Motivational Dimensions Research Articles

CSR Perceptions and Brand Attitudes in Chinese Luxury Hospitality: The Moderating Effect of Ads vs. Media Reports

The fit between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and luxury is a debated topic and there is limited understanding regarding how the CSR initiatives of a luxury hotel are differently perceived and responded to by customers. The present study analysed the fit between CSR and luxury in China’s luxury hospitality industry by investigating customers’ CSR perceptions as well as their brand attitudes. According to the attribution of CSR motives, this study classified consumers’ four CSR perceptions, including CSR washing, corporate hypocrisy, corporate citizenship, and shared value creation. An experimental study was implemented with 400 luxury customers. It was found that when the CSR information of a hotel was disclosed by advertisements, participants reported stronger perceptions of CSR washing and corporate hypocrisy as well as weaker perceptions of corporate citizenship and shared value creation than when the CSR information was disclosed by media reports. Different CSR perceptions were found to differently influence customers’ brand attitudes. Their brand attitudes were positively influenced by the perceptions of corporate citizenship and shared value creation and were negatively influenced by the perceptions of CSR washing and corporate hypocrisy. In view of this, the present study argued that the fit between CSR and luxury in the hospitality industry is associated with whether consumers perceive CSR initiatives positively or negatively.

Stigma by Association: The Unintended Interpersonal Consequences of Associating Oneself with an Abusive Supervisor

Extant abusive supervision research has predominantly studied its prevalence and destructive effects through the lens of victims, potential victims, or third-party observers who witness such mistreatