Doses Of Nitrogen Fertilizer Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF MAIN ELEMENTS OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY ON WEED INFESTATION OF CROPS AND SPRING WHEAT YIELD

A distinctive feature of the North-West region is sufficient, and in some years, excessive moisture supply, under which weeds form a significant vegetative mass and cause great harm to cultivated crops, including spring wheat. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of seeding amount, seed size, nitrogen nutrition and herbicide treatment on weed infestation of crops and spring wheat yield in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. According to the research results, it was revealed that introduction of medium (by 0.8-13.6%) and high (by 1.5-14.1%) doses of nitrogen fertilizers leads to significant increase of initial weed infestation of spring wheat, while seeding amount and seed size did not have a significant impact on the number and cover of weeds. Among all the factors studied in the experiment, herbicide treatment had the strongest positive effect on formation of spring wheat crop (by 1.5–4.5 times), but only in the conditions of strong and complex types of weed infestation. Application of average dose of nitrogen led to a significant increase of spring wheat yield throughout the research years (by 19.3-82.8%), whereas effectiveness of high dose directly depended on moisture conditions of initial stage of vegetative period. Seeding amount and especially fractional composition of the seed material had a slight effect on yield and main elements of the structure of spring wheat crop. Interaction of such factors as application of nitrogen fertilizers and herbicide treatment contributed to significant increase of spring wheat yield (by 23.4-183%). The highest grain yield of spring wheat throughout all research years was obtained on seed plots with a seeding amount of 6 million viable seeds/ha, application of a high dose of nitrogen fertilizers and herbicide application (51.1; 29.7 and 40.9 q/ha).

Effect of biochar and nitrogen on soil characteristics, growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) at Paklihawa, Rupandehi condition of Nepal

An experiment on effect of biochar and nitrogen on soil characteristics, growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was conducted at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Paklihawa, Rupandehi, from November 2019 to February 2020. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors: nitrogen and biochar, each factor having four levels (biochar: 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha and nitrogen: 0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha), resulting in sixteen treatment combinations. Biochar application was found to be effective in improving soil bulk density, pH, soil organic matter and soil nitrogen and potassium content. Application of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg/ha) and biochar (15 t/ha) alone, and in combination, showed significantly higher root dry matter (15.83 gm, 16.63 gm and 20.57 gm), biological yield (80 t/ha, 63.75 t/ha, and 95.75) and root yield (26.74 t/ha, 24.06 t/ha and 30.32 t/ha). In comparison to the sole effects of the highest dose of nitrogen fertilizer (200 kg/ha) and the highest dose of biochar (15 t/ha), their combined application showed the increased yield in radish root by 13.38% and 26.01%, respectively, indicating that the combined effect of biochar and nitrogen is more productive for the growth and yield in radish crop as compared to the sole effect of nitrogen and biochar.

Spring triticale productivity at different doses of nitrogen fertilizers

Mineral nutrition improvement contributed signifcantly to spring triticale grain yield. On average, during the two years of research, the use of 30–210 kg/ha of active ingredient of nitrogen fertilizers increased it to 6.50–8.36 t/ha or by 14–46 % compared to unfertilized plots (5.71 t/ha). The stability index of yield formation was high – 0.92–0.95. Weather conditions in research years were different. The precipitation level in April – June 2014 made 442.7 mm, and in 2015 – 87.5 mm. In 2014, the application of N30–210 signifcantly increased the grain yield – by 0.81–2.66 t/ha, and in 2015 – by 0.77–2.64 t/ha compared to no fertilizer variant. It is worth noting that the use of phosphorus–potassium fertilizers provided 0.30–0.32 t/ha. The application of 30–210 kg/ha of active ingredient of nitrogen fertilizers increased the protein content in spring triticale grain. During the two years of research, it increased, on average, from 13.7% in no fertilizer variant to 13.8–15.4 % or 1–12 %. The use of phosphorus– potassium fertilizers did not change this indicator. The use of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers (120–210 kg/ha) slightly reduced the stability index of protein content in the grain to 0.87–0.90. In terms of protein yield in triticale grain yield, variants with nitrogen fertilizers have signifcant advantage of unfertilized plots with the stability index of 0.92– 0.99. On average, during the two years of research, this indicator increased by 115–506 kg/ha or 1.1–1.6 times (894–1285 kg/ha) compared to no fertilizer variant. The use of phosphorus–potassium fertilizers increased protein yield to 818 kg/ha or 5 %. Gluten content varied greatly from the use of nitrogen fertilizers. On average, over two years of research, its content increased from 18.7% in no fertilizer variant to 20.4–26.4 % or 9–41 %. Stability index in this fertilizer scenario increased from 0.76 to 0.91. The use of phosphorus–potassium fertilizers had the least effect on gluten content – 19.3 %. In the conditions of the Right–Bank Forest–Steppe in the fertilizer system of spring triticale varieties of Kharkiv Khlibodar type the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is 60–90 kg/ha. In this scenario, the yield is 6.80–7.90 t/ha, protein content – 14.0–14.5 %, gluten content – 23.6– 25.0 %. The grain corresponds to the frst quality class according to SSTU 4762: 2007. Triticale. Specifcations. Key words: spring triticale, yield, protein content, protein yield, gluten content, nitrogen fertilizers.

