Drainage Wells Research Articles

Application of Well Drainage on Treating Seepage-Induced Reservoir Landslides.

In the process of rapid drawdown of reservoir water level, the seepage force in the slide mass is an important factor for the stability reduction and deformation increment of many landslides in the reservoir areas. It is feasible to improve the stability of seepage-induced landslide by employing a drainage well to reduce or eliminate the water head difference that generates the seepage force. In this paper, the Shuping landslide, a typical seepage-induced landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China, is taken as an example. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to figure out the seepage field, and the Morgenstein–Price method was adopted to calculate the landslide stability. Then the influence of horizontal location of the drainage well, drainage well depth, drainage mode on the landslide treatment effect, and the applicability of drainage well were analyzed. The results show that: (1) landslide stability increases obviously with the well depth in the slide mass, while the increment of landslide stability with the well depth is limited in the slide bed; (2) the sensitivity of the stability improvement with the depth is greater than that with the horizontal positions of the drainage wells in the slide mass; (3) the drainage well is suggested to be operated when the reservoir water falls rather than operates all the time; and (4) the drainage method is most suitable for landslides with low and medium permeability. These results provide deep insights into the treatment of seepage-induced landslides.

Advanced device for cleaning drain wells

The article presents cleaning technologies and considers an improved device for cleaning drainage wells, which allows to increase the productivity and quality of cleaning drainage wells, reduce labor costs, and water consumption. The device is simple, reliable, and highly maintainable, allowing you to operate it in the mode of economy and consumption of a large volume of water. The proposed device received a copyright certificate for the invention. A cable system is provided in this device, and a ruff head is stretched inside the drainage pipe, which has the ability to deviate and rotate along the longitudinal axis of the drainage pipe, the ruff is pulled by winches through adjustable and fixed blocks, and the mounting frames are installed in inspection wells and fixed with bolts and successively reinstalled from one well to another. Theoretical prerequisites have been developed for determining the maximum force in the closing, hoisting rope, the required power for closing the jaws and lifting the bucket, the diameters of the corresponding drums and ropes.

Rational use of collector-drainage water

The greatest importance in the Republic of Uzbekistan is given to water management. The problem of water resources lies in the irrational use of collector-drainage waters, which lead to a deterioration in the quality of river waters. Of the existing collector-drainage waters in Uzbekistan, water with a salinity of up to 2 g / l makes up 38%, with a salinity of up to 3 g / l makes up 23%, with a salinity of more than 3 g / l, sometimes reaching up to 10 g / l makes up 37% of the total volume of collector-drainage water. With an increase in mineralization, the amount of toxic salts decreases, and these waters also contain a large number of pesticides and herbicides. Some of these waters are used for irrigation, the rest is dumped into depressions or rivers creating an environmentally unfavorable environment. Measures are necessary for the disposal and rational use of collector-drainage water, which will improve the environmental situation and may be an additional source of irrigation in a dry period. The object of research is collector-drainage water forming in the Ferghana region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the environmental situation and it is recommended that three points be implemented:• study the existing volume of collector-drainage water and use it for irrigation;• apply new technologies aimed at water saving during irrigation;• do not discharge pumped water from vertical drainage wells with good mineralization into the drainage network.Applying these technologies, it is possible not only to improve the condition of irrigation water but also to use water as an additional source of irrigation. By covering the deficit of irrigation water with drainage water and rational redistribution of the water limit from the source between the districts, the water supply in the regions is equalized and will reach 50-70 percent, and the water supply in the region will increase.

ОРОШЕНИЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫМИ ВОДАМИ НА ЭКСПЕРЕМЕНТАЛЬНОМ УЧАСТКЕ В КУВИНСКОМ РАЙОНЕ ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article talks about the rational use of water pumped out of vertical drainage wells. The solution to the problem is determined by irrigation with water from vertical drainage wells, without dumping them into the collector-drainage network. An example of irrigation is given on the experimental plot of the Kuva region, the farm "Musazhon Ismoilov".

