Domestic Varieties Research Articles

Study of the initial growth energy of the rice samples in the laboratory conditions

The current paper has presented the results of estimating rice samples for the ability of energetic plant growth from under a layer of water. The resistance of varieties to flooding is of great relevance in Russia in the fight against weeds due to the deep layer of water that weeds cannot overcome. The purpose of the study was to estimate rice breeding samples for resistance to flooding and to select the best of them for use in crossings when breeding rice varieties resistant to flooding. For the study there have been taken the samples developed in the laboratory of rice breeding and seed production of the ARC “Donskoy” from the hybridization of domestic varieties ‘Kuboyar’ and ‘Kontakt’ with such Asian varieties as ‘Mazhan Red’, ‘Kharsu 80A’, ‘Khao Hlan On’ as the donors of the flood resistance gene. The study was carried out using glass cylinders of 42 cm high. As a result of the estimation of 48 rice varieties, there were identified the forms that have the highest initial growth rates and the ability to overcome a large layer of water under anaerobic conditions. The results of germination in cylinders showed significant differences between plants in terms of growth rate under water: after 3 days from seed sowing, the length of the sprouts varied from 0.1 to 1.7 cm, on the 8 th day it ranged from 2.0 to 12.0 cm, on the 13th it was from 8.4 to 47.0 cm. Three forth of the samples after 2 weeks had a small plant height up to 30 cm, the rest part of the samples exceeded this value. The greatest sprouts’ length was in the samples ‘1006’ (47.0 cm), ‘998’ (45.3 cm) and ‘997’ (40.3 cm), which can be grown in the field without herbicides using the technology of obtaining shoots from under a layer of water or used as donors of high growth energy. There has been identified the material of practical importance for the breeding process.

Spring barley variety ‘Azimut’

Improvement of feed grain production is an important link in Russia’s food security. Considerable opportunities for solving this problem lie in the cultivation of new domestic varieties of barley. Breeding work in this direction has been carried out for a long time in the Don area by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” (Department of winter and spring barley breeding and seed production). The purpose of the study was to breed a new spring barley variety for regions with high signs of aridy, which has fairly large productivity and its stability in different years. The result of the breeding program 0706-2019-0002 was the development of the spring barley variety ‘Azimut’ of universal use, i.e. for feed, groats and for brewing purposes. The paper has described the morphology of plants and the main biological and valuable economic traits of the new spring barley variety ‘Azimut’, which has been included in the State List of Breeding Achievements of Russia since 2022. There has been found that a remarkable feature of this variety is early maturity (through three contrast years (2017–2019) it ripened on average earlier than the standard variety ‘Ratnik’ on 4 days and the best variety ‘Format’ on 2 days), which is an extremely important indicator in modern climatic conditions. There was found that, on average, over the years, the new variety produced 5.7 t/ha and 52.0 g of 1000-grain weight, exceeding the standard on 0.8 t/ha and 6.5 g, as well as the best variety ‘Format’ on 0 .2 t/ha and 3.8 g, respectively. It has been established that the variety ‘Azimut’ has a certain important set of biologically useful and economically valuable properties and traits.

Innovations in the selection and seed-growing process of grain crops

Relevance. One of the objectively existing factors constraining the effectiveness of creating varieties of self-pollinating cereals is the fact that the selection of valuable genotypes begins from the second hybrid generation and is carried outby phenotype. The phenotype of plants is largely subject to phenotypic and modification variability, which obliges breeders to selectmultiple times. The second factor is the need for a long study of the source material for the reasonable selection of parental forms for hybridization. This process with the use of provocative and infectious backgroundstakes in average 3 years. The use of genomic selection and marker-oriented selection practically removes these restrictions, makes the selection process more manageable and predictable, which significantly reduces the time needed to create varieties and increases the efficiency of breeding.Methods. The study was carried out by the Konarev electrophoretic method, as well as by the author's methods of reproduction of varieties and of selection in triticale breeding (patent No. 2558255 “Method of reproduction of grain varieties”, patent No. 2127970 “Method of seed selection in triticale breeding”).Results. The results of hybridization using the best domestic varieties of winter hexaploid triticale as parent forms are presented in order to develop and test new methodological approaches in the selection and seed production of grain crops. The results obtained make it possible to make the process more manageable and predictable, reduce the time needed to create varieties, and, consequently, increase the efficiency of breeding and seed production in agricultural production. The possibility of selecting valuable genotypes from first-generation hybrid plants has been proved.