Yield and quality of hulles barley when using foliar fertilizing with macro- and micro-fertilizers in the steppe zone

The studies found that doses of nitrogen fertilizers and zinc and copper chelates positively affected the yield of hulles barley grain with foliar fertilizing on ordinary chernozem of the steppe zone of the Omsk region. With a yield of 1.34 t/ha in the control variant, the application of macro- and micro-fertilizers contributed to the formation of 1.40-1.56 t/ha of grain. Nitrogen fertilizing without micronutrients is effective and has led to a significant increase in yield (0.09 - 0.15), as well as the use of micronutrients against nitrogen: 0.09 together with 15 kg of nitrogen and 0.11 together with 30 kg of nitrogen. The increase in yield from the application of zinc and copper separately was also noted, but less significant: 0.04 - 0.07 t/ha. The highest yield was formed when using N30Zn20Cu20. The improvement of plant nutrition conditions with the help of fertilizers mainly has a positive effect on the protein content in grain and nature. It was revealed that the sum of amino acids in the protein increases from 8.39% without fertilizing to a maximum of 10.59 (variants with foliar fertilizing in the tillering phase N15Zn20 and N30Zn20Cu20).

Contribution to the Optimization of Phospho-Nitrogen Fertilization on a Durum Wheat Crop in Saline and Calcareous Soil

The soils of Algeria are generally poor in nitrogen and always pose the problem of the availability of available phosphorus especially in arid regions, where there is also the problem of salinity which is often accompanied by the presence of limestone. The present work aims to examine the optimization of phospho-nitrogen fertilization on a durum wheat crop in saline and carbonate conditions through the use of different types, forms and doses of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The fertilizers used are: Urea(46%), triple super phosphate TSP(46%), simple super phosphate SSP(20%), Potassium Nitrate KNO3(13%), Monammonium phosphate MAP(12%, 61%), NPK(15%,15%,15%), NPK(20%,20%,20%), NPK(13%,40%,13%), NPK(30%,10%,10%), NPK(4%,20%,25%), combined with three doses (D1=150U N and P ha-1, D2=200U N and P ha-1 and D3=250U N and P ha-1). The results obtained show that phospho-nitrogen fertilization has a very important effect on the parameters studied. Indeed, we notice that the best results are obtained by compound fertilizers, height of the plants: (HP) =MAP and NPK(15%,15%,15%) (250U ha-1) and (KNO3-SSP) (150U ha-1), yield and its components: Number of grains ear-1 (NG E-1) =NPK(13%,40%,13%) (250U ha-1), 1000 grains weight (TGW) =NPK(4%,20%,25%) (250U ha-1), grain Yield (GY) =NPK(13%,40%,13%) (250U ha-1) and NPK(15%,15%,15%) (150U/ha), straw yield (SY) =NPK(15%,15%,15%) (250U ha-1) and (KNO3-SSP) (150U ha-1). However the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of the grains is obtained by simples fertilizers, N= (Urea-SSP) with the dose (200 and 250 U ha-1), and P = (Urea-TSP) with the dose (150U ha-1). It is noted that the NPK(15%,15%,15%) fertilizer was able to give better grain and straw yields with the lowest dose as well as obtaining the best plant height and better straw yield with the lowest dose of (KNO3-SSP) fertilizer.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on economic feasibility of tomato

