (median inhibitory concentration, 73.1μg/ml), total antioxidant activity, H2O2 scavenging activity (median inhibitory concentration, 84.03μg/ml) and reducing power activity. The extract also completely protected pBR322 plasmid DNA from free radical-mediated oxidative stress in a DNA damage inhibition assay. The antioxidant and DNA damage inhibition properties of C. carandas can be attributed to a high content of phenolic compounds (84.0mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight of extract), estimated in the Folin–Ciocalteau assay. The high antioxidant and DNA damage inhibiting potential of C. carandas could be used to develop antioxidant compounds for therapeutic applications.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of &lt;i&gt;Secamone afzelii&lt;/i&gt; (Rhoem) Ascleipiadaceae

Secamone afzelii is used traditionally in Ghana mainly as a wound healing agent. This study re-ports the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of S. afzelii. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method in 7 day old chicks and antioxi-dant property by the 2,2–diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total antioxi-dant and total phenol content determinations. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg kg-1, the methanol extract of the leaves reduced carrageenan-induced oedema by 24.70%, 33.41% and 44.26% respectively. The leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 16.73 μg mL-1 com-pared to ascorbic acid which gave an IC50 of 2.01 μg mL-1. In the total phenol content determination, the leaf extract was found to contain 56.86 mg g-1 calculated as tannic acid equivalent of the dry weight of extract. The extract also demonstrated remarkable antioxidant effect in the total anti-oxidant capacity determinations and had an 87% correlation with the amount of phenolic content present.Keywords: Secamone afzelii, carrageenan, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of raspberry fruit, pulp, and marc extracts

In this study, the phytochemical composition (total phenolics, total anthocyanins and ellagitannins) and antimicrobial properties of raspberry fruit, pulp, and marc extracts obtained with 80% methanol and 80% acetone from different plant cultivars were assessed. The extracts were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assay. The content of total phenolics in berry pulp extracts varied from 20.4 to 35.5, in whole berry extracts from 43.6 to 83.1 and in berry marc extracts from 93.9 to 163.8 mg/g (dry weight of extract). The content of ellagitannins was higher by 63–80% in raspberry marc extracts than in pulp extracts. Raspberry fruit, pulp and marc extracts isolated with aqueous acetone possessed stronger antimicrobial activity than the corresponding extracts isolated with aqueous methanol. The highest inhibitory effect against the investigated Gram-positive bacteria and yeast strains was shown by the extracts isolated from raspberry marc and containing the highest concentrations of total phenolics and ellagitannins.

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF GALLIC ACID IN ROSA SINENSIS, EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM BY HPTLC

A number of plants are rich source of gallic acid , a pharmacologically important molecule which exists either in free form or as a part of the tannin molecule. The present study was designed to identify and compare the presence of gall ic acid in the ethanolic extracts of three Indian medicinal plants, Emblica officinalis , Syzygium aromaticum and Rosa sinensis by high performance thin layer chromatography . The pulp of Emblica officinalis had the highest content of gallic acid, 27.36 mg / g of dry weight of extract. The gallic acid content in the petals and buds of Rosa sinensis and Syzygium aromaticum was 12.76 mg / g and 25.98 mg / g of dry weight respectively. The R f value of gallic acid was found to be 0.29. This study significantly co mpares the presence of gallic acid in the three extracts which are a potential source of antioxidant activity.

Anti-browsing effects of birch bark extract on fallow deer

A major problem within forest industry is unwanted browsing on seedlings from mammalian herbivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of birch bark extracts as repellents towards fallow deer. Birch bark was extracted in a conventional way with ethanol as solvent at ambient temperature and with a new method, liquid CO2 extraction. An analysis of the ethanol-extracted birch bark showed that it contained large amounts of terpenoids, of which the most abundant was betulin. In seven different treatment trials, we used 15 individually handled fallow deer. To investigate the binary taste preferences, birch bark extract was added to food and presented in two bowls in typical two-choice tests. We found that the amount of a food type consumed during a trial and the number of shifts between food bowls were dependent on the amount of the birch extract the food contained. Concentrations of above 1 % by dry weight of birch extract acted as a repellent. In addition, such concentrations produced shorter feeding bouts by a greater willingness to change bowls. Therefore, our conclusion is that birch bark extract acts as a repellent towards fallow deer and is therefore likely to act as a repellent against other deer species. In addition, we show that birch bark extract produced by the new and more environmentally sustainable method employing liquid CO2 mixed with ethanol has the same repellent effect as the traditional ethanol extraction.

