Doses Of Nitrogen Fertilizer Research Articles

УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ І ЯКІСТЬ НАСІННЯ СОЇ ЗА РІЗНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ НА ЧОРНОЗЕМІ ОПІДЗОЛЕНОМУ

The productivity of agricultural crops is the most variable and integral indicator of their vital activity, which accumulates their genetic potential, soil fertility, weather conditions and components of agricultural technology. Soybean under optimal growing conditions (the reaction of the soil is close to neutral, sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition, the use of nitraginization) assimilates from the air about 70 % of the total nitrogen requirement. Therefore, it is believed that it is enough to apply only a starting dose of nitrogen fertilizers (20–40 kg/ha a. s.), to get a high yield with good indicators of grain quality. The results of studies of the influence of long-term (8 years) application of different doses and ratios of fertilizers in field crop rotation on podzolized chernozem in the conditions of the Right -Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the yield and quality of soybean seeds preceded by spring barley were presented. It was found that crop yields could be increased by 18–77 % owing to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers. The highest indicators of seed yields for three years of the research (3,02 t/ha) were obtained under the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, including under soybean – N60P60K60. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete fertilizer (N60P60K60) reduced its yield by 26 %, phosphorus – by 17, and potassium by 11 %. There was no significant decrease in soybean yield in the variant of the experiment with a decrease in the proportion of potassium in the composition of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) for three years of study. The largest mass of 1000 soybean seeds was formed at doses of N60К60 fertilizers, and their protein content — under the application of complete mineral fertilizer in doses of N60P60K60 and N60P60K30.

Appraisal of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Nitrogenous fertilizer could improve the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of eggplant. The present investigation was aimed to find out the effects of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) which was conducted at Noakhali Science and Technology University during November, 2018 to March, 2019. The experiment comprises on eggplant local variety named ‘Tal begun’. There were four treatments of urea viz., 0, 12, 21 and 30 g urea pot-1 and the experiment were laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Different parameters were undertaken for the study like plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight (g). The variety showed significant variation for different doses. Among all treatments, 30 g urea pot-1 showed highest vegetative characteristics such as plant height (49.67 cm), number of leaves per plant (32.67), number of branches per plant (7.33) at 60 DAT and lowest vegetative characteristics was found from 0 g urea pot-1. On the other hand, the application of 21 g urea pot-1 showed medium vegetative characteristics and highest reproductive characteristics such as number of flowers per plant (6.67), number of fruits per plant (6.67), individual fruit weight (138.67 g). Therefore, the results showed that, nitrogen fertilizer strongly influenced vegetative and reproductive characteristics of eggplant. The findings of this study suggested that 21 g urea pot-1 performed the best and it will be suitable for eggplant production.

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF SOLUBLE SOLIDS AND ASCORBIC ACID IN FRUIT OF THE VENIAMINOVSKOYE APPLE VARIETY

The results of the study of the effect of different doses of nitrogen and potash fertilizers applied to the soil and used as foliar feeding on the content of soluble solids and ascorbic acid in fruits of the scab-immune apple variety Venyaminovskoe are presented. The experimental orchard was planted in 2013. The planting density of trees is 6 × 3 m. Annual fertilization in the field experiment was applied since 2015. The experience is based on the application of increasing doses of nitrogen and potash fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization with these elements and without them. As a result of the conducted research (2017–2019), it was found that the most significant factor affecting the content of soluble solids and ascorbic acid is the weather conditions of the growing season: a significant increase in soluble solids and a decrease in the concentration of ascorbic acid in a year with an optimal temperature and humidity regime during the fruit ripening period in August was revealed. The accumulation of ascorbic acid in fruits was favourably affected by the weather conditions of 2017, when there was an excess of precipitation in August. Significantly higher (30–80% higher than the control without fertilization) content of ascorbic acid in apples contributed to the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers in the soil at a dose of N 90 K 120 for three years. Soil and foliar application of nitrogen and potash fertilizers did not have a significant impact on the content of soluble solids in fruits of Venyaminovskoe apple variety.

TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITIES OF SUGAR BEETROOT CROPS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE CIS-URAL REGION

The economic growth and welfare of the state largely dependent on the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex, including the beet-sugar subcomplex. In Russia, including the middle CIS-Ural region, sugar beet is the main technical crop that provides raw materials for the sugar industry. More than 70 % of the area is sown in the Central and Southern Federal Districts. On the territory of the middle CIS-Ural region, sugar beet is currently cultivated on an area of more than 100,000 ha (Kornienko, 2014) The purpose of the research was to identify the productivity and technological quality patterns of new sugar beet hybrids, the influence of varietal characteristics on the content of molassigenic sub-stances, nitrogen fertilizer dosage, crop density and harvest time to obtain the highest yield of root crops with high technological qualities in the middle CIS-Ural region of Russia. Four field studies were conducted. The sugar content was determined by cold digestion with saccharimeter-polarimeter. To determine the α-amino nitrogen, the method of Stanek and Pavlas modified by Wininger and Kubadinov was used. The results showed that with an increased dose of nitrogen fertilizer, the sugar content of the root crops naturally decreased. As the crop density increased, the sugar content also increased. The highest sugar content in the root crops was revealed at a crop density of 95,000 and 110,000 plants/ha. The authors proposed recommendations to obtain the highest gross yield of purified sugar in sugar beet cultivation: for early harvesting – cultivate a sugar beet hybrid of normal-sugary type (Christella), for late harvesting – a hybrid of yielding type (HM-1820); apply nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of 160 kg of active agent/ha;cultivate sugar beet with a density of 95,000 plants per hectare; remove sugar beetroot crops with modern beet harvesters on October 10–25.

FORMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF FERTILIZATION AND HUMIDITY CONDITIONS

Currently, there is a significant gap between the production and consumption of vegetable oils in Ukraine, as a significant part of them is exported to the European Union. Therefore, in order to quantify the comparative performance of different sunflower hybrids under the influence of different moisture conditions and nitrogen fertilizer rates, this study was conducted. The studied variants included three hybrids of sunflower Hysun 33, Hysun 38 and Pioneer-64A93, five rates of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha ), arranged randomly in quadruplicate. Field research was conducted for two years under three different conditions of moisture (insufficient, unstable and sufficient) in the research areas of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. The results of the study showed that the productivity of sunflower hybrids varied greatly in response to the application of nitrogen fertilizers and different humidification conditions. The maximum seed yield of 3,177 t / ha was obtained under conditions of sufficient moisture. Among the studied hybrids, the hybrid Hysun 38, surpassed the other two hybrids, providing a yield of 3.083 t / ha and a seed oil content of 41%. There was an increase in the yield of hybrids with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizers, and the maximum yield was obtained by applying 180 kg / ha of nitrogen in dr. Studies have shown that the yield potential of hybrid Hysun 38 can be fully used by applying nitrogen fertilizers at a rate of 180 kg / ha in conditions of insufficient moisture. Higher nitrogen levels contributed to the significant formation of vegetative mass, thus balancing in favor of reproductive growth. Achieving a yield plateau with 180 kg / ha of nitrogen fertilizers means that an additional dose of nitrogen fertilizers did not contribute to further yield growth. The presence of a strong correlation between the yield of hybrids and nitrogen norms indicates that the yield depends on the presence of a sufficient amount of nitrogen in the soil. The highest yield was obtained by hybrid Hysun 38 - 3,662 t / ha with the introduction of 180 kg / ha of nitrogen. The oil content in the seeds varied significantly depending on different moisture conditions, hybrids and nitrogen fertilizer rates. The maximum oil content of 42.8% was obtained in conditions of sufficient moisture, in conditions of unstable - 40.9% and in conditions of insufficient - 40.4%

Methods of application and doses of inoculation with Azospirillum in agronomic performance of off-season corn crop