To increase the availability of nutrients and improve crop productivity, chemical fertilizers are introduced to the soil, although the biological fixation of nitrogen contributes globally with 180 million metric tons of ammonia per year, which is comparable to current contribution of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction of Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum with different levels of nitrogen on the yield and economic viability of the tomato crop. An experimental design of divided plots was used, with the nitrogen fertilization dose being the largest plot (100% of the dose, 50% of the dose and 0% of the dose) and the minor plot of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (100 cc ha-1, 200 cc ha-1, 300 cc ha-1) with four random internal blocks and five plants as experimental unit. The variables evaluated were: production per plant, yield/ha, number of fruits/plant and average fruit weight. Finally, the economic analysis was performed according to the combination of the treatments. The results obtained showed that the mixture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (BFN) (Azospyrillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium japonicum) at a dose of 100 cc ha-1, significantly increased tomato production when nitrogen (urea) was not applied. The application of BFN in combination with adequate levels of nitrogen favors the sustainability of the tomato.

DRY MATTER AND PROTEIN ACCUMULATION AS A FUNCTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN Brachiaria brizantha CV. MARANDU (Urochloa brizantha)

In Brazil, forage is the main source of nutrients for ruminants, but most production systems are extensive and low amounts of inputs are used to improve soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen doses on dry matter yield and protein content in leaves, stems and shoots of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The soil was fertilized with dolomitic limestone and gypsum to raise base saturation to 60% in the 0-20 cm layer and decrease exchangeable aluminum in the subsurface layer. The experimentaldesign was the randomized blocks with four replications, and the plots were five meters long by five meters wide. Nitrogen fertilization doses were 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg of N ha-1, and applied on the soil surface at the beginning of the regrowth period. Phosphate and potassium fertilization of 50 kg P ha-1 and 150 kg K ha-1 were also carried out. Plants were cut thirty-seven days after fertilization. The evaluations were carried out in the central 9.0 m2 of the plot. A positive effect of nitrogen fertilization was found on all the variables assessed in the study. The effect was linear for fresh matter and dry matter accumulation in leaves + stems of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The accumulation of dry matter in leaves + stems was 4.46 t ha-1 in the control treatment, increasing to 6.03 t ha-1 at the highest nitrogen dose. Nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the percentage accumulation of dry matter in leaves of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, achieving the equation Y= 25.529 + 0.0372x. Consequently, there was a percentage reduction in the dry matter allocated in stems. At the highest nitrogen dose, the percentage increase of dry matter in leaves was 17%. Theeffect of nitrogen fertilization on protein content in leaves, stems and leaves + stems was also found. At the highest nitrogen dose (250 kg of N ha-1), there was an increase in protein per kg of dry matter of 86.78 g, as content in the control treatment was 67.5 g kg-1, increasing to 154.3 g kg-1. In addition to increasing the yield due to dry matter accumulation in the plant and improving the bromatological quality, nitrogen fertilization also increased protein production. We should also note that there was an increase in yield and protein production per hectare with the highest dose of nitrogen fertilization.

Effect of Row Spacing and Zinc on Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

The field Study was conducted during Rabi season of 2021 at experimental field of the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj and Uttar Pradesh, India to determine the “Effect of row spacing and zinc on growth and yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)”. This experiment embodied of 3 row spacings 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm and 3 levels of zinc fertilizer of 5 kg/ha, 10 kg/ha and 15 kg/ha. The experiment was layed out in statistical design of Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Full doses of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers were applied as basal. The used variety was Varuna T-59. Report of the study indicates that, among different row spacings and zinc the treatment with row spacing 40 cm and zinc at 15 kg/ha produced significantly highest plant height (202.36 cm), higher number of branches (11.18), dry weight/plant (32.96g). The treatment combination with row spacing 30 cm and zinc 15 kg/ha produces the highest number of siliquae per plant (295.65), number of seeds per siliqua (15.47), test weight (3.87 g), seed yield (2.10 t/ha), stover yield (4.53 t/ha), and Harvest index (31.66%). However, the treatment with row spacing 30 cm and zinc at 15 kg/ha was found to be effective in highest gross return (126420 INR/ha), net return (89638.4 INR/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.43) when compared to the other treatments.

