Drop Diameter Research Articles

Atomization model based on the ligament-mediated spray mechanism for coaxial two-fluid air-blast nozzle

The drop size distribution is one of the crucial parameters in liquid atomization. In this study, we develop a ligament-mediated gamma distribution (LMGD) model for coaxial two-fluid air-blast atomization based on cascade breakup and a ligament-mediated spray mechanism that can predict the nonlinear relationship between the drop diameters and drop size distribution at different velocities. The use of a single-parameter gamma distribution for the sizes of fragments produced by liquid ligament breakup is validated by experimental and theoretical results for liquid atomization. The proposed model outperforms the traditional model in enabling the simultaneous calculation of the mean drop size and distribution, as well as the accurate prediction of the nonlinearity of the distribution of drop sizes. The LMGD model has the advantage of being simple and efficient and more realistic than the traditional model.

Characterizing the Bounce and Separation Dynamics of Janus Drop on Macrotextured Surface.

Janus drops are thermodynamically stable when a high-viscosity fluid is imposed on a low-viscosity fluid. To understand physical mechanisms in Janus drop impact on macrotextured surfaces, several challenges in finding parameters or strategies still remain. Here, this study investigates the asymmetric bounce and separation of impinging Janus drops on non-wettable surfaces decorated with a macroridge to explore the effect of the drop size, viscosity ratio, and ridge size on the dynamics. Through numerical simulations, we determine the threshold Weber number, above which separation occurs, by varying drop diameters and viscosity ratios of the Janus drops. We investigate the initial bouncing directions of separated drops as a function of the impact velocity and viscosity ratio. We also predict how the separation efficiency is affected by the ridge’s height and width. The asymmetric impact dynamics of Janus drops on macrotextured surfaces can provide new strategies to control drop bouncing in applications, such as liquid separation and purification.

SPH-ASR study of drop impact on a heated surface with consideration of inclined angle and evaporation

This paper studies the problem of drop impact on a heated surface by using a numerical method based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics with adaptive spatial resolution (SPH-ASR). The physical model considers the interaction and heat transfer between the liquid drop, solid wall and ambient gas, and the phase change between liquid and gas phases. The phase change process will change the particle mass and resolution. The SPH-ASR method is able to adaptively adjust the spatial resolution according to the distance to the interface between different phases. A series of numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effects of different factors on drop-wall interaction, including the drop diameter, impact velocity, liquid evaporation, wall temperature, and the inclined angle of wall. The comparison of impact regimes shows good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. The characteristics of drop impact on a heated surface were studied, particularly the drop spreading factor and mass evaporation ratio. The numerical results indicate that the maximum spreading factor and the mass evaporation ratio can be predicted as a function of dimensionless numbers.

Prediction of Drag Reduction in Slickwater Fracturing by Two General Models

Drag reduction (DR) is critical to the success of hydraulic fracturing operations with slickwater, and it is a challenge to accurately predict DR due to the problem of high injection rates. Although a practical pipe diameter model is frequently used to predict the field DR based on laboratory experimental data, there exist many limitations. This study, on account of dynamic similarity, shows two novel general models for the prediction of field DR, and such two models can give reliable predictions when the laboratory and field Reynolds numbers (Re) are the same. For general model 1, the DR can be predicted by using the laboratory volumetric flow rate, pipe diameter and pressure drop, and the field volumetric flow rate, with a deviation ranging from −10 to 10%. For general model 2, it is simpler than general model 1, and the DR can be predicted by using the laboratory pipe diameter and the field volumetric flow rate, with a deviation ranging from −6 to 6%. The two novel general models can be used for more scenarios than the existing reported ones.

An Investigation on Super- and Sub-Terminal Drops in Two Different Rain Categories and Climate Regimes

The pressing need for accurate and reliable precipitation measurements and forecasting poses theoretical and technological problems. Remote-sensing instruments with increased coverage and sensitivity (such as space-borne and ground-based radar) are available; however, their full exploitation requires physical calibration and validation based on a deep knowledge of precipitation microphysics. This study reports a detailed analysis of the evidence of non-terminal velocities in a mid-latitude (Bologna, Italy) and a tropical location (Kolkata, India). The data from two identical disdrometers OTT-Parsivel2 were analyzed to shed light on the nature of the raindrops that fall at a velocity that is significantly higher (i.e., super-terminal drops) or lower (sub-terminal drops) than the terminal velocity expected for the raindrop sizes. The results show a significant fraction of super- and sub-terminal drops in both locations. The percentages of both super- and sub-terminal drops were higher in Kolkata. However, the difference was more notable for convective rain. The percentages of both super- and sub-terminal drops were found to be high within a drop diameter of 1 mm. The number of sub-terminal drops seemed to increase with an increase in diameter for drops larger than ~2.5 mm. The natural rain in Bologna showed stronger evidence of drop break-up in correspondence with the evolution of non-terminal velocities. Moreover, this study once again pointed toward the fact that the process of break-up cannot be neglected in natural rain of tropical or mid-latitude locations. We found that 7% and 10% of rain samples in Bologna and Kolkata seemed to be subjected to drop break-up. The results indicate that radar measurements of rain in the tropics or mid-latitude regions, relying on the Gunn–Kinzer relationship between velocity and diameter, should be verified by observations of disdrometers for a high precision QPE.

Numerical study on particle-carrying ability of liquid nitrogen jet

ABSTRACT Liquid nitrogen (LN2) jet is expected to have the higher rock-breaking efficiency than water jet as its ultra-low temperature characteristic. It is considered that adding a few solid particles into LN2 jet can noticeably enhance its rock-breaking capability. The abrasive LN2 jet has a great application prospect in petroleum as well as geothermal exploitation. This study investigates the particle-carrying ability of LN2 jet by a 3D numerical model. The geometric model adopts a spindle shape that is more similar to the realistic cavity created by abrasive jet. The standard model and discrete phase model are used to calculate the LN2 flow and the particle trajectory, respectively. The Discrete Random Walk model is applied to describe the particle space movement in flow field. The results show that the particle in abrasive LN2 jet obtains the highest nozzle exit velocity in simulation conditions, 11.1% higher than in water jet and 5.1% higher than in SC-CO2 jet. The potential core of abrasive LN2 jet is longest in these three types of abrasive jets. That means LN2 jet has a well particle-carrying ability at high-speed state. However, the LN2 turbulent flow at out-of-nozzle region causes the violent fluctuation of particle speed. Parametric analysis indicates that the nozzle pressure drop and nozzle diameter in LN2 jet have the vital influences on particle velocity, while the ambient pressure and particle diameter affect particle velocity slightly. The simulation results reveal the particle-carrying ability of LN2 jet in different conditions. It would shed light on cutting capability of abrasive LN2 jet and promote its application in petroleum and geothermal exploitation.

Precipitation Microphysics of Tropical Cyclones over Northeast China in 2020

Landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) in Northeast China are rare because of the region’s high latitude (>40°N). In 2020, Northeast China was affected by three TCs within half a month—the first time on record. We used the Global Precipitation Measurement orbital dataset to study the precipitation microphysics during the TC period in Northeast China in 2020 (2020-TC), and during September in this region from 2014 to 2019 (hereafter September 2014–September 2019). FY-4A was used to provide cloud top height (CTH). The results show that, compared with September 2014–September 2019, the 2020-TC precipitation has stronger precipitation ice productivity, weaker deposition efficiency, stronger riming, and stronger coalescence processes. The storm top height (STH), CTH, and the difference between the two (CTH-STH) are indicative of the near-surface droplet size distribution (DSD), but there are differences: STH and CTH-STH both correlate significantly with mean mass-weighted drop diameter, whereas only the positive correlation between CTH and normalized drop concentration parameter passes the significance test. These results reveal for the first time the precipitation microphysics of landfalling TCs in Northeast China, and allow discussion of the validity of convective intensity indicators from the perspective of DSD.

Biosurfactant production prospects of a Gram-negative bacterium-Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae BK34.

Increasing environmental concerns have brought natural surfactant produced by microorganisms into limelight due to their lesser toxicity, biodegradable nature, and retention of activity at extreme conditions. In the present investigation, the surfactant production perspective of capsulated Gram-negative bacilli Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae BK34 was explored. It was identified on the basis of PCR amplification of conserved region of 16SrRNA using species specific primers. Highest oil displacement and emulsification (E24) index of 6.8 cm and 20% along with 4.38-fold increase in biomass were attained using olive oil (2% (v/v)) as substrate. Incorporation of urea at 0.5% (w/v) concentration increased the oil displacement, E24 index, and drop diameter to 9.2 cm, 77.50%, and 0.80 cm, respectively, accompanied by 5.38-fold increase in biomass production. Biosurfactant level was recorded maximum at 30 °C as apparent from the oil displacement of 9.3 cm and E24 index of 75%. Reduction in incubation temperature to 25 °C abated oil displacement (5.2 cm) and E24 index (17.66%). Biosurfactant production was also appeared to be pH sensitive as shifting pH from 7.0 to 6.0 or 8.0 reduced the E24 index from 75 to 35% and 25%, respectively. Inoculum of stationary phase bacterial biomass at the proportion of 0.05% (w/v) was found adequate in triggering maximum biosurfactant production while the log phase biomass delayed the production significantly. Acid precipitation method was able to yield 7 g/L biosurfactant at pH 2. The surfactant was allocated to glycolipopeptide class on the basis of FTIR spectroscopy.

Turbine specific fatigue life prediction model for wind turbine blade coatings subjected to rain erosion

The leading edge of a wind turbine blade is subjected to repeated impacts, by dust particles and rain droplets, leading to erosion. Hence, the surface of leading edge is painted or coated with protective coating materials to mitigate the erosion. However, even the coatings tend to fail and erode in fatigue under repetitive impact loading caused by these particles and water droplets. The numerical models available in the literature assume uniform tip velocity of the blade for fatigue life prediction of coatings. However, magnitude of rain drop impact induced erosion is dependent on the tip velocity, surface roughness and the rain intensities over the operating lifespan. The tip velocities of a turbine blade vary with the wind speed and the power characteristics of the turbine model. Thus, the wind velocity and tip velocity variation must be incorporated along with surface roughness for realistic estimation of erosion in wind turbine blade coatings. This paper presents a turbine specific computational framework to predict the fatigue life of the wind turbine blade coating against rain erosion using turbine power characteristics, annual wind velocity variation, blade profile and rain drop size distribution using finite element modelling. The coating surface is modelled for both smooth and rough surfaces to present the effect of surface roughness on the estimated fatigue life of the coating. It was found that the raindrop impact has no significant influence on the leading-edge erosion of a smooth coating surface. The obtained results show that the assumption of uniform tip velocity significantly overestimates the fatigue damage due to rain drop erosion. The surface roughness of the coating was found to be the most critical parameter in the rain induced erosion of the turbine coatings. Simulation results indicate a reduction in fatigue life with increased surface roughness and are qualitatively similar to experimental findings from literature. Results from the current study estimate the fatigue life of a coating with a surface roughness of 50 µm to be 1.36 years by considering an uniform drop diameter of 2.5 mm. This finding is in a good agreement with the on-site studies which report observations of erosion in turbine coatings between 1 and 3 years. The framework presented in this paper can be used for conducting realistic numerical and experimental investigations on the leading-edge erosion of the different turbine models and coatings. Furthermore, the numerical results presented can provide useful insights to wind turbine and turbine coating manufacturers in mitigating the leading-edge erosion.

Comparison of different fulljet nozzles used in laboratory type rain simulator in terms of some rainfall characteristics

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine and compare rain intensities, Christiansen coefficients, drop diameters and kinetic energies, by using Full Jet type nozzles at different pressures. Material and Methods: In this study, simulated rainfalls were applied on 17 cups (250 cm3), were placed on a platform, during 5 minutes at 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 kPa pressures by using ½ HH-36 SQ, ½ HH-40 SS and ½ HH-50 WSQ nozzles with 3 replicated. The drop diameters were determined by the flour pellet method. Rainfall intensities, Christiansen coefficients, terminal velocities, drop diameter ratio, terminal velocity ratio, moment, kinetic energy, moment per unit area, kinetic energy per unit area ratios and kinetic energy for each nozzles were calculated. Results: It was found that average rain intensities were 97-210 mm h-1, average uniformity coefficients were 85-86 %, average drop diameters were 1.89-2.11 mm, average terminal velocities were 6.35-6.79 m s-1 for nozzles. Average kinetic energies for each nozzles were also calculated between 16.30-23.32 J m-2 mm-1. Conclusions: According to this study, it was determined that the most suitable nozzle for erosion studies is Fulljet ½ HH-50 WSQ.

Effects of Air Pollution on Rainfall Microphysics Over the Yangtze River Delta

AbstractHerein, the raindrop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall microphysics characteristics are investigated at multiple stations within the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) under two air pollution conditions. Raindrop data from 14 Thies Clima Laser Precipitation Monitor disdrometers spanning approximately 2 years were employed together with corresponding air pollution data. Rain gauge data and several types of meteorological data were also used. The DSD characteristics were found to vary across the YRD; thus, we compiled DSD‐based demarcations between convective rain and stratiform rain at each site. During summer, the average mass‐weighted mean drop diameter parameter value was higher by a mean 20%, and the average normalized intercept parameter value was lower by a mean 12% in polluted atmosphere conditions for both convective rain and stratiform rain, as well as for different rainfall intensity classes. The differences in atmospheric conditions between clear and polluted air conditions partially account for the uncertainties in the DSD characteristics. Air pollution resulted in uncertainty in the shape parameter‐slope parameter relationship and in the rainfall kinetic energy‐rainfall intensity (KE‐R) relationship. The air pollution index can be integrated into the KE‐R relationship to improve the KE simulation accuracy. In addition, air pollution causes some uncertainty in the radar reflectivity‐rainfall intensity (Z‐R) relationship, while the acceptable deviation of the Z‐R relationship did not significantly impact the accuracy of rainfall simulations. This study improves our understanding of DSD and provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between air pollution and rainfall microphysics for a typical urban agglomeration area.

Pickering emulsion as template for porous bioceramics in the perspective of bone regeneration

Calcium phosphate (CaP) based bioceramics are widely used as bone substitutes. The most encountered CaP ceramics are obtained from high temperature phases. However, their bioactivity and their association with biomolecules are limited, as well as their bioresorption in-vivo. The aim of this work is to develop biomimetic low temperature apatites ceramics with tunable porosity via biocompatible high internal phase Pickering emulsions. The biocompatible emulsions developed were stabilized by stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. Several parameters (mass of HA particles, oil/water weight ratio, electrolytes concentration in the aqueous phase) were investigated to define the optimized formulation conditions leading to a kinetically stable monodisperse emulsion with a minimum drop diameter of 200 µm and drops enough percolated to induce interconnected porosity. Two types of porous bioceramics were produced by low temperature processes with controlled composition and porosity, evidenced by X-ray microtomography: calcium phosphate monoliths from an apatitic gel, and silica-HA monoliths via a sol-gel process. These low temperature processes should provide bioceramics able to perform bioactivity and bio-resorption in-vivo, and could prefigure a drug or other therapeutic ions-delivery disposals for filling bone defects in maxillofacial or orthopedic surgery.

Structure, stability, and electro-optic features of nematic drops in 1^{″},7^{″}-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4^{'}-yl)heptane-surfactant binary systems.

Binary mixtures of the mesogen [1″,7″-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yl)heptane] and a long chain amphiphile (e.g., 2-octadecoxypropanol) are examined for the structure, stability, and electro-optical behavior of nematic drops dispersed in the isotropic phase, in planar cells. Subjected to tangential boundary conditions, the drops adopt, besides the escaped concentric and untwisted bipolar geometries, the less common bound vortex geometry with a pair of half-strength disclination lines. The concentric drop, as it grows, switches its axis from an in-layer to the layer-normal direction corresponding to the stablest of all geometries. Bipolar drops in equilibrium have their axes parallel to the easy axis of the cell. Obliquely oriented bipolar drops rotate to attain the equilibrium disposition by the shorter of the clockwise and anticlockwise routes, the extent of rotation decreasing exponentially with time. The bipolar structure is marginally less stable than the concentric, and transforms to the latter geometry occasionally. In bound vortex drops, the separation between the lines varies as the drop diameter, the bipolar and concentric geometries appearing as the limiting cases. The complex course of Fréedericksz transition in all the different types of drops terminates in the division of the original large drop into many smaller drops, each with a surface charge 2, in conformity with the Poincaré-Hopf theorem. In low frequency electric fields, concentric drops exhibit flexoelectro-optic rotation in evidence of their escaped character.