Assessment of the phytopathological state of ornamental forms of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) cultivars of the selection of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus

One of the ways to combat the penetration and spread of dangerous pathogens of fungal plant diseases on the territory of the republic may be the selection of domestic varieties resistant to fungal phytopathogens and a reduction of the import of planting material. Over the past decades, the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (CBG) has been working on the development of new cultivars of coniferous plants for landscaping purposes. The purpose of this study was to study of the composition of the mycobiota of needles and shoots of ornamental forms of Scotch pine of the CBS breeding.The article presents the results of the survey of Pinus sylvestris L. cultivars of CBG selection, carried out in the period 2020–2021 years in The Central Botanical Garden of NAS (Belarus, Minsk). As a result, it was found that among the 18 of Pinus sylvestris L. cultivars of CBG selection, the most stable were ‘Woshodjaschaia’ and ‘Minchanka’, the least stable were ‘Karolina’ and ‘Chupa Chups’.The species composition of the mycobiota of needles and shoots includes such dangerous pathogens as fungi from the genus Lophodermium, causing premature falling of needles, as well as Cyclaneusma minus, causing premature yellowing and falling of needles, and Gremmeniella abietina, the causative agent of scleroderriosis or pine shoot cancer. Among the less dangerous fungi, conditionally pathogenic species have been identified – Alternaria alternara, Auerobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium spp., Phoma spp., as well as the endophyte fungus Sydowia polyspora.

Screening of accessions from fiber flax collection by productivity and their adaptability to the conditions of the North-West region of Russia

The article presents the results of evaluation of 19 collection accessions of fiber flax in the conditions of the North-West of Russia (Tver region). The experiments were carried out in 2015-2017 on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields of flax fiber were formed in 2017 (Ij = 0.52), for flax seeds ‒ in 2015 (Ij = 0.07). According to the flax fiber yield, such varieties as Tost 3, Atlant (Russia), Evea (France), Alizee, Merylin, (Holland) have been noted, their yield was in the range of 1.65 (Atlant) ... 2.18 (Evea) t/ha, which is 17.0...51.3 % higher than the standard Alfa variety. The variability of this trait in domestic varieties Tost 3 and Atlant is average (CV = 22.58 and 33.31 %, respectively). The varieties of West European breeding Evea, Alizee, Merylin have high variability (CV = 35.02…41.70 %). Varieties Merylin, Evea and Atlant also showed a high yield of flax seeds 0.77...0.82 t/ha with the variability level of 21.31...28.58 %. These genotypes significantly exceeded the average value for this trait – coefficient of adaptability (CA) was 1.10…1.25. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment of fiber flax accessions, including the yield of fiber and seeds, as well as their adaptive properties - stress resistance (Y2 - Y1), genetic flexibility and compensatory ability (Y1 + Y2 / 2), stability (d), the highest indicators were shown by the varieties Tost 3, Atlant and Evea. These genotypes are a valuable source material in fiber flax breeding for adaptability. The expansion of sown areas under these varieties in the conditions of the North-West region of Russia will contribute to solving the problem of the country's raw material supply.

Improving the efficiency of potato growing in Russia

In modern conditions, for the stable and cost-effective development of large-scale potato production, it is necessary to provide agricultural enterprises and peasant (farm) farms with high-quality seed material of new promising varieties of Russian breeding. However, according to the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoznadzor”, the share of certified seed potatoes of foreign varieties continues to increase from 26.8% in 2004 to 86.7% in 2021, while the share of domestic varieties decreases from 66.2% to 13.3%, respectively. In order to overcome the dependence of commodity producers on the import of foreign seed material, to meet the increased requirements for the consumer and culinary qualities of potato tubers and the structure of the intended use of the crop, priority areas for improving breeding and seed production in the near future have been identified. The results of purposeful selection of new potato varieties differing in the parameters of the main economically useful features that determine their intended use in accordance with the requests of the domestic potato market are presented. A system of measures to improve the efficiency of potato growing is proposed, which provides for the development of breeding and seed production based on the use of the potential of domestic varieties and increasing the production of high-quality seed material of higher reproductions. This will speed up the transition of agricultural enterprises and peasant (farm) farms to use only certified seeds for planting at least the 2nd reproduction.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and quality of Kengyilia melanthera (Triticeae, Poaceae).

Widely distributed in the alpine sandy grassland in east Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), Kengyilia melanthera is considered as an ideal pioneer grass for the restoration of degraded and desertification grassland in the region. Under the special ecological and climatic conditions in the northwest Sichuan plateau located in east QTP, it is of great significance to optimize the amount of nitrogen fertilizer for the seed production of this species. The impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on seed yield and quality of K. melanthera ‘Aba’, the only domesticated variety in the Kengyilia genus of Poaceae, was investigated based on two-year field experiments in the northwestern Sichuan plateau. The results showed that with the increase of N fertilizer application, the number of tillers, number of fertile tillers, 1,000-seed weight and seed yield of this species increased likewise. The optimum N fertilizer rate deduced in the present study was 180 kg·hm−2, where the number of fertile tillers 1,000-seed weight and seed yield reached the peak values. Interestingly, the standard germination rate, germination energy, accelerated aging germination rate, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity of seeds were not affected by the increasing the input of N fertilizer. The comprehensive evaluation of membership function showed that the optimal N fertilizer treatment was 180 kg·hm−2 both for 2016 and 2017. This study provided a certain practical suggestion for the improvement of seed production of K. melanthera in the northwest Sichuan plateau.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FRUITS OF PROMISING APPLE TREE HYBRIDS OF THE BELARUSIAN SELECTION

The article provides an assessment of the quality of fruits of promising apple tree hybrids of the Belarusian selection.
 Promising hybrids with a complex of economic and biological characteristics (appearance, taste, keeping quality, marketability)
 were identified – 2005-15/2-I (96-41/5 × Golab Kohanz), 2005-16/1-I (Zorka × Start), 2006-23/26-II (Nadzejny open
 pollinated). This sampling will be used in subsequent hybridizations and eventually submitted for the state crop variety testing. Sources of high taste qualities of fruits were identified – 2005-15/2-I (96-41/5 × Golab Kohanz), 2005-16/1-I (Zorka ×
 × Start), 2006-23/26-II (Nadzejny open pollinated), 2006-24/33-I ([Prima × 85-12/88] × Diyament), 2006-29/26-II (Macfree
 open pollinated) and 2006-29/42-II (2000-7/65 open pollinated);
 attractive appearance – 2005-15/2-I (96-41/5 × Golab Kohanz), 2005-16/1-I (Zorka × Start), 2006-23/26-II (Nadzejny
 open pollinated) 2006-29/26-II (Macfree open pollinated) and 2006-29/42-II (2000-7/65 open pollinated.);
 large-fruited – 2005-15/2-I (96-41/5 × Golab Kohanz), 2005-16/1-I (Zorka × Start), 2006-23/26-II (Nadzejny open
 pollinated), 2006- 29/42-II (2000-7/65 op.), 2005-8/11-II (open pollinated by domestic varieties);
 long storage period – 2005-15/2-I (96-41/5 × Golab Kohanz), 2005-16/1-I (Zorka × Start), 2006-23/26-II (Nadzejny open
 pollinated.), 2006-24/33-I ([Prima × 85-12/88] × Diyament).

Results of the study of collection specimens of common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris L.</i>) in the foothill zone of the Northwestern Caucasus

Relevance. The study of collection samples of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in order to identify among them the most adapted to local conditions and designate economically valuable traits in the foothill zone of the North-Western Caucasus for the cultivation of this crop on an industrial scale.Methods. The material for this work was 106 accessions of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov of diverse ecological and geographical origin, that arrived in 2019–2021 and were reproduced at the Maikop Experimental Station, a branch of VIR. Research methods: study and evaluation of morphological features, phenological and statistical studies.Results. During growth and development, competitive relationships appear between plants, which directly affects their resistance to environmental conditions and the productivity of individual plants. Based on this, a detailed study of the best European and domestic varieties and the designation of economically valuable traits in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Northwestern Caucasus are very timely. The growth and development of bean plants is affected by a combination of the amount of heat and moisture during the growing season, as well as the individual response of varieties to these indicators, in this case, in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Northwestern Caucasus, due to the genotype. The main characteristics that distinguish the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) among food leguminous crops are its wide range in the food industry and nutritional value. The seeds of this crop contain up to 30% protein, up to 3% fat, and the protein contains all amino acids indispensable for humans nutritionally.The article presents the results of studying the collection samples of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), identifying among them the most adapted to local conditions and designating the prospects for cultivating the crop on an industrial scale in the soil and climatic conditions of the foothill zone of the Northwestern Caucasus.

Adaptability of winter bread wheat by environmental plasticity and stability

Purpose and objectives. The work was aimed to determine the winter bread wheat adaptability by environmental plasticity and stability via assessing yields and to identify high-yielding sources adapted to the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
 Material and methods. Twenty-nine winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions from nine countries were studied: 14 mid-tall accessions and 15 short-stemmed ones. The accessions were studied and their adaptability was determined by appropriate methods using general-scientific, special and genetic-statistical approaches.
 Results and discussion. It was determined that the genotypic effect (εi) for yield ranged from 0.08 to 3.88 in the mid-tall group and from 0.11 to 5.64 in the short-stemmed group. The best adaptability (sum of ranks 2) in terms of environmental plasticity and stability was recorded for two mid-tall high-yielding domestic varieties (Haiok (εi = 2.24; Ri = 0.97) and MIP Lada (εi = 0.90; Ri = 0.92) (UKR)) and for two short-stemmed ones (sum of ranks 3) (MIP Valensiia (εi = 0.11; Ri = 0.67) (UKR) and Patras (εi = 1.38; Ri = 1.18) (DEU)). Dyvo and Optima Odeska (UKR) were noticeable for high freeze tolerance (7 points).
 Conclusions. The study demonstrated that the highest genetic potential of adaptability in combination with high yields was intrinsic to the mid-tall domestic genotypes, Haiok and MIP Lada (UKR), which are valuable starting material for creating highly adaptable and promising winter bread wheat varieties for the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Оценка исходного материала для получения риса с высоким содержанием амилозы

Rice is one of the main crops of strategic importance. Rice consumption in Kazakhstan is increasing compared to other cereals and reaches more than 65 %. Today, due to the increase in imports of rice cereals, it seems relevant to develop rice production, increase its competitiveness, and create domestic rice varieties with improved nutritional and culinary qualities. A key factor in determining the quality of rice is the percentage of amylose in the starch of the rice grain. In this regard, this work is devoted to the search for donors of the trait “high amylose content” among varieties and lines of domestic and foreign breeding in the rice collection of the RSE on the REM “Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology” (RSE on the REM “IPBB”). Screening of 172 foreign and domestic varieties and lines of rice for amylose content made it possible to identify 9 high-amylose variety samples. Among them one domestic ancient variety of Kazakh selection K3077 Kazakhi was found, which can serve as a donor of the trait “high amylose content”. Because of the climatic conditions of Kazakhstan and the long growing season, only six foreign varieties and lines were selected: Mavr (26.8 %), Taibonet (25.4 %), Parity (27, 0 %), K3612 Kara-Kyltyk (25.0 %), K3077 Kazakhs (25.1 %), and Solnechny (25.4 %). The selected varieties and lines of rice with a high content of amylose will be used as donors of the “high amylose content” trait for rice breeding.