Comparison of artificial neural network and linear regression model for the leaf morphology of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) grown under different nitrogen fertilizer doses

Health of a plant and its growth can be assessed by the area of its leaf. The present study envisaged to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear regression-based leaf area estimation model, and to compare the models in statistical terms; thereby obtaining a statistically accurate model suitable for predicting leaf area of fenugreek. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) was grown at open field conditions at different doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 kgN/ha) of nitrogenous fertilizer using a randomised block design. The morphological parameters in term of leaf area (AP, mm2), leaf width (LW, mm), leaf length (LL, mm), roundness (R), leaf perimeter (LP,mm) and eccentricity (e) using a MATLAB based graphical user interface (GUI) software. Among all the linear regression models, AP =19.66 + 00.62 (LL × LW) (R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 14.09) was found to be the best fitting for fenugreek leaf area estimation. In case of ANN model, the best results obtained when three hidden neurons were considered. The R2, RMSE and MAD values of ANN model during training (0.97, 12.55 and 8.55, respectively) as well as validation (0.97, 10.48 and 7.92, respectively) were found more accurate than the linear regression model. Thus, the proposed ANN model can be used for the estimation of leaf area of fenugreek leaves.

Helianthus salicifolius as a New Biomass Source for Biogas Production

Renewable energy is becoming a widely discussed topic in the European Union (EU), due to a desire to reduce the negative effects of fossil fuels on climate change and biodiversity. About 60% of the total renewable energy produced in the EU is derived from biomass. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an important pathway to convert biomass into biogas and then into bioenergy. Helianthus salicifolius is a perennial plant, whose biomass can serve as a co-substrate in biogas plants. Biomass composition, in addition to the biomethane and biogas potential, were investigated in raw green biomass and silage obtained from Helianthus salicifolius plants grown under different types (mineral and organic) and doses (0, 85, 170 kg N ha−1) of nitrogen fertilization. The biomethane production efficiency from Helianthus salicifolius was recorded for 25 days and found to range on average between 169.4 NL kg−1 VS for raw biomass and 193.2 NL kg−1 VS for silage. It follows from the current study that ensiling increases substrate digestibility and has a positive impact on methane concentration, but the biomethane and biogas production outputs from those substrates did not differ significantly at the end of the process.

Influence of nitrogen levels on yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under different irrigation regimes

The proper irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer management are crucial for sustainable and potential production of French bean as a legume crop overall favoring human nutrition. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during November 2018 to April 2019 at Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the impact of irrigation and nitrogen at the yield performance on French bean. The stages of irrigation viz., no irrigation, one irrigation during flowering at 40 days after sowing (DAS), two irrigations during flowering (40 DAS) and pod formation stage (60 DAS), and three levels of nitrogen viz., no nitrogen fertilizer, 90 kg N/ha at 100% basal application, 45 kg N/ha at 50% basal application and 45 kg N/ha at 50% pod development stage (60 DAS) were utilized in a Split-plot layout allocating irrigation to the whole plots. The treatments were replicated three times. Yield and yield attributes were appreciably influenced by both irrigation and nitrogen treatments. From irrigation treatment, the highest plant, quantity of pod/plant, length of pod, number of seed/pod, number of seed/plant, weight of 1000 grains, stover yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed in one irrigation at flowering stage at 40 DAS which consequently produced the best grain yield (2.07 t/ha); while the least grain yield (1.48 t/ha) found in control or no irrigation treatment. Considering nitrogen, the best seed yield was recorded in (45+45) kg nitrogen/ha. In interaction, the highest plant (42.87cm), number of pod/plant (5.64), length of pod (15.24), weight of 1000 grains, grain, stover, and biological yields (2.52, 3.76, and 6.29 t/ha, respectively) and the harvest index were observed in one irrigation during flowering (40 DAS) and 90kg N/ha at 50% (45 kg) basal application and 50% (45 kg) at pod development stage (60 DAS). The experiment results indicated to the scope of increasing the yield of French bean by irrigation at flowering stage and proper doses of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, the application of one-time irrigation during flowering stage along with 90 kg nitrogen/ha at 50% (45 kg) as basal and 50% (45 kg) at pod development stage (60 DAS) can be recommended as the promising technique for French cultivation.

The Use of a Non-Invasive Electrical Method to Assess the Chemical Composition, Hardness, and Color of Durum Wheat Grain Cultivated in an Integrated System

Electrical properties are the least known and described among the physical properties of food products. The most widespread practical directions of their use include moisture measurements as well as dielectric and microwave heating. Less frequently, they are used to assess the physicochemical parameters of food products, including the technological features of cereal grains. Earlier research by the authors of this paper demonstrated the possibility of using an RCC substitute model of food products (conductivity and capacitance parameters) to identify the grain variety, geometric features, level of grain damage as well as grain moisture content. This model can also be used to distinguish cereal species as well as to assess the proximate chemical composition of their grain. The promising results obtained in this area encouraged us to expand the research with a material important from the food market perspective—durum wheat, obtained in the conditions of sustainable cultivation in north-eastern Europe (temperate climate). The study material was obtained from a proprietary sustainable production technology designed in a strict field experiment. The aim of this research was: (1) to assess the effect of an integrated cultivation system of native durum wheat (six variants), differentiated by a nitrogen fertilization dose (0, 80, 120 kg·ha−1) and with and without growth regulator (GR, WGR) on changes in selected quality parameters (protein, lipid, and starch contents; hardness; color) and electrical parameters (Z, Cp, Cs) of the grain; and (2) to determine the correlations between the examined quality traits and electrical properties of the grain to indicate the possibility of using a non-invasive electrical method to assess grain quality. The highest contents of starch and total lipids and the highest grain hardness were obtained in the cultivation variants GR + 0N and WGR + 0N, whereas the highest protein content—upon wheat fertilization with 120N. The study demonstrated a different strength of the correlations between the tested parameters depending on the cultivation method. In the WGR + 0N variant (environmentally friendly), the strongest correlation between grain quality traits and electrical properties was obtained for both the conductive (Z) and capacitive (Cp, Cs) parameters in the entire analyzed range of current frequencies. The cultivation of durum wheat in the integrated system, especially in the WGR variant, facilitates grain quality modeling and enables using a non-invasive electrical method for a rapid assessment of the quality traits of the grain while raising no concerns over natural environment safety. The growth regulator (GR) application during native durum wheat cultivation hampers the use of the analyzed electrical method to assess its grain quality.

Azotlu ve potasyumlu gübrelemenin kivi bitkisinde verim ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi

ABSTRACT In this research, increasing doses of nitrogen (8-16-24-32 kg N da-1) and potassium (0-8-16-24-32-40 kg K2O da-1) fertilizers were applied to Hayward kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) to determine their effects on the yield and some fruit quality characteristics. The research was started in a kiwi orchard established in 2004 in Ordu, in the vegetation period of 2015-2016, and was carried out in a randomized block design with 4 replications for two years. In general, the yield decreased with increasing N rates while it increased irregularly with the increasing K rates, and the highest yield was achieved by applying 24 kg of N and 40 kg of K2O per decare in both years. Nitrogen fertilization provided a somewhat increase in fruit weight in the first year and tended to decrease in the second year. Total antioxidant capacity generally showed a fluctuating trend in the first year and an increasing trend in the second year considering the nitrogen application. With increasing potassium applications, the total antioxidant activity and vitamin C content of fruits increased up to a certain level and then decreased. Total soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) generally tended to decrease with potassium applications. Although fruit firmness generally varied considerably with nitrogen and potassium applications, higher fruit firmness was observed at higher doses. Nitrogen application generally increased the total phenolic content. When the yield, fruit weight and fruit quality were evaluated together, it was determined that 16 kg N and 32 kg K2O application per decare was more appropriate.

Влияние различных норм удобрений на условия роста и продуктивность сортов мягкой пшеницы

The article presents the main agrochemical indicators of cultivated gray-brown soils of Absheron. The results of the analysis showed that the fertile layer of the experimental field has high alkaline properties, the field of medium carbonate. Experience has shown that the number of easily digestible forms of essential nutrients is insignificant. First of all, it was established that the productivity of the soft wheat Gobustan variety of depends on different norms of nitrogen nutrition and the form of fertilization. The reason for the insignificant addition of harvested grain is the introduction of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the background of P60K60 in both ways (full rate in the phase of plant cultivation and in the phases of plant cultivation, pipes, pods up to 120 kg/ha).

The effect of differentiated application of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) of the Snegir variety

Relevance. Potatoes belong to crops that place high demands on the level of mineral nutrition. He needs nitrogen especially badly. Timely introduction of calculated doses of nitrogen fertilizers based on the results of photometric diagnostics of plants allows rational use of fertilizers and increase potato yields.Material and methods. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone on sod-podzolic medium loamy soils with a high content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium and a low humus content (1,9%). The object of research is an early-ripening potato variety Bullfinch. To recalculate the dose of nitrogen fertilizing, photometric diagnostics of crops was carried out with an optical sensor GreenSeeker RT200. Additionally, before and after fertilizing, a manual N-tester Yara was examined. Before the main harvest, a control digging of tubers was carried out to determine the structure of the crop with division into 4 fractions.Results. It was found that the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers into the top dressing during the closing phase of the tops in the form of ammonium nitrate has a generally favorable effect on the growth and development of potatoes. This is confirmed by the results of photometric diagnostics performed by the Yara N-tester during the withering phase of the tops. When applying top dressing with a fixed dose, the N-tester readings were 21,7% higher than in the control, and when applying fertilizers with a differentiated dose by 25,6%. The yield of potato tubers increased when applying a fixed dose of top dressing by 10,8%, differentiated by 14,5% compared to the control.

Effect of Difference Bulb Size Seedling and Application of Various Doses Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Shallots are plants that are very responsive to changes in environmental conditions. Onion production data shows that several regions in Indonesia experienced a decline in production. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of differences in the size of the bulbs of shallot seedlings and the application of various doses of nitrogen on the growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). The research was carried out in Laden Village, Pamekasan District, Pamekasan Regency, Madura on 10 February 2021 - 4 April 2021. The tools used included hoes, water can, nameplates, permanent markers, cutters, rulers, digital scales, writing instruments, and camera. The materials used include shallot seeds of the Blue Lancor variety, urea fertilizer, KCL, SP-36, and fungicides. The study used a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications, the first factor being seed tuber size, consisting of 3 levels and doses of nitrogen fertilizer. S1 = small tubers (< 5 g), S2 = medium tubers (8-10 g), and S3 = large tubers (≥ 13 g). The second factor is the dose of nitrogen fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely D1 = 150 kg ha-1, D2 = 200 kg ha-1, D3 = 250 kg ha-1, and D4 = 300 kg ha-1. 5% and further tested with BNJ level 5%. The results showed that increasing the size of the onion seed bulbs could increase growth and yield. the use of nitrogen dose can be increased along with the increase in the size of the tubers used. Based on the yield and quality of tubers, the treatment of medium seed tubers (8-10 g) with a nitrogen dose of 200 kg ha-1 gave good results

The effect of mineral fertilizers on the economic efficiency of winter wheat production in the direct sowing technology in the Stavropol territory

Direct sowing of crops reduces the cost of soil cultivation for farmers, but significantly increases the cost of fertilizers, pesticides and new agricultural equipment. The problem of the economic feasibility of introducing increased doses of mineral fertilizers when sowing winter wheat and carrying out nitrogen fertilization in the no-till technology is of great relevance, but has been little studied. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the economic efficiency of winter wheat grain production in the direct sowing (no-till) technology with different methods and doses of mineral fertilizers in conditions of unstable moisture in the Stavropol Territory. The study was carried out in the trial on the fields of the North-Caucasus Federal Research Agricultural Center in 2017–2019. The variants for using fertilizers when sowing winter wheat were as follows: without fertilizers; with N6 Р26; with N12Р52; with N24Р104; with N52Р52; with N52Р52K52; with N52; with N104Р52K52. In the early spring period, on the background of fertilizers used when sowing the crop, there was carried out additional fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N52. There was found that all doses of mineral fertilizers used when sowing winter wheat, reduced the unit cost of production on 1.8–19.8%, raised profits on 24.8–177.1% and improved profitability on 2.5–43.1%. The best economic indicators were established when using N52 and N104Р52К52, at which there was obtained the minimum cost price of 1 ton of grain (6216–6494 rubles), the highest profitability (77.1–85.0%) and profit (27 830–33 454 rubles/ha). Early spring additional fertilizing (N52) of winter wheat on the background of fertilizers used when sowing the crop after peas turned out to be an ineffective agrochemical method. As a result, the cost price of a production unit increased on 0.5–23.4%, and the level of production profitability reduced on 0.8–35.0%. In no-till technology, the use of higher doses of nitrogen fertilizers during winter wheat sowing provided not only a significant increase of grain productivity and quality, but also maximum economic benefits.