Inertial Self-Assembly Dynamics of Interacting Droplet Ensembles in Microfluidic Flows.

The multiphase flow of droplets is widespread and used for both biological and nonbiological applications alike. However, the ensemble interactions of such systems are inherently nonlinear and complex, compounded by interfacial effects, making it a difficult many-body problem. In comparison, the self-assembly dynamics of solid particles in flow have long been studied and exploited in the field of inertial microfluidics. Here, we report novel self-assembly dynamics of liquid drops in microfluidic channels that contrast starkly with the established paradigm of inertial microfluidics, which stipulates that higher inertia leads to better spatial ordering. Instead, we find that ordering can be negatively correlated with inertia, while Dean flow can achieve long-range spatial periodicity on length scales at least 3 orders of magnitude greater than the drop diameter. Experimentally, we decouple droplet generation from ordering, enabling independent and systematic variation of key parameters, especially in ranges practical to droplet microfluidics. We find the inertia-dependent emergence of preferred drop separations and show that surfactant effects can influence the longitudinal ordering of multidrop arrays. The dynamics we describe have immediate utility to droplet microfluidics, where the ability to order drops is key to the streamlined integration of on-chip incubation with deterministic drop manipulation downstream─two important functions for biological assays. To this end, we demonstrate the use of passive inertial drop self-assembly to combine a delay line with picoinjection. These results not only present a largely unexplored direction for inertial microfluidics but also show the practical benefit of its unification with the versatile field of droplet microfluidics.

Nano Filling Effect of Nonmeat Protein Emulsion on the Rheological Property of Myofibrillar Protein Gel.

Incorporation of vegetable oils through pre-emulsification has received notable attention for delivering polyunsaturated fatty acids to emulsified-type meat products. The two important influencing factors of the rheological property of composite myofibrillar protein (MP) gel are emulsion droplet size and active or inactive interaction between interface and meat proteins. Incorporation of nonmeat protein emulsion (2% protein (w/w), egg-white protein isolate (EPI), porcine plasma protein (PPP), or sodium caseinate (SC)) with different droplet sizes (nano or macro) to a model of 2% MP gel was investigated in this research. The results of drop size measurement showed that 15,000 psi homogenizing could decrease the diameter of emulsion drop from macro- to nanoscale in the range of 324.4–734.5 nm. Active fillers (PPP and EPI emulsions) with nanodroplet size did not influence the viscosity of emulsion-filled composite cold sols but caused positive filling effects on the MP gel matrix after heating, as evidenced by the density microstructure. PPP and EPI nano-emulsion-filled composite MP had a significant high storage modulus enforcement effect, which reached nearly eight times those of other treatments (p < 0.05). Similarly, the results of thermal scanning rheology and a large-deformation mechanical test showed that PPP and EPI emulsions with nanoscale droplets, other than macroscale, had the highest gel strength of heat-induced emulsion-filled composite MP gel (p < 0.05). Overall, these findings will be helpful for selecting the correct pre-emulsified protein and designing the textural properties of foods.

Evolution of jets during drop impact on a deep liquid pool

The impact of a liquid drop on a liquid pool has been widely investigated. The transition regimes between coalescence and splashing of drops include jet formation with single or multiple secondary drops. One of the main features in this regime is the formation of a central liquid jet followed by breakup of the jet in the form of drops. Earlier studies have shown that the diameter of the secondary drop lies between 0.58 and 0.94 times the diameter of the impacting drop. We perform investigations based on a coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method to elucidate the earlier observations. The investigations reveal the creation of a variety of secondary drops depending on the impact conditions. The present study also reveals that secondary drops larger than the initial drop can be obtained at higher impact velocities. We identify the importance of cavity shapes on the formation of jets and the pertaining parameters that are responsible for drop ejection.