Antioxidant properties in the oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) and split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) ethanolic extracts

Ethanolic extracts of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus pulmonarius, P. ostreatus, P. djamor var. djamor and P. djamor var. roseus) and the split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) were successfully investigated for their antioxidant properties. The study was carried out to determine the capability of the extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, to determine its reducing ability towards ferricyanide complex (FRAP assay) and to determine the concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) in the macrofungi ethanolic extracts. Inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50) for each extract to scavenge DPPH radicals was detected from 2.75 mg/ml to 12 mg/ml where S. commune from the fourth flush showed the lowest IC50 value among all tested mushrooms. The greatest ability to reduce ferricyanide complex to ferrous form was observed in P. djamor var. djamor at concentration 10 mg/ml in both first (1.23 ± 0.02) and second flushes (1.23 ± 0.00). Meanwhile, the highest TPC was determined in P. djamor var. djamor extract (51.94 ± 0.04 mg TAE/g dry weight of extract) whereas S. commune gave highest reading of total flavonoid content in TFC assay (29.80 ± 0.27 mg QE/g dry weight of extract). All the mushroom samples showed appreciable antioxidant properties which therefore, can be promoted as natural antioxidant preference in food and pharmaceutical industries.

In vitro evaluation and comparison of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabberly

Background: Hopea ponga has been categorised as an endangered tree species under International Union for Conservation of Nature red list of threatened species. Objective: To study the antibacterial, antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Hopea ponga leaf, extracted from different solvents viz., petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Hopea ponga was determined by disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were assayed through in‑vitro models such as 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’‑azino‑bis (3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulphonic acid), ferric reducing antioxidant power, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl scavenging activities. Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminium chloride colorimetric method and total phenolic content determined using Folin ciocaulteu reagent method. Results: Methanol extract showed higher scavenging activity against 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl and reducing power activity against ferric ion (97.24 ± 0.11 and 88.01 ± 0.03) compared to other extracts. Methanol extract showed significant antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris and B. cereus. Among the tested extracts, methanol extract exhibited higher content of phenols (1318.749 mg of ferulic acid equivalent/100 gram dry weight of extract) and flavonoids (457.832 mg of quercetin equivalent/100 gram dry weight of extract). Conclusions: The present study suggests that the methanol extract may contain active compounds, which have effective antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Hence, this endangered species have to be explored and conserved to serve the mankind. Key words: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, dipterocarpaceae, Hopea ponga, total phenolic, total flavonoid

Cytotoxicity effects of various Juglans regia (walnut) leaf extracts in human cancer cell lines

Context: Currently, natural products have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activities and are used as chemotherapeutic agents. Plants have historically been used in treating cancer and are recognized for their ability to produce secondary metabolites. Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) has medicinal applications to treat a wide range of diseases such as cancer.Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of total extract as well as several fractions from the leaves of J. regia.The total phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins content of these extracts were also determined to obtain further information on the correlation between the contents of phenolic compounds and antiproliferative effects as well as the leaf developmental stages.Materials and methods: Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry methods against human oral cancer, breast adenocarcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. The total phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride and butanol-HCl colorimetric methods.Results: Our present study has shown that chloroform fraction has the lowest IC50 values (0.36–0.81 mg/mL) and also induces cell cycle arrest (G0\\G1 phase) after a 24 h treatment. The colorimetric methods showed the highest amount of total phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in the methanol fraction (120.28 ± 2.32, 59.44 ± 0.87, 227.00 ± 4.91 mg/g of dry weight of extract).Discussion and conclusion: The results obtained herein indicate that walnut chloroform fraction may contain effective compounds which can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent.

Feeding deterrency in Antarctic marine organisms: bioassays with the omnivore amphipod Cheirimedon femoratus

Table S1. Species names and dissected body-regions of the samples used to obtain extracts for feeding assays. WW: sample wet weight; DW: sample dry weight; EE: dry weight of the diethyl ether extract; NEE: percentage of the natural tissue concentration of EE in the sample calculated by dividing EE by DW; na: not available; body-regions — BAS: basal, API: apical, EXT: external, INT: internal, POL: polyparium, AX: axis body-parts; morphotypes — BW numbers after species names indicate conspecific samples from different collection sites

English

This study aimed to investigate the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, the antibacterial and toxicological profile of the methanolic extract of&nbsp;Schinopsis brasiliensis&nbsp;Engl. (MExSb). The phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu methodology and the flavonoids content by complexation with chloride aluminum. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity was tested by agar diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The toxicological profile was obtained using tests with larvae of&nbsp;Artemia salina&nbsp;Leach. High levels of phenolic compounds (825.65 &plusmn; 40.99 tannic acid equivalents in mg/g material) were found in MExSb, where 55 and 1.8% (in g/100 g dry weight of extract) of these corresponded to tannins and flavonoids, respectively. The MExSb&nbsp;showed high antioxidant capacity (EC50&nbsp;8.80 &plusmn; 0.94 &micro;g.mlˉ&sup1;). Also a high antimicrobial activity was observed, particularly against strains of&nbsp;S. aureus&nbsp;and&nbsp;P. aeruginosa, with MIC of 125 and 62.5 &micro;g.mlˉ&sup1;, respectively. Finally, the MExSb&nbsp;showed moderate toxicity against&nbsp;A. salina. These findings allow concluding that the MExSb is a valuable source of molecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. Other studies, such as identification and quantification of major active components of MExSb are running and will evaluate the potential of the isolated compounds. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Artemia salina, &ldquo;bara&uacute;na&rdquo;, brine shrimp assay, DPPH, MIC, multidrug resistance, phenolic compounds.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori and antioxidant properties of Emblica officinalis pulp extract: A potential source for therapeutic use against gastric ulcer

We report a novel property of ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (amla) fruit pulp in inhibiting the growth of Helicobacter pylori in-vitro. In this study, three standard laboratory strains, and five clinical isolates of H. pylori showed sensitivity towards amla extract with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.91 to 1.87 µg/µl. Out of five clinical isolates two were resistant to clarithromycin. The anti-H. pylori bioactive spot with retention factor (Rf) value 0.16 in toluene: choloroform: acetone (40:25:35) has been separated using thin layer chromatography followed by contact bioautography. The bioactive spot appears to be essential oil and/or phenolics. The extract contained 20.55 mg gallic acid equivalent/gm of dry weight of extract. Total reducing power was estimated to be 75.8 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight of extract. Antioxidant activity was checked by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was 175.76 mg/gm of dry weight of extract when checked by ABTS assay. Thus total phenolics, flavanoids, reducing power and the antioxidant properties of amla is very well retained in the ethanolic extract and makes it suitable for a therapeutic use against H. pylori infection and gastric ulcer. Key words: Amla, phenolics, flavonoids, contact bioautography, clarithromycin.

A quantified ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) extract influences lipid acquisition and increases adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

A Panax ginseng extract (PGE) with a quantified amount of ginsenosides was utilized to investigate its potential to inhibit proliferation, influence lipid acquisition and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Seven fingerprint ginsenosides were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography and their respective molecular weights were further confirmed via LC-ESI-MS analysis from four different extraction methods. Extraction using methanol under reflux produced significantly higher amounts of ginsenosides. The methanol extract consisted of Rg1 (47.40 ± 4.28 mg/g, dry weight of extract), Re (61.62 ± 5.10 mg/g), Rf (6.14 ± 0.28 mg/g), Rb1 (21.73 ± 1.29 mg/g), Rc (78.79 ± 4.15 mg/g), Rb2 (56.80 ± 3.79 mg/g), Rd (5.90 ± 0.41 mg/g). MTT analysis showed that PGE had a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and the LC50 value was calculated to be 18.2 ± 5 µg/mL. Cell cycle analysis showed minimal changes in all four phases. Differentiating adipocytes treated with ginseng extract had a visible decrease in lipid droplets formation measured by Oil red O staining. Consequently, triglycerides levels in media significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 39.5% and 46.1% when treated at concentrations of1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL compared to untreated control cells. Western blot analysis showed that the adiponectin protein expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 10 µg/mL, but not at 1 µg/mL. A quantified PGE reduced the growth of 3T3-L1 cells, down-regulated lipid accumulation and up-regulated adiponectin expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell model.

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae): A comparative study

Background:Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) have traditional uses in the management of conditions characterized by infections, inflammatory disorders and oxidative stress. The paper aims to report the comparative data on the leaves and stem bark of Glyphaea brevis with respect to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.Materials and Methods:The antibacterial effects of the 70% ethanol extracts of the leaves and stem bark were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced oedema model in 7-day old cockerels. Using the DPPH free radical scavenging, total antioxidant and total phenol content assays, the antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed.Results:The bark extract had the higher antibacterial effect against 6 of the 8 microorganisms used. Noteworthy are its activity against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis with lowest MIC value of 500 μg/mL respectively. In doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, both extracts reduced the carrageenan-induced oedema in 7-day old cockerels. Based on the ED50 values, both extracts demonstrated similar potencies (ED50 =21.00 mg/kg). The stem bark extract exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 1.392 mg/mL) compared to the leaf extract (IC50 = 9.509 mg/mL). In the total phenol content, the bark extract showed higher content (15.91 mg/g of dry mass) compared to the leaf extract (2.68 mg/g dry mass). Both extracts demonstrated equal potencies in the total antioxidant capacity determinations (0.60 mg/g dry weight of extract).Conclusions:The results of this work provide scientific evidence for the traditional uses of Glyphaea brevis.

Propriedade físico-química da própolis em função da sazonalidade e método de produção

The aim of this work was to investigate monthly, for one year the seasonality effect on the physicochemical properties (dry weight, flavonoids contents, pH and antioxidant activity) of ethanolic extract (EAP) of propolis produced by three different techniques (intelligent propolis collector, plastic screen or scraping) fifteen colonies of africanized bees. No differences (p>0.05) in the physicochemical properties due to the technique of propolis production and seasonality were observed.

Phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant capacity of four commercial phytochemical products: Olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.), lutein, sesamol and ellagic acid

Four commercially available natural products (olive leaf extract, lutein, sesamol and ellagic acid) were investigated for in vitro antioxidant properties using the DPPH, ABTS+, ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP), oxygen reducing antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Antioxidant potency followed the order: ellagic acid>sesamol>olive leaf extract>lutein for all antioxidant test methods. Total phenolic content of olive leaf extract was estimated as 1.60mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight of olive leaf extract using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Qualitative and quantitative compositional analysis carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photo diode array detection (DAD) revealed six major polyphenolic compounds present in olive leaf extract: oleuropein, verbascoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Lutein, sesamol, ellagic acid and olive leaf extract all showed great potential as natural antioxidants which would be useful in the prevention of diseases in which free radicals are implicated.

Antioxidant, antihyperuricemic and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Hyoscyamus reticulatus

Context: Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme in the pathophysiological homeostasis of hyperuricemia. It catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid, the reaction involves the formation of free radical intermediates and superoxide byproducts.Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant, antihyperuricemic, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potentials of Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. (Solanaceae) extract.Materials and methods: The antioxidant potency was measured using the ABTS•+ scavenging capacity system, which includes Trolox as a standard. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the extract was quantitated in vitro by measuring the decline in the catalytic rate of xanthine oxidase following incubations with the plant extracts and using xanthine as a substrate. The hypouricemic potential of the extract was evaluated using an in vivo model for hyperuricemia. We tested three different doses of the extract and allopurinol was used as standard antihyperuricemic positive control.Results: H. reticulatus aqueous extract exhibited significant antioxidant scavenging properties (533.26 μmol TE/g dry extract weight) and inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activity (IC50 12.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, oral administration of the aqueous extract significantly reduced serum urate levels in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice in a dose-dependent manner.Discussion and conclusion: Our results suggest that the aqueous extract of H. reticulatus aerial parts might have great potential as an antioxidant and a hypouricemic agent. Our lab is currently identifying the active compounds in the extract to which the biological activities could be attributed.

Preparative separation of chlorogenic acid by centrifugal partition chromatography from highbush blueberry leaves (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Blueberries (genus Vaccinium) have gained worldwide focus because of the high anthocyanin content of their fruits. In contrast, the leaves of blueberry have not attracted any attention, even though they contain large quantities of chlorogenic acid, a strong antioxidant compound. The aim of this investigation was the quantification and preparative isolation of chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA) from blueberry leaves using a new separation scheme, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). A water fraction containing a high concentration of 5-CQA (14.5% of dry weight extract) was obtained by defatting a crude methanol extract from blueberry leaves. CPC was applied to isolate 5-CQA from this water fraction using a two-phase solvent system of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water at a volume ratio 4:1:5 (v/v/v). The flow-rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/min with the ascending mode while rotating at 1200 rpm. The eluate was monitored at 330 nm. The structure of chlorogenic acid in the CPC fraction was confirmed with HPLC, UV, ESI/MS and NMR spectra. The HPLC chromatogram showed that the fractions collected by CPC contained chlorogenic acid with 96% purity based on peak area percentage. The total amount of chlorogenic acid isolated from 0.5 g of a water fraction was 52.9 mg, corresponding to 10.6% of the water fraction. The isolated compound was identified successively as 5-CQA with MS (parent ion at m/z 355.1 [M + H](+)) and (1)H NMR spectra [caffeoyl moiety in the down field (δ 6.0-8.0 ppm) and quinic acid moiety in the up field (δ 2.0-5.5 ppm)]. 5-CQA was successfully isolated from blueberry leaves by the CPC method in a one-step procedure, indicating a further potential use for blueberry leaves.

Total phenol and flavonoid contents of extracts from different plant parts of Teucrium montanum L.