In order to achieve high yields for off-season corn crop sown after soybean harvest, high doses of nitrogen fertilizers are required. Biological nitrogen fixation helps reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers through the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing associative bacteria, such as those of the genus Azospirillum. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of corn hybrid DKB390Y in response to different application methods, such as using inoculant and doses of inoculant with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in a property adjacent to Federal University of Mato Grosso (Sinop campus), between February and July 2018. The experimental design included randomized blocks in a 3×5 factorial arrangement, replicated four times (with three application methods: foliar spraying; spraying foliar with bovine gelatin; and with a paint roller (Black & DeckerRapid Roller BDPR400-wool®) and five doses of inoculant: 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mL ha-1). No significant differences were obtained through the application methods in the rates of chlorophyll, plant height, stem diameter, number of rows of grains, number of grains per row, ear length, ear diameter and weight of one thousand grains, except for grain yield. Grain yield was found to be superior with foliar inoculation at 100 mL ha-1 method foliar spray, and 200 mL ha-1 at method foliar application with bovine gelatin.

Reaction of fiber flax varieties to seeding rates, sowing time and optimization of mineral nutrition on sod-podzolic medium- cultivated soils in the Pskov region

The article presents the results of scientific research for 2014-2019 on the reaction of early-maturing fiber flax varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Pskov selection Peresvet, Kvartet, Voskhod and Dobrynya to growing conditions: sowing time, seeding rates (16, 18, 20, 22, 24 million pieces of germinating seeds per 1 ha), doses of nitrogen fertilizers (0, 15, 30, 45 kg of active ingredient (a. i.) per hectare. The hydrothermal coefficient (GTC) for the growing season varied from 0.98 to 1.94. The optimal seeding rate for fiber flax of the Peresvet variety is 22 million pcs /ha, and for the Kvartet variety − 20 million pcs /ha. With these seeding rates the yield of flax fiber was 21.9-20.6 hundred kilograms (centners) per hectare, respectively, that significantly exceeded the yield of fiber with the minimum seeding rate of 1,0-1.7 hkg/ha, respectively, with LSD05 = 0.7-0.9 hkg/ha. The maximum yield of seeds in both varieties was obtained at the minimum seeding rate. The optimal sowing period for the Peresvet variety was the third period (May 8-17th, 2014-2016) and the second period for the Kvartet variety (May 11-20th, 2017-2019). The yield of flax fiber for these varieties significantly exceeded the 1stsowing period by 0.7-2.3 hkg/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 0.6-0.8 hkg/ha ) and amounted to 23.0-21.1 hkg/ha , that of seeds – 9.8-9.1 hkg/ha. The optimal nitrogen doses for R40K60 background are for Voskhod and Kvartet varieties 15 kg a. i./ha, and for the Dobrynya and Peresvet varieties − 30 kg a. i./ha. The yield of flax fiber for them exceeded the control by 1.5-1.3 hkg/ha, respectively (LSD05 = 0.6-0.8 hkg/ha) and 2.7-2.5 hkg/ha (LSD05 = 1,0-0.9 hkg/ha). The payback of 1 kg of nitrogen by flax fiber increase in all varieties was the highest with the minimum dose of N15. Among the varieties, it ranged from 8 to 12.7 kg/kg. The specific removal of food elements per 1 ton of flax straw and flax fiber recommended for use in determining the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of flax fiber, has been determined.

Farming Practices for Reducing Ammonia Emissions in Polish Agriculture

The main source of ammonia emissions in Poland is agriculture. In 2017, approximately 94% of the total ammonia emissions in Poland came from agriculture, of which the largest part (78%) was related to livestock manure and 22% to nitrogen fertilization. This study presents the results of representative research on the implementation of technologies and techniques that reduce ammonia emissions on farms in Poland. The research methodology, including statistical data analysis (multiple correspondence analysis), allowed comparisons to be made of the applied low-carbon practices, taking into account farmers’ characteristics (e.g., age and education) and farm attributes (area size, location, etc.). According to the research, both in the case of mineral fertilization and animal production, farmers in Poland relatively rarely undertake pro-ecological practices aimed at reducing ammonia emissions. The most frequently undertaken activities include dividing the doses of nitrogen fertilizers (in terms of plant production) and the use of feed additives (in terms of livestock production). Empirical studies, supported by correspondence analyses, confirmed a significant differentiation of coexistence and strength of the relationship between the studied variables. The use of correspondence analysis made it possible to precisely recognize the differentiation and co-occurrence of variable categories. In the course of analytical work, a relatively strong correlation was found between the use of divided doses of nitrogen fertilizers and the economic size of farms (φ2 = 0.11571). In turn, the use of feed additives was most strongly determined by the economic size of farms (φ2 = 0.072614) and the location of farms (φ2 = 0.072223).