Experimental investigation on drop size distribution and mean drop size in an L-shape pulsed packed extraction column

In this study, the mean drop diameter and drop size distribution have been investigated in a pilot plant of a new type of extraction column entitled “L-shaped pulsed packed extraction column” by using two liquid systems of toluene/acetone/water and n-butyl/acetone/water in the presence of mass transfer in two directions. The effects of operational variables, physical properties and mass transfer direction have been considered on the dispersed drop size. It is found that the mean drop diameter and drop size distribution is significantly affected by the pulsation intensity and interfacial tension of liquid system. However, the phases flow rates and mass transfer direction have a weaker impact. Furthermore, it is observed that the mean drops diameter in the horizontal and vertical sections of the used column have mostly the same size and it is considered as a significant advantage. Finally, new correlations are proposed to accurately predict the mean drop size and drop size distribution. Good agreement between predictions and experiments was found for all operating conditions, chemical systems and mass transfer direction that were investigated.

Line Tension and Drop Size Dependence of Contact Angle at the Nanoscale

Despite considerable research efforts, the influence of contact line tension during wetting at the nanoscale and its experimental determination remain challenging tasks. So far, molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscope measurements have contributed to the understanding of these phenomena. However, a direct measurement of the size dependence of the contact angle and the magnitude of the apparent line tension has not been realized so far. Here, we show that the contact angle is indeed dependent on the drop size for small drop diameters and determine the magnitude of the apparent line tension via liquid-metal based measurements of advancing and receding contact angle inside a scanning electron microscope. For this purpose, a robotic setup inside an electron microscope chamber and oxide-free Galinstan droplets—produced via an electromigration-based and focused ion beam irradiation-assisted process—are employed. Using the first-order correction of Young’s equation, we find an apparent line tension value of 4.02 × 10−7 J/m for Galinstan© on stainless steel.

Investigation of regimes during partial/complete coalescence of a liquid drop on a liquid pool

The coalescence dynamics of a liquid drop on a liquid pool are investigated, considering either air or another liquid as a surrounding fluid. Numerical simulations are performed over a wide range of dimensionless parameters to investigate the subtle interplay of different forces on the partial coalescence and complete coalescence regimes. Our comprehensive study reveals that these two regimes can be demarcated into three sub-regimes depending on the coalescence stage: (i) first-stage partial coalescence, (ii) second-stage complete coalescence, and (iii) first-stage complete coalescence. This rarity classification of the coalescence process is illustrated as a function of the controlling dimensionless numbers in the phase diagrams. To gain quantitative insights into the coalescence dynamics, the hydrodynamic variances associated with this parametric analysis are examined in terms of kinetics of the neck radius and the apex height of the drop, ratio of the daughter drop to mother drop diameter, and the pinch-off time.

Extraction, characterization and evaluation of saponin-based natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery

To minimize environmental impact and costs, natural surfactants are suggested as an ecologically sustainable replacement for synthetic surfactants. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of low-cost saponin-based natural surfactant (SBNS) from Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaves for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Furthermore, the study investigated the IFT behaviour of SBNS at oil-water interface and the emulsion behaviour and oil displacement efficiency of SBNS. The SBNS was obtained via ultrasonic extraction of dried VA leaves in a water bath, centrifuging the obtained liquid mixture and freeze drying to evaporate to dryness. Thereafter, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to characterize the extracted SBNS. Moreover, tensiometer (Easy-Dyne KRUSS) was used to study the interfacial tension (IFT) behaviour of the SBNS at oil-water interface. Also, the SBNS ability to form stable emulsion in the presence of crude oil was determined. Finally, oil displacement by SBNS solution was investigated under simulated reservoir conditions (3000 psi and 100 °C) with high-pressure high-temperature (Fars EOR) core flooding equipment. The performance of SBNS was compared to commercial non-ionic surfactant 4-octylphenol polyethoxylated (TX-100). Experimental result indicated that the SBNS reduced the IFT at oil-water interface. The natural surfactant lowered the IFT of the oil-water interface from 18.0 to 0.97 mN/m. Moreover, emulsions formed with SBNS showed good stability characterized by a decrease in the median drop diameter with an increase in SBNS concentration. Finally, oil displacement test shows that oil recovery of TX-100 and SBNS increased by 9% and 15% original-oil-in-place (OOIP), respectively. Hence, SBNS is recommended as an appropriate substitute for conventional surfactant due to its inexpensive raw material, lower toxicity, and higher efficiency.