Pickering emulsion as template for porous bioceramics in the perspective of bone regeneration

Abstract

Calcium phosphate (CaP) based bioceramics are widely used as bone substitutes. The most encountered CaP ceramics are obtained from high temperature phases. However, their bioactivity and their association with biomolecules are limited, as well as their bioresorption in-vivo. The aim of this work is to develop biomimetic low temperature apatites ceramics with tunable porosity via biocompatible high internal phase Pickering emulsions. The biocompatible emulsions developed were stabilized by stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. Several parameters (mass of HA particles, oil/water weight ratio, electrolytes concentration in the aqueous phase) were investigated to define the optimized formulation conditions leading to a kinetically stable monodisperse emulsion with a minimum drop diameter of 200 µm and drops enough percolated to induce interconnected porosity. Two types of porous bioceramics were produced by low temperature processes with controlled composition and porosity, evidenced by X-ray microtomography: calcium phosphate monoliths from an apatitic gel, and silica-HA monoliths via a sol-gel process. These low temperature processes should provide bioceramics able to perform bioactivity and bio-resorption in-vivo, and could prefigure a drug or other therapeutic ions-delivery disposals for filling bone defects in maxillofacial or orthopedic surgery.