Use of giant reed (<em>Arundo donax</em> L.) to control soil erosion and improve soil quality in a marginal degraded area

Soil erosion is one of the biggest environmental problems throughout European Union causing considerable soil losses. Vegetation cover provides an important soil protection against runoff and soil erosion. To this aim, unlike annual crops, perennial plants have the advantage of covering soil for a longer time and reducing soil erodibility thanks to SOM increase due to litter effect and to reduction of soil disturbance (no-tillage). Two experiments were carried out in marginal hilly areas (10% slope) of Southern Italy: i) long-term experiment in which it was evaluated the effect of two fertilization doses (N: 100 and 50 kg N ha−1 from urea) on Arundo donax L. biomass production as well as its effect on soil erosion; ii) three-year experiment to evaluate the soil cover capacity of the giant reed by analysing the plant leaf area index (LAI). Results of the two experiments showed a good soil protection of Arundo donax L. that reduced soil losses by 78% as compared to fallow and showed soil erosion reduction not different from permanent meadow thanks to the soil covering during the period with the highest rain erosivity and to the reduction in soil erodibility. The protective effect of Arundo donax L. from rain erosivity was also confirmed by LAI analysis that showed a good soil covering of giant reed in the above mentioned period, even during the initial yield increasing phase following crop transplant. According to biomass yield, from the fifteen year of cultivation in a low fertile inland hilly area of Southern Italy, giant reed was characterized by a yield-decreasing phase that resulted postponed as compared to more fertile environments thus ensuring a longstanding soil protection from soil erosion. In addition, the higher nitrogen fertilization dose (100 kg ha−1 of N) allowed interesting biomass yield as compared to the lower dose (50 kg N ha−1) and kept constant SOC along the year of experimentation due to an improved contribution of leaf fall, root exudates and root turnover to soil.
 
 Highlights 
 - Soil erosion is an important environmental problem in Mediterranean hilly areas. - Arundo donax L. can significantly reduce soil erosion in hilly cropland. - Soil protection of giant reed is high during the months with higher rain erosivity. - High N inputs enhance giant reed biomass production and soil fertility conservation. - In hilly areas yields are lower but more stable over time than in more fertile environments.

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus (P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices (straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen (N) fertilizer dose, manure application, and biochar addition) on soil P availability (e.g., soil total P (STP), soil available P (SAP), soil microbial biomass P (SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency (PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment (control, using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively; substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%, respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs; adding a half dose of N and no N input (reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha –1 , compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application (with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.

MORPHOGENIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MARANDU GRASS AFFECTED BY FERTIGATION WITH TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND CUTTING HEIGHT

ABSTRACT The response of biomass flow components of forage from the interaction between fertigation with wastewater and cutting height during the year is little known. The objective of this work was to verify the responses of morphogenic and structural characteristics of Urochloa brizantha as a function of fertigation application strategies with sewage treatment plant effluent (TSE), complemented with urea (U), associated with harvest with two plant heights during the dry and rainy periods. The forage cutting heights were 30 cm (H1) and 40 cm (H2), and nitrogen fertilization doses were 9.1 (D1), 12.1 (D2), 22.5 (D3), 26.6 (D4), and 34.0 (D5) kg of N per Mg−1 of dry matter (DM) produced, applied by TSE via fertigation, plus 7.5 kg N per Mg−1 of DM produced, applied in the form of urea by cover in all treatments. Factor analyses for the dry and rainy periods identified two processes that correspond to forage mass growth and leaf development. Analysis of variance showed that treatments D5H2 and D5H1 presented superior responses over the other treatments, in the dry, and rainy periods. The treatment D5H2 stood out in the process of forage mass growth, and D5H1 in leaf development.