A Variational Bayesian Causal Analysis Approach for Time-Varying Systems

Data-driven causal modeling approaches find application in process data analysis and control. Process systems can be time-varying in nature; however, the existing literature for data-driven causal modeling hardly accounts for this. In this article, we present a causal modeling approach for the time-varying systems. It relies on the time-varying parameter models (TVPMs), estimated under the variational Bayesian expectation-maximization (VBEM) framework. We incorporate a hypothesis switching procedure followed by the estimation that allows us to infer the time-varying strengths of the causal influence of the inputs on the outputs of the system. We illustrate the proposed approach using the production data from steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wells. The proposed approach was found to extract consistent causal models across multiple cases of the studied system and outperform the time-invariant models and TVPMs estimated under the maximum likelihood framework.

Pit Lake and Drinking Water Intake: Example of Coexistence (Middle Urals, Russia)

The dewatering system of the Lipovsky nickel mining pit (Middle Urals, Russia) has performed a dual role. From 1961 to 1991, while nickel was being mined there, it protected the pit from flooding with groundwater; since 1989, it has been the principal source of drinking water for the town of Rezh (≈ 50,000 residents). After mining ceased, water withdrawal from the drainage wells decreased 2.5 times (to 100 L/s), resulting in a 120 m deep pit lake. A mass balance analysis has shown that water from the pit lake has become the leading source of water intake. However, the concentrations of the water’s basic constituents at the eastern edge of the pit are several times higher than at the western edge. The reason for the significant increase in the water withdrawn by the wells of the western intake is the fact, that during the working of the main ore body, the eastern part of the pit was filled with overburden rock and substandard ore with dispersed sulfide mineralization. Flooding of the pit created a single aquifer between the pit lake and the eastern water intake facility, including an artificial aquifer within the refilled part of the pit. The rise of the groundwater level in the artificial aquifer to an elevation above 150 m (after 1994) led to active chemical weathering of sulfide-containing minerals and dissolution of secondary sulfates, which accounts for the increasing levels of constituents in the eastern part of the pit. The artificial aquifer has become a generator of salts. The dumping of sulfidic wastes and subsequent recovery of the water table have led to the release of sulfate, calcium, and metals into the local groundwater. To prevent the formation of an artificial aquifer, it is necessary to either completely remediate the unflooded portion using non-acid generating material or completely inundate the pit. Partial remediation would be the worst scenario as it could destabilize the hydrogeochemical processes and render long-term coexistence of the drinking water intake and the flooded pit problematic.

Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigation on the Efficiency of Subsurface Drainage for Large-Scale Landslides

This paper presents a field monitoring study with emphasis on the design and construction of a subsurface drainage system and evaluation of its stabilization efficiency on the slope of You-Ye-Lin landslide using a three-dimensional finite element method program (Plaxis 3D) for the groundwater flow and slope stability analyses. The subsurface drainage system consists of two 4-m diameter drainage wells with multi-level horizontal drains and was installed to draw down the groundwater level and stabilize the unstable slope of the landslide. Results demonstrate that the subsurface drainage system is functional and capable of accelerating the drainage of the infiltrated rainwater during torrential rainfalls during the typhoon season. The large groundwater drawdown by the subsurface drainage system protects the slopes from further deterioration and maintains the slope stability at an acceptable and satisfactory level.