Genome-wide footprints in the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) unveil a new domestication pattern of a fruit tree in the Mediterranean.

Intense research efforts over the last two decades have renewed our understanding of plant phylogeography and domestication in the Mediterranean basin. Here we aim to investigate the evolutionary history and the origin of domestication of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), which has been cultivated for millennia for food and fodder. We used >1000 microsatellite genotypes to delimit seven carob evolutionary units (CEUs). We investigated genome‐wide diversity and evolutionary patterns of the CEUs with 3557 single nucleotide polymorphisms generated by restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). To address the complex wild vs. cultivated status of sampled trees, we classified 56 sampled populations across the Mediterranean basin as wild, seminatural or cultivated. Nuclear and cytoplasmic loci were identified from RADseq data and separated for analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of these genomic‐wide data allowed us to resolve west‐to‐east expansions from a single long‐term refugium probably located in the foothills of the High Atlas Mountains near the Atlantic coast. Our findings support multiple origins of domestication with a low impact on the genetic diversity at range‐wide level. The carob was mostly domesticated from locally selected wild genotypes and scattered long‐distance westward dispersals of domesticated varieties by humans, concomitant with major historical migrations by Romans, Greeks and Arabs. Ex situ efforts to preserve carob genetic resources should prioritize accessions from both western and eastern populations, with emphasis on the most differentiated CEUs situated in southwest Morocco, south Spain and eastern Mediterranean. Our study highlights the relevance of wild and seminatural habitats in the conservation of genetic resources for cultivated trees.

The biological potential of winter garlic cultivars and local forms under conditions of the right bank forest steppe of Ukraine

The modern olericalture development needs special attention to self-sufciency in domestic products under the war conditions in 2022. It has some relation to garlic production as well. The garlic has been supplied by China. It is possible to compensate the garlic shortage in Ukraine by the implementation of the hybrid cultivars of domestic and foreign breeding in garlic production. However, the winter garlic is considered to be a vegetable that is poorly adapted to weather changes and it doesn’t show its biological potential. The domestic variety introduction of garlic from one local region to another requires an additional research. The research has been done in the experimental feld of Bila Tserkva NAU (The Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine). 65 cultivars of winter and local garlic have been studied. The test samples include garlic that has been delivered from Vinnytsia, Dnipro, Kyiv, Kirovohrad, Chernihiv, Cherkasy regions. The variety Prometheus has been taken as a control sample. This variety has been bred in Uman National University of Horticulture. The research has been done in accordance with the olericulture and melon growing research method. In 2020 and 2021, the weather conditions were good for plant growth and formation of the winter garlic yield. The plant density was 357 000 plants per ha. On average, in 2020 and 2021, the cultivar Lubasha, Ayder, IOB0017 had the biggest garlic heads in diameter (Lubasha – 5.5 cm, Ayder – 5.2 cm, IOB0017 – 5.2 cm). The samples of Duchess, Lubasha, Ayder had the highest average weight (Duchess – 55 g, Lubasha – 68 g, Ayder – 65 g). The cultivars Lubasha and Ayder had given the biggest yield of winter garlic heads (Lubasha – 20,3 t/ha, Ayder – 19,4 t/ha). The biggest amount of marketable garlic heads had been noticed in the varieties Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder and in the cultivars IOB00117, IOB00003 from the Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing, where this result ranged from 81 % to 84 %. As a result of the conducted research, the best cultivars have been identifed. The samples of Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder varieties have the biggest garlic heads in diameter, mass and in the amount of yield. Also, Lubasha, Duchess, Ayder, IOB0017 and IOB00003 have the biggest marketable yield amount. Key words: cultivars, local forms, winter garlic, weight of the bulb, yield productivity, marketability.