Nitrogen fertilisation as a strategy for intensifying production and improving the quality of Massai grass grown in a humid tropical climate

The use of nitrogen fertilizers intensifies forage production, especially in tropical climates. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Massai grass grown in a humid tropical climate, specifically Am-type. A completely randomized design was used with six treatments and five replicates. The treatments used were a control treatment (without nitrogen application) and five doses of nitrogen fertilization (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg N ha−1 year−1). Urea was used as the nitrogen fertilizer for six applications, with an interval of 30 days. The leaf elongation rate increased by 69.1% at a dose of 500 kg N ha−1 compared to that of the control. The leaf appearance rate and green leaves per tiller increased with nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect the percentage of leaf blades and dead tissue. The average height of the canopies was 44.0 cm, regardless of fertilization. There was a quadratic response in total forage accumulation (TFA), with a maximum of 19,136 kg dry matter at a dose of 391 kg N ha−1year−1. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was the same as that of TFA. There was a reduction in the recovery of applied nitrogen and the agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen with nitrogen fertilization. The number of cuts increased linearly with nitrogen fertilization, from 3.2 to 7.5 cuts. Crude protein content increased with nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, nitrogen fertilization favored the productivity and quality of Massai grass grown in a humid tropical climate.

Low-disturbance farming regenerates healthy deep soil toward sustainable agriculture - Evidence from long-term no-tillage with stover mulching in Mollisols

Currently, global agricultural development is in a critical period, as it contends with a growing population, degraded farmland, and serious environmental issues. Although low-disturbance practices are recommended to improve soil health, it is unclear whether such practices benefit critical deep soil functioning. Here, we compared the soil bacterial communities and physicochemical parameters across 3-m deep soil profiles in a Mollisol of Northeast China at the end of the dormant season after 10 years of farming under conventional tillage without stover mulching (CT), no-tillage without stover mulching (NTNS), and no-tillage with stover mulching (NTSM). We found that low-disturbance practices (NTNS and NTSM), compared with CT, evidently promoted soil bacterial species richness and diversity and enriched potential metabolic diversity. When compared to the bacterial communities in CT, the vertical dissimilarity of bacterial communities in NTNS decreased, while that in NTSM increased, indicating that no-tillage alone homogenized the composition of the bacterial community through soil depth profiles, but straw mulching enhanced the uniqueness of community composition at each layer. In comparison to CT, no-tillage with stover mulching significantly increased the soil water content and root-associated organic carbon (SEOC), and decreased soil pH. Mineral nitrogen declined with depth to 60 cm and then increased to its maximum at 250–300 cm under CT and at 120–150 cm under NTNS and NTSM. More mineral nitrogen at 0–150 cm under low-disturbance practices would provide more available nitrogen for crops in the coming growing season, while the accumulated nitrogen at 150–300 cm under CT may leach into the groundwater. Taken together, our results show that low-disturbance practices can regenerate whole-soil bacterial diversity and potential function, and promote water retention and nitrogen holding capacity within the root zone, thus reducing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and mitigating nitrogen contamination to deep groundwater, ultimately contributing to agricultural sustainability in Mollisol regions.

Economic efficiency of cultivation of agricultural crops on green mass

The purpose of the scientific work was to assess the economic efficiency of cultivating red clover and mixed soybean and corn crops for green mass, depending on the use of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers. The research was carried out in the fields of the Adyghe Research Institute of Agriculture, the soil of which is represented by heavy in mechanical composition merged chernozem. The content of physical clay throughout the profile is quite high – up to 78%. Tillage was applied with a plow PN-4-35 to a depth of 25–27 cm. It was revealed that the average yield of mixed crops of corn and soybeans for three years of research on the entire experimental site was 35,14 t/ha, perennial legumes for two years of research 18,67 t/ha. The yield of the green mass of soy and corn forage mixture, red clover is higher in all indicators on the variant with the introduction of the highest dose of nitrogen. The yield increases obtained depending on the use of increasing doses of nitrogen have been statistically proven (corn-soy mixture NSR05 ~ +3,5 t/ha), (clover NSR05 ~ +1,25 t/ha). Analysis of calculations of economic efficiency of cultivation of mixed crops of corn and soybeans showed that in all variants the level of profitability of products amounted to 91,1–117,7%. The income from the sale of products varied in the range of 14 469,6–21 169,7 thousand rubles/ha. The minimum income from the sale of the green mass of corn-soy mixture in the control variant is 14 469,6 thousand rubles/ha, the maximum in the variant with the highest dose of top dressing is 21 169,7 thousand rubles/ha. With a yield of red clover of 20,1 t/ha, the conditional net income from 1 hectare amounted to 3 963,0 rubles, the profitability level is 24,6%. Thus, the cultivation of corn-soy mixture and red clover by all economic indicators is possible without loss for an agricultural enterprise and it is advisable to include a raw material conveyor in the system.