ВЗАЄМОДІЯ ДРЕНАЖНИХ СВЕРДЛОВИН У ПРОТИФІЛЬТРАЦІЙНИХ ЗАВІСАХ

The decrease of water levels in the drainage wells of the coastal anti-filtration drainage system with the siphon method of water intake from them was analyzed. The interaction of water-lowering wells with different depths and located at variable distances from each other is considered, which makes it possible to ensure uniform drainage from each well and to achieve a steady decrease in the level of groundwater over the entire length of the antifiltration drainage system.The results of the performed analytical studies are presented. The example of the Kamyanka-Dniprovska's anti-filtration drainage system shows that the decrease in water levels in wells at the same flow rate of pumped water depends on their hydraulic interaction, hydrogeological conditions of water filtration from the aquifer and the distance of the antifiltration drainage system from the bank-side. The results obtained indicate that the highest level of water depletion of the coastal vertical anti-filtration drainage system line with siphon drainage from wells is achieved at a distance of a number of wells from the Kakhovsky reservoir bank-side a = 100 m, at the same water flow rate from each of the drainage wells (Q = 604,8 m3 /day), located at different distances from each other. The highest rate of additional reduction of water obtained through mutual hydraulic action was obtained in the 7th well, which has a depth of 14,9 m, and it is located at a distance of 100 m from the 6th well and at a distance of 110 m from the 8th well. The lowest indicator of the level of groundwater reductions at different indicators of the distance of a number of drainage wells to the bank-side a (30, 50, 80, 100 m) is observed in the first well, farthest from the water collection well.

Gap Metric Based Performance Assessment of Subcool Control in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Wells

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a widely adopted oil extraction technique for heavy oil reservoirs in Alberta, Canada. One of the common approaches by which the producers optimize the production from SAGD reservoirs is by controlling the emulsion level above the producer well bores, a strategy known as subcool control within the industry. In this study, we assess and compare performances of two subcool control strategies, one of which makes use of classic control strategy (PID) and the other is of advanced control strategy (model predictive controller (MPC)). As the controlled process in this case is a non-linear process, we propose a gap metric-based control performance assessment (CPA) method. By this method, the local models as well as their associated weights are determined using the gap metric. We show that the MPC-based strategy outperforms the PID loops-based strategy in subcool control application.

Low Cost Artificial Recreational Coastal Lagoon Hydrographic, and Design Guidelines in Development Resorts

There is an urgent need to study the construction of a huge constructed lakes to ensure a source of attraction for the interior coastal lands and the development of tourism activity. The study area is located in the middle of the Sinai desert. The huge lagoon with an area of 12.5 million square meters is a part of the tourism development project. A total of 12 crystal lagoons, which will be part of 1 million square meters of crystal water in the middle of the desert, using salt water from deep wells, which have no alternative use at the present time.This low cost recreational lagoon will use an energy-efficient ultrasound filtration, thus the lagoons will use fewer chemicals and less energy required by traditional pools. The water used on lagoons is of the highest purity, being suitable even for human consumption. The salty water used in the lagoon features higher levels of purity and will be used for reverse osmosis desalination processes that will lowering the cost of water desalination process. The objective of the research is to find low cost alternative for conventional swimming pools and recreational lagoons that consume water and energy used for desalination which is the only alternative for water treatment in most touristic villages in Egyptian coast and all over the world. The study uses low cost recreational lagoon with new technology that use brackish water from deep wells and purify this water before entering the lagoon by controlled pulses and energy-efficient ultrasound filtration This allows to maintain the water within pre-defined parameters, guaranteeing standardized water quality in all lagoons. The research introduces the lagoon new technology and its low cost design including feeding and drainage wells, Second, the hydrographic surveying for the coastline in the study area, Third the mathematical model for determine the water depth and perspective water volume for the designed lagoon, Finally water quality modelling for the production and injection wells. The results of the measurements from the observation well prove that the optimal discharge per each well is 0.022m3/s. This low discharge is needed to keep the salinity and the level of the groundwater, this discharge also allows the operation of the well 24 hours daily. The number of wells needed to replace the evaporated water is 2 wells. The number of wells need to circulate the water in the canal and the lakes depends on: (The total volume of the lakes - The total surface area - The bed and surface slope - The biological analysis for algae types - Ground water quality). The construction of a lagoons with this technology are very low cost. In addition, operating costs are very low, due to the efficient use of chemicals and energy and by this technology it could achieve the Egypt’s vision 2030 for sustainable development strategy.

SWMM-based rainfall-runoff simulations in large-scale urban area with no pipeline-flow observations: I: key techniques for digitalizing urban area with complicated land-surface characteristics

In order to improve rainfall-runoff simulations in urban area and enhance the details of digitalized urban area with complicated land-surface characteristics,this study selected the core district of Yizhuang Economic Development Zone in Beijing as the study area,and the methodology of sub-catchment division,generalization of drainage pipe networks,and identification of outfall drainage wells was proposed for large-scale urban regions larger than 10 km2 with complicated land-surface characteristics,in which local geographical properties,regional waterlogging characteristics,and critical information such as digital elevation model,drainage pipeline networks,and land-use types were considered. This study provides technical support for the researches on rainfall-runoff simulation and disaster warning in urban areas where pipeline-flow observations are sparse in China.

A set of graphical design criteria for slotted liners in steam assisted gravity drainage production wells

Slotted liners have been widely used in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wells owing to their low cost and superior mechanical integrity. Multiple factors affect the performance of slotted liners, such as particle size distribution (PSD) of formation sands, aperture size, slot density, fluid flow rate, and wellbore operational conditions. Currently, most of the existing design criteria formulate the lower and upper bounds of the aperture based on one or several points on the particle size distribution curve of oil sands. Most of these design criteria neglect the slot density, wellbore operational conditions, and shape of PSD curve.This study carries out a series of large-scale pre-pack sand retention tests (SRT) in step rates. The aim is to investigate the impacts of aperture size, slot density, and fluid flow rate on the slotted liner performance. Comprehensive design criteria for determining the safe aperture window are presented to maintain the sanding and the wellbore plugging of the zone near the slotted liners within an acceptable level. Sand production governs the upper bound of the aperture size, and flow performance guides the lower bound of the aperture size. The new criteria are presented graphically to illustrate the optimal slot window as a function of the sand PSD, slot density, and fluid flow rate. The results of separate tests are used to demonstrate the performance of the new design criteria. The optimal slot window obtained via the new design criteria guides the slot liner selection in the SAGD process.

A procedure for designing natural water retention measures in new development areas under hydraulic-hydrologic invariance constraints

AbstractIn recent years, in Italy and elsewhere, regional regulations based on hydraulic-hydrologic invariance (HHI) principles have taken hold, especially for new development areas. Natural water retention measures (NWRMs) are among the most interesting options to provide the storage and infiltration capacities that are needed to achieve the HHI objectives. A procedure for the design of NWRMs in new development areas under HHI constraints is presented and is based on a simple combination of Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method for determining rainfall excess and lag-time method for simulating runoff propagation. Three types of NWRMs can be considered: rain barrels, drainage wells and drainage trenches; five types of synthetic hyetographs can be selected and three different approaches for the determination of critical storm duration applied. The results obtained by applying the procedure in a new development area located in northern Italy are illustrated and some general conclusions are drawn. It clearly emerges that practitioners should pay particular attention to the correct determination of design storm duration in order to avoid large underestimations of NWRMs size. Moreover, different combinations of the three NWRMs can provide the required reduction of peak of runoff after the transformation, but it appears that drainage trenches are more effective with respect to harvesting systems in reducing the peak runoff value.