Сортова специфіка потреб пшениці озимої в елементах живлення в умовах нестійкого зволоження

Goal. To identify the peculiarities of the accumulation of nutrients in the productive part of plants of new varieties of winter wheat in years with different hydrothermal conditions after the restoration of vegetation. Methods. On typical chornozems of varietal testing grounds after the restoration of spring vegetation in 2018 – 2020, the supply of NPK, Zn, Mn, and Cu to winter wheat plants of 4 varieties of national standards and 8 varieties of selection of EU countries was studied. Results. Among the varieties of foreign selection, the highest nitrogen content in grain for the entire period of research was in the variety Arktis (2.34%), among domestic varieties — Bunchuk (2.18%), the lowest — in the varieties Manditsa (1.62%) and Smuglianka (1.83%). The variety Rozkishna is relatively undemanding to phosphorus and potassium, the variety Bodichek — to potassium, regardless of growing conditions. A variable consumption response was also fixed. Under favorable moisture conditions, the plants of the variety Annitsa increased the accumulation of RK, the variety Arktis — of P. The variety Dariya has a constant high need for Zn and Mn, but a variable need for Cu, while the variety Matrix — a constant low need for Zn and Mn. Recommendations were developed for increasing or decreasing the rates of application of NPK, fertilizers, and microelements for each studied variety of foreign selection concerning the norms of fertilization of national standards. Conclusions. Varieties with signs of constant increased or decreased accumulation of nutrients, as well as varieties that change the concentration of NPK and trace elements in the final product in years with arid and favorable weather conditions of spring vegetation were identified. It is proposed to test the nutrition of new varieties of wheat during variety testing to further adjustment of the rates of fertilizer application.

Agroecological and technological assessment of new varieties of cereals depending on biotic and abiotic growing conditions

Field experiments and laboratory studies were carried out during 2018-2021 on the basis of the experimental field and the research laboratory of the Smolensk State Agricultural Academy. The following varieties of winter wheat were the object of research: Measure, Nemchinovskaya 85, Skipetr (domestic selection) STRG - 872317 (foreign selection); varieties of winter triticale: Consul, Nina (domestic selection), Nord-1173303 MS, Mikhas (foreign selection). In our studies, the studied varieties of winter wheat and winter triticale of domestic and foreign breeding were ecologically plastic and formed a yield of 5.5-6.5 t/ha. We found that the winter wheat variety Nemchinovskaya 85 at a yield level of 5.77 t/ha exceeded the varieties Mera by 0.13 t/ha, Skipetr by 0.77 t/ha STRG - 88237 by 0.17 t/ha. According to the yield level of winter triticale, the domestic variety Konsul stood out - 5.86 t/ha and the variety of foreign selection Nord 1173303 MS - 5.28 t/ha. The duration of the growing season for varieties of winter crops, depending on the conditions of years, was 282-339 days and corresponded to the morphobiological characteristics of these varieties. In terms of precocity, winter wheat varieties were inferior to winter triticale varieties up to 5 or more days. When overwintering plants (68-77%) varieties of domestic breeding for winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera; for winter triticale, Consul and Nina were more winter-hardy (by 3-8%) than varieties of foreign selection. The article presents qualitative indicators of grain evaluation, where winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85 and Mera were distinguished by their physicochemical properties; in varieties of winter triticale - Consul. So the weight of 1000 grains in these varieties was respectively: 48.2; 47.9, and 45.5 g; vitreousness: 73;72;58%, nature: 799;765;750 g/l; falling number: 313;303;261 s. The protein content in the grain of winter wheat varieties ranged from 13.0 to 13.8% and in winter triticale varieties - from 12.3 to 13.1%. The studied varieties of domestic and foreign breeding retained their genotypicity in terms of morphobiological characteristics, physicochemical, biochemical and technological properties. Thus, in terms of gluten content and its quality, both in grain and in flour, winter wheat varieties corresponded to the indicators - 3 classes, winter wheat varieties triticale - 4 classes. We found that the rheological and baking properties of flour in winter wheat varieties were significantly higher than in winter triticale varieties. The best indicators of these properties in terms of flour strength were in winter wheat varieties Nemchinovskaya 85-279 J and Mera - 269 J and in the winter triticale variety Consul - 156 J. The bakery assessment of the loaves showed that the Nemchinovskaya 85 variety stood out in terms of bread volume, surface, crust color, crumb structure, aroma with a volume of 993 mm3 and a bread score of 4.8 points. In a comprehensive assessment of bread from winter triticale grain, the best indicators were in the Consul variety and amounted to 655 mm3 and 3.6 points, respectively. At the same time, when using grain varieties of winter triticale in baking production, it is necessary to use wheat flour as an improver, from 30 to 50%.

The evaluation of the effectiveness of various agricultural products on the sunflower productivity in the Central Black Earth region

This paper discusses the establishment of the biological effectiveness of agricultural products used for sunflower of domestic varieties and foreign hybrids. The scheme of the experiment presented in 20192021 provided for the inclusion in the technology of cultivation of two non-root subcortures of plants with agro-products of various spectrum of action. The paper identifies the most effective agricultural products for their targeted inclusion in the cultivation technologies of specific varieties and hybrids of the sunflower. The most acceptable hybrids of sunflower for cultivation in the Voronezh Region have been selected. Experimental studies were carried out during a three-factor stationary experiment in the field of the Voronezh Federal Agrarian Research Center named after V.V. Dokuchaev. The conducted studies have shown that the Voronezh variety 638 is significantly inferior in its productivity to the hybrids of foreign selection of the Limagrain company (LG5478, LG50270, LG5377). The effectiveness of various agricultural products when used in the cultivation technology of sunflower varieties and hybrids was not the same. Polydon Amino Mix proved to be the best product. The increase in yield from double application with foliar top dressing was 0,80 t/ha. Agro-products Aquadon-Micro (0,58 t/ha) and ZSS (ZSB) 0,41 t/ha were somewhat inferior to Polydon Amino Mix in their effectiveness. The most responsive to agricultural products were hybrids LG5478 and P64LL125.

THE ROLE OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF NEW SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN CURRENT CONDITIONS

Currently, the protection of the rights of patent holders of domestic varieties of main agricultural crops is one of the priority tasks for the development of Russian breeding. The most dynamically developing crop in the first decade of the 21st century was soybean. The article presents material on the state of the soybean industry in the Russian Federation in terms of the share of use of soybean seeds of domestic selection, the legal practice of the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Soybeans, the mechanism for concluding license agreements and protecting the rights of patent holders of new highly productive varieties. A high level of agricultural development is possible only with close cooperation between scientists and producers, therefore, first of all it is necessary to develop the regulatory framework to increase the effectiveness of this cooperation. Producers should be interested in acquiring a new developments and have the necessary funds to do these, and developers should be sure that the commercial using of their products will be adequately protected, which will ensure their interest in creating successful breeding achievements on the market.

The Citrus Mutant Jedae-unshiu Induced by Gamma Irradiation Exhibits a Unique Fruit Shape and Increased Flavonoid Content.

Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase) is the most widely cultivated citrus variety in Korea. Although most varieties are imported from Japan, efforts have focused on developing new domestic varieties. We produced mutants by irradiating C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase scions with gamma rays and grafting them onto C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase branches. We compared the characteristics of these mutants with Miyagawa-wase fruit as a control. A mutant line named Jedae-unshiu with a unique fruit shape was selected for investigation in detail. The phenotype of Jedae-unshiu fruit demonstrated vertical troughs on the flavedo, smooth albedo without rough protruding fibers, and good adhesion between peel and flesh. In addition, Jedae-unshiu had thicker peels and higher fruit hardness than the control. Higher levels of hesperetin and narirutin, representative flavonoids, accumulated in the peel and flesh of Jedae-unshiu than those of the control. Cellular-level microscopic observations of the mature fruit peels demonstrated epidermal cell disruption in the control but not in Jedae-unshiu. Our results suggest that Jedae-unshiu has high possibility for development as a good storage variety containing large amounts of flavonoids, in addition to potential for ornamental value due to the unique shape of the fruit.