The contents of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined in acetone extracts from different plant parts of Teucrium montanum (mountain germander) using spectrophotometric metods. Teucrium montanum L. (Lamiaceae) is a perennial, shrub-like plant with half-ligneous branches, up to 25cm high and inhabits thermophilic rocks, dry mountain meadows and edges of forests in Europe and Anatoly [1]. It is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of digestive and respiratory diseases and possesses antiinflammatory [2], antioxidative [3] and antimicrobial effect [4]. The phenolic content of the extracts from plant part ranged from 50.36mg/g to 114.84mg/g dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid content varied from 37.32mg/g to 88.31mg/g expressed as rutin equivalents. The amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids is very uneven in different parts of the plant. The highest content of phenolic compounds (114.84mg/g) was recorded in acetone extract of flowers and the highest content of flavonoids (88.31mg/g) was measured in acetone extract of leaves. Herbal extract from stem contains very low concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Obtained values indicate that the flowers and leaves of Teucrium montanum species are very rich sources of phenolic compounds.

Polyphenols from Juglans regia L. (walnut) kernel modulate cigarette smoke extract induced acute inflammation, oxidative stress and lung injury in Wistar rats

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Juglans regia kernel extract against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced lung toxicities in Wistar rats. Prophylactic treatment of methanolic extract of J. regia kernel at the doses of 50 mg/kg b.wt. and 100 mg/kg b.wt was given by gavage to Wistar rats for 1 week prior to CSE exposure. Female Wistar rats were administered with single dose (1.3 mL/kg b.wt.) of CSE through intratracheal instillation. Lung injury markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, total cell count, total protein and reduced glutathione (GSH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated. Glutathione reductase (GR), xanthine oxidase (XO) and catalase activities were measured in lung tissue. J. regia extract significantly decreased the levels of LDH, total cell count, total protein and increased the GSH level in BALF, it also significantly restored the levels of GR, catalase and reduced the XO activity in lung tissue. Total polyphenolic content of J. regia kernel extract was found to be 96 ± 0.81 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight of extract. In DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) assay, the extract shows high free radical scavenging potential. On the basis of these results, protective role of J. regia extract against CSE-induced acute lung toxicity in Wistar rats is suggested.

Antioxidant properties of polyphenol-rich cocoa products industrially processed

Abstract Fermentation and roasting are the main causes of polyphenol degradation during the process for obtaining cocoa products. In the present study, a process for obtaining polyphenol-rich cocoa products on an industrial scale is described. The process avoids the fermentation and roasting steps and includes a step for the inactivation of the enzyme Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), which helps preserve the polyphenol content present in the raw cocoa bean. In addition, our study evaluates the antioxidant capacity and characterizes the flavonoid profile of the polyphenol-rich cocoa products obtained from the natural polyphenol-rich cocoa cake. Using different protocols, we have obtained three cocoa extracts with high polyphenol content, namely extracts A (167 mg/g), B (374 mg/g) and C (787 mg/g). The scavenging capacity of the extracts was measured as their ability to bleach the stable radicals DPPH and ABTS + while their antioxidant effect was evaluated with the FRAP assay. The results for A, B and C in the DPPH test expressed as Trolox equivalent (μmol)/mg dry weight of extract were 0.2, 1.4 and 3.0, respectively; in the ABTS test the results were 1.0, 4.7 and 9.8. The antioxidant capacity expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (μmol)/mg dry weight of each product were 17.2, 76.1 and 207.7, respectively. The scavenging properties of cocoa powder against the superoxide anion, H 2 O 2 , HClO, and peroxynitrite were also determined. The IC 50 (μg/mL) values in the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase test were 77.5, 12.3 and 10.3, for A, B and C, respectively, while as an HOCl scavenger the IC 50 (μg/mL) values were 225.4, 73.2 and 21.5. As a peroxynitrite anion scavenger, only extract C had a relevant effect, with IC 50 (μg/mL) values of 76.1 or 110.0 in the absence or presence of bicarbonate. None of the extracts tested showed activity in the hydrogen peroxide test, but B and C significantly increased the deoxyribose degradation in the absence of ascorbate. Likewise, none of the extracts inhibited the ferrous or copper chelating activity at 100 μg/mL, but they inhibited the lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates and human plasma through non-enzymatic generation systems, with extract C giving the best IC 50 (μg/mL) values: 17.4 and 8.1 against lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates and human plasma, respectively. In conclusion, if the extractive protocol is well characterized, defined and optimized, cocoa could constitute a source of polyphenols for enriching foods, nutraceuticals and alimentary supplements.