Seismic performance of end-bearing piled raft with countermeasure strategy against liquefaction using centrifuge model tests

This paper presents the results of centrifuge model tests conducted on piled raft foundations in liquefiable soils to investigate the performance of drainage techniques as a liquefaction countermeasure method. Two series of centrifuge tests were conducted on 2 × 2 end-bearing piled raft foundations with and without drainage wells in multilayer soil deposits. The results indicate that the drainage well systems significantly reduce the foundation settlement, the excess pore water pressure ratio, and the time of dissipation under seismic loading by providing shortened water flow paths. Variations of the acceleration response, bending moment, and axial force of the piled raft are shown to be dependent on the type of surface layer. In Test-1-E with the liquefiable surface layer, the acceleration response, bending moment, and axial force of the piled raft with drainage systems were significantly larger than those observed in the piled raft without drainage systems during shaking. In contrary, in Test-2-E including a non-liquefiable surface layer, bending moment and axial force of piled raft in the absence of drainage wells were larger than those of the piled raft system with drainage wells. However, the acceleration response of raft in both systems was almost the same during shaking. The recorded data of the piled raft systems with/without vertical drains and the surface gravel layer (as a horizontal drainage system) are compared in details.

ГИДРОГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОГНОЗЫ В ЦЕЛЯХ ОСУШЕНИЯ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ АЛМАЗОВ ИМ. В. ГРИБА

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью вовлечения в промышленное использование весьма сложного в гидрогеологическом отношении месторождения алмазов, на котором добыча руды осуществляется с проведением крупных мероприятий по водопонижению, направленных на создание безопасных условий производства горных работ. Прогнозирование управляемого водопонижения и изменения гидрогеологических условий при эксплуатации месторождения является сложной задачей, требует учета многих природных и горнотехнических факторов и разработки методических приемов ее решения. Цель: разработка методики и выполнение гидрогеологических прогнозов для эффективного осушения при эксплуатации месторождения алмазов им. В. Гриба. Объекты: осушаемые водоносные горизонты и дренажная система карьера. Методы: анализ применения численных методов моделирования для исследования процессов фильтрации при осушении месторождений полезных ископаемых, численное моделирование. Результаты. На основе изучения геолого-гидрогеологических условий месторождения алмазов им. В. Гриба, способа отработки, выделенных осушаемых водоносных подразделений и источников формирования водопритоков к дренажной системе карьера создана численная модель фильтрации подземных вод. Рекомендовано для перехвата части проскока подземных вод в карьер, дренажа падунского водоносного комплекса на участках, где осушение не обеспечивается ВПС, осушение переходной зоны падунских и мезенских отложений осуществлять внутрикарьерными дренажными устройствами. Предложена методика реализации на численной модели внутрикарьерных дрен. Выполнены прогнозные расчеты с целью эффективного осушения месторождения. Методом численного моделирования доказана эффективность применения лучевого дренажа и горизонтальных дренажных скважин для интенсификации осушения падунских отложений в прибортовом массиве карьера, выполнен прогнозный расчет высоты высачивания на бортах карьера с учетом плана развития карьера. Предложены сроки сооружения внутрикарьерных дренажных устройств.

OPTIMIZATION OF GROUND WATER CUTOFF WITH A SIPHON INTAKE FROM THE DRAIN WELLS (AS IN THE CASE OF KAMYANKA-DNIPROVSKA GROUND WATER CUT-OFF)

Relevance of research.To increase the efficiency and reliability of the territory protection against flooding with the infiltration water of the Kakhovsky Reservoir, it is proposed to replace the low-performance ground water cutoff with an airlift water intake system for the protection of the Kamensky Pod’s area with a groundwater cutoff with a siphon intake system from wells. That will enable to increasesignificantly the efficiency and reliability of the ground water cutoff and greatly reduce the specific costs of water pumping. The reliability of the ground water cutoff with a siphon intake system is achieved by ensuring the reliable sealing of the entire siphon collecting conduit. In case of a slightest damage, there is a loss of sealing of the pipes and the water stops flowing into a drain well.
 The purpose of the research. To determine the best parameters of ground water cutoff with a siphon intake system from the well, in particular: - the optimal number of wells, the distance between them; - estimated depths of each wells connected to the siphon collecting conduit; - estimated water flows from each well and the decrease in the static water table in them taking into account the hydro-geological interaction between them during their collaboration; - optimal pipe diameters on each section of the siphon collecting conduit to ensure the reliability of its operation.
 The research methods. The research involves the use of analytical and mathematical methods, in particular: calculations, iterations, forecasting.
 The research results. New approaches enabling to find an optimal variant of uniform water drawdown in the aquifer along the whole length of the siphon water conduit by reducing the depths of the intake wells towards the intake well. To optimize the ground water cutoff with the siphon intake system from the wells, it is proposed to drill drain wells of different depths and place them at different distances from each other along the entire length of the collecting conduit, determining the required depth of the well depending on its diameters and vacuum value.
 The conducted studies as in the case of calculating the Kamyanka-Dniprovskaground water cutoff showed that the minimum depth of drainage wells depends on the diameter of the well and the vacuum value in it, and the most efficient option of all possible ones is the option when there are drain wells with different depths and they are located at different distances from each other that provides a minimum specific cost for the construction of wells and siphon collecting water conduit.