Методические подходы и экономическое обоснование лицензионных вознаграждений за селекционные достижения в льняном подкомплексе

Abstract. The paper presents the results of scientific research in the field of flax growing, based on the study of methods and methods for calculating the value of the royalty rate for a selection achievement on the example of financial and economic relations between the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the LC and economic entities, the factors that can influence the amount of royalties in the flax subcomplex are given. Methodological approaches for calculating the projected amount of royalties at the conclusion of a non-exclusive license agreement with potential licensees are presented. The procedure for calculating the amount of royalties for inventions is set out in a number of regulatory legal acts that have been in force since the USSR. However, there is currently no methodology for calculating rewards for breeding achievements in the field of flax growing. The relevance of the study is to develop a methodology for calculating the amount of mandatory payments for the use of a selection achievement in a linen subcomplex. This technique will speed up the procedure for assessing the cost of breeding achievements – domestic varieties of flax. The application of the methodology will ensure an increase in the efficiency of the management of breeding achievements as a material asset that brings income to a scientific institution. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for calculating rewards for the use of a selection achievement as an object of intellectual property, using the example of flax varieties created in the FSBI FNC LC, taking into account the biological characteristics of the culture and the specifics of production in the flax subcomplex. Methods. In the course of the study, methods of comparative, abstract-logical, functional-cost analysis, expert evaluation were used. The result of practical application is the new methodological approaches developed by the authors to the calculation of the license fee for the use of breeding achievements – flax varieties, taking into account factors affecting the amount of royalties. The scientific novelty. It consists in the economic justification of the methodology for calculating license fees for the use of domestic varieties of flax in relation to various subjects of the Russian Federation and the areas of application of flax raw materials (textiles, medicine, etc.), taking into account the biological characteristics of the culture and the specifics of its production.

FORMATION OF SHEET SURFACE AREA BY WINTER BARLEY PLANTS DEPENDING ON FERTILIZER

The article assesses and reflects the main aspects and vision of optimizing the fertilization of winter barley through root and foliar nutrition. The relevance and importance of such technological solutions and the search for optimal options for maximizing the yield potential of modern varieties of winter barley are emphasized, given the importance of this crop for the formation of the agricultural production potential of Ukraine. The processes of mineral nutrition have a significant impact on the growth and development and productivity of winter barley. To achieve the highest possible yield of winter barley grain, scientifically based norms of mineral fertilizers should be applied, and foliar top dressing with micronutrient fertilizers should be carried out during the growing season. One of the factors for increasing the productivity of winter barley is the leaf surface area, which further supports the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus. The leaf surface area significantly depends on the application rates of mineral fertilizers and the period of their application. It was determined that the leaf surface area of winter barley crops varied depending on the varietal composition. It was the highest for the cultivation of the barley variety of foreign selection Paso in the heading phase - 60,05 thousand m2/ha, while the winter barley variety Atlant Mironovsky in this phase was less at the level of 57,06 thousand m2/ha. Cultivation of intensive varieties of winter barley varieties Atlant Mironovsky and Paso requires the introduction of diammophos at the rate of N10P26K26 for sowing, spring top dressing with ammonium nitrate N34, and during the period of emergence of cultivated plants in the tube, the application of urea at a dose of N46, and a micro rate of 4,0 l/ha . Thanks to the application of mineral fertilizers, it is possible to obtain a grain yield of the winter domestic variety Atlant Mironovsky at the level of 6,90 t/ha, respectively, the variety of foreign selection – 7,42 t/ha.