Interaction among endophytic bacteria, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars and chemical nitrogen fertilization.

The application of new agricultural technologies to attain sustainable production systems is necessary. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria to improve plant growth and health has been studied for decades. This work aimed to isolate diazotrophic endophytic bacteria associated with sweet sorghum plants and study the interaction of their inoculation in combination with chemical N-fertilization on different sorghum cultivars. A bacterial collection of 181 isolates was constructed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. From that, the strains Enterobacter sp. UYSB89 and Kosakonia sp. UYSB139 were nifH+, produce IAA, defined as true endophytes and able to promote growth of two sweet sorghum under greenhouse conditions. The evaluated cultivars responded differentially to bacterial inoculation, the nitrogen fertilization doses and their interaction. Thus, plant growth is a multifactorial consequence of the interrelation between crop practices and the plant genotypes. This knowledge is a valuable factor in terms of understanding plant-bacteria endophyte interactions to preserve environmental sustainability during the implementation of agronomic practices.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) achene yield had a positive response to nitrogen fertilization, row spacing, sowing date, and weed control methods

Knowledge of the response of milk thistle to different levels of agronomic inputs and interactions is essential for the elaboration of the best production technologies. Field trials in a fractional factorial design are helpful in selecting the optimal production technology for plants whose agronomic requirements have not been sufficiently studied under given agroecological conditions. The experiment was set up in a 2n-1 design with a half-replication. It was located on fields of the Agricultural Experiment Station in Bałcyny, Poland, and carried out in the years 2010-2012. The multifactorial experiments conducted under the same climatic and soil conditions helped to determine the optimal intensity of the main agronomic treatments.The experiment was designed to analyze the response of milk thistle to key yield-forming factors (nitrogen fertilization, potassium fertilization, sowing date, row spacing and weed control). The weather conditions during the experiment had a significant impact on most of the assessed parameters. Under the agroecological conditions of north-eastern Poland, a higher nitrogen fertilization dose (80 kg N ha-1) had a significant influence on the yield of milk thistle achenes (an increase of 7.1%), and the yield components improved significantly. An earlier sowing date also resulted in a higher yield of achenes (by 14.9%) and improved the yield structure elements. A positive influence on the yield was also produced by chemical weed control (a significant increase in the yield by 0.15 Mg ha-1 – 12.2%). The spacing between rows and potassium fertilization (100 kg K2O ha-1) applied in milk thistle cultivation did not significantly affect the growth, development plant yield.

Influence of mineral fertilizers and seeding rates on the yield and quality of spring wheat grain

The article presents the results of field research conducted in 2018-2019 on leached Chernozem of the Volga forest-steppe. The objects of research are varieties of spring wheat-Tulaykovskaya 10, Yoldyz and Tulaykovskaya 108. At different seeding rates of 5.0 and 5.5 million germinating seeds per ha, the effect of mineral fertilizers on 1 ha was studied. They were represented by a complete mineral fertilizer (azofoska) and fertilizing with a mineral nitrogen fertilizer in the tillering phase at doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg of AD/ha against this background. Analysis of the yield of spring wheat varieties indicates that the harvest of grain variety Yoldyz in variants with a seeding rate of 5.5 million germinating seeds per ha against the background of the application of ammonium nitrate at a dose of 60 kg of DA (2.52 t/ha) was superior to other varieties Tulaykovskaya 10 and Tulaykovskaya 108 (2.51 and 2.46 t/ha). The maximum increase in seed productivity when adding ammonium nitrate in the tillage phase of the crop was in Tulaykovskaya 10 variety (0.34 t/ha), the lowest in the Yoldyz variety (0.06 t/ha) compared to the variant with amofoska application in the pre-sowing cultivation. When increasing the doses of nitrogen fertilizers there was an increase in the water content of all the studied varieties by 1-3 PCs. While increasing the seeding rate from 5.0 to 5.5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha the number of grains in the ear changed on average for varieties by 1-2 PCs. Of all the studied varieties, the largest mass of 1,000 grains was in the Yoldyz variety (40.56 g) after azofoska application in the presowing cultivation + N60 during tillering at a seeding rate of 5.0 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, the smallest in the Tulaykovskaya 108 variety (37.87 g) after azofoska application at a dose of 0.15 t/ha at a seeding rate of 5.0 million germinating seeds per 1 ha.

Nitrogen Effects on Yield, Quality and Physiological Characteristics of Giant Rice

In China, the quantity of nitrogen fertilizer applied is large, but as a consequence of a high level of loss, its utilization rate is low. Compared to common rice, the new giant rice has interesting characteristics, namely high biological yield and good efficient use of fertilizer. However, it becomes urgent to further consider the appropriate rate of nitrogen fertilizer to be applied. The giant rice varieties Feng5 and Feng6 were set up in a pot experiment and a field experiment under five doses of nitrogen fertilizers, namely, 0 kg·ha−1 (CK), 75 kg·ha−1 (T1), 150 kg·ha−1 (T2), 225 kg·ha−1 (T3) and 300 kg·ha−1 (T4). Parameters such as leaf area index (LAI), lodging index (LI), nitrogen utilization rate, photosynthesis rate and grain yield were measured. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen dose in a certain range, LAI, plant height, the number of tillers, net photosynthetic rate (NPn), the transpiration rate (Tr), and the grain yield increased while the lodging index (LI), the nitrogen agronomic utilization rate (AE) and nitrogen partial productivity (PFPN) decreased. Additionally, with the increase of nitrogen application, the grain yield index (HI) and nitrogen contribution rate (FCRN) of rice presented a parabolic trend.

Influence of mineral nutrition on the productivity of perennial legumes

The results of the studies of different doses of dressings on the yield and nutritional value of green mass of clover for two years use are presented. The experiment was carried out in April 2017 on No. 3 scientific field of the FSBSI «Adyghе Research Institute of Agriculture using B.A. Dospekhov’s method. The experiment was repeated 4 times, the arrangement of repetitions and variants was systematic. The object of the research was Abadzekhsky local red clover variety. In the research a moldboard method of tillage was used to a depth of 20–22 cm. Analysis of the data obtained showed that the maximum yield of green mass of clover, both I and II, was obtained in the variant with an increased background of mineral nutrition and amounted to 15,1 t/ha; 25,1 t/ha. The yield of clover hay in the first and second years of life with the application of the highest dose of nitrogen fertilizers (N45) was 4,8 t/ha and 7,2 t/ha. Complete zootechnical analysis of the nutritional value of the green mass of red clover I g. showed that 1 kg of dry feed contained 0,75–0,80 g/kg of feed units. The provision of digestible protein in the green mass of clover increased with an increase in the background of mineral nutrition 77,7–98,8 g/kg. The content of metabolizable energy in 1 kg of dry food was 8,7–9,3 MJ. The fodder value of green mass of clover of II y. showed that the content of digestible protein varied in the options within 74,0–94,1 g. The content of feed units in 1 kg of dry feed was 0,75–0,86 g, metabolic energy 9,6–10,3 mJ. The content of digestible protein, feed units and metabolizable energy on these variants corresponded to the I and II class of feed.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MAIZE GROWN UNDER INCREASING NITROGEN DOSES IN SUCCESSION TO INTERCROPPED PASTURES

The aim of this work was to carry out an economic analysis of production systems with the use of cold season pastures followed by maize cultivation with surface application of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer. The treatments were: black oat + 200 kg of N ha-1 (Bo+N); black oat + white clover (Bo+Wc); black oat + vetch (Bo+Ve); black oat + red clover (Bo+Rc); and black oat + forage peanut (Bo+Fp). Experimental randomized block design was used, with four replications. The forage species were evaluated as to dry matter production, chemical-bromatological composition, estimated milk production (kg ha-1) and gross income (R$ ha-1). Maize was cultivated in succession, with doses of 0, 100 and 200 kg of N ha-1, in a split-plot design. Among the profitability indices evaluated, the gross margin (R$ ha-1) stands outs. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared through Tukey's test at 5% probability. In the pasture phase, the Bo+N treatment presented higher gross income. In the cropping phase, the gross margin was higher in the Bo+Ve treatment, but it did not differ from the Bo+N treatment. In terms of system, the best economic result was obtained with the Bo+N treatment.

Maximize Growth and Productivity of Rice by Using N2-Fixing Anabaena oryzae and Spirulina platensis Extract

This study highlights the role of both inoculation with N2-Fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena oryzae and spraying with cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis extract and their combinations on growth and productivity of the two rice varieties (Sakha108 and Giza178) under different doses of nitrogen fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a split - plot design with four replications; the two rice varieties were located in the main plots and fertilizer treatments were placed in the sub-plots. Chlorophyll content of flag leaf, plant height, number of panicle/m2 and panicle length, number of filled grain/panicle, one thousand grain weight, straw and grain yields (t/ha) were measured. Bioactive compounds and amino acid production of Spirulina were determined by GC–MC and amino acid analyzer, respectively. The results show Spirulina extract contains eighteen amino acid and several bioactive molecules and application of mixture Anabaena oryzae and Spirulina platensis extract with 75% recommended dose of nitrogen or recommended dose of N fertilizer gave nearly the highest value of growth characters, grain yield and yield components compared with other treatments in both seasons. This study describes the role of Anabaena oryzae and spraying with Spirulina platensis extract through plant-microbe interactions and the effect of this reaction on the growth and productivity of rice crop.

СИМБИОТИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ПОСЕВОВ ЛЮЦЕРНЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ТИПА АЗОТНОГО ПИТАНИЯ

The issue of the use of mineral forms of nitrogen for legumes is still a source of debate among scientists. Under the environmental conditions of the foothill zone of RNO-Alania, the field experiments were laid to study the activity of the symbiotic system and the productivity of the alfalfa depending on the type of nitrogen nutrition and the presence of a virulent active strain of rhizobia. The research was carried out in 2017– 2019. Soil – chernozems leached. Objects: crops of Medicago varia Mart.; industrial strain of rhizotorphin 425a; inoculum of high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria; starting doses of nitrogen fertilizers. The dimensions of the symbiotic apparatus were studied according to the G.S. Posypanov method. The specific activity of symbiosis was 4.2 to 9.0 mg/kg. The maximum amount of air nitrogen (456.1 kg/ha) for three years of experiments was fixed by the symbiotic system of alfalfa in the variant with pre-sowing seed inoculation with high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria. This indicates their higher activity and competitiveness compared to the industrial strain of rhizotorphin 425a and indigenous strains of rhizobia from the pre-mountain zone of RNO-Alania. Mineral forms of nitrogen significantly inhibited the activity of the symbiotic system. As a result, the amount of fixed nitrogen decreased by 3.5–9.0 %. In the pre-mountain zone, under natural conditions, the growth and development of plants were provided with atmospheric nitrogen by 66 %, the rest of the need for the element (34 %) they satisfied with soil nitrogen. The maximum involvement of molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere in the biological cycle was distinguished by the variant with pre-sowing inoculation of seeds by virulent active strains of rhizobia, in which the share of air nitrogen participation in plant nutrition averaged 71–73 % over the three years of research.

The Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Bud Chip Growth on The Giving of Different NAA Concentrations and Nitrogen Fertilizer Doses

This research aimed to assess the effect of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bud chip. The research was conducted using a 4 x 4 factorial design with the basis of a completely randomized design (CDR) of 3 replications. The first factor was the concentration of NAA which consisted of 0 ppm (without NAA), 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm. The second factor was the dose of nitrogen fertilizer which consisted of a dose of 45 kgN/ha, 90 kgN/ha, 135 kgN/ha, and 180 kgN/ha. The growth parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, tillers, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Duncan’s test (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) at a 5% level. The results showed that the application of NAA could not increase the growth of sugarcane bud chips on all parameters. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of 45 kg N/ha could increase plant height growth, number of leaves, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight. Nitrogen fertilizer with a dose of 180 kg N/ha reduced the growth of sugarcane bud chips. The higher dose of nitrogen fertilizer inhibited the growth of sugarcane bud chips.