Fine Tailings Heap High Levels of Radiation Seepage Drainage Wells Application

Jiangxi Xingan Xinheng mining tailings, the tailings discharge chute fracture accident, backfilling materials caused by leakage. After emergency measures for drainage tunnel mouth sealed, to make the library lost only drainage channels, the backfilling is fine drainage is poor, saturation line rising, pose a safety hazard. In this paper, Xinheng mining tailings as an example, put forward the suitable level of tailings backfilling fine particle size, small permeability coefficient e radiation well engineering measures and construction technology, let the radiation well drainage and horizontal tube drainage measures etc, for drainage effect comparison and analysis, the results show that, using the radiation well drainage measures more outstanding. Short construction time limit for a project, drainage effect is good, can provide the basis for other similar tailings e measures adopted and the reference.

Evaluation of hot spring discharge in the Hikaruma District of Matsunoyama, Tokamachi City, Niigata Prefecture, using groundwater drainage wells installed for landslide mitigation

Evaluation of hot spring discharge in the Hikaruma District of Matsunoyama, Tokamachi City, Niigata Prefecture, using groundwater drainage wells installed for landslide mitigation

Small sewage wastewater treatment plants for domestic wastewater

Small sewage wastewater treatment plants are used for treatment of domestic wastewater from individual residential houses, small schools, roadside cafes, restaurants, small railway stations, camping sites, etc., where there is no centralized sewage network. In cases when there is a limited space for the installation of small-scale treatment facilities, authors suggest using of septic tanks and drainage wells. Sewage effluents are collected with gravity force, without using electricity. Usage of proposed constructions does not cause pollution of soils and underground water horizons. Sanitary environment is stable and predictable.

The dry closure of the Almagrera tailings dam: detailed modelling, monitoring results and environmental aspects

The Aznalcollar tailings dam failure moved the Spanish authorities to pay attention to tailings deposits. The Almagrera tailings dam holds one of the largest mining waste deposits in Andalucia. The dry closure of this dam has been detailed in this manuscript. Some serious difficulties had to be solved. Firstly, the dam had undergone up to five raisings before the closure operations started, and this process had not been properly documented. Secondly, the reservoir water was contaminated by the toxic tailings placed several metres below and, due to the high acidity of this water, the geotechnical characterization of the tailings deposit has been really challenging. Thirdly, the definition of the model itself has been a complex task due to the consideration of many phases and different hypotheses. In the finite element calculation, a constitutive model of perfect non-associated plasticity has been used for the dam and a soft soil creep model for the tailings. Next, it has been decided to decontaminate a closed mine by placing its abandoned material—Las Vinas fill—on top of the tailings deposit inside the reservoir. This operation generated important settlements on the tailings deposit. These settlements had to be accelerated by placing drainage wells to avoid the cracking of the final cap. The safety factor during the dry closure operations under dynamic loading was insufficient and a compacted rockfill reinforcement had to be laid on the downstream slope of the dam. Very few papers describe a successful dry closure of a tailings dam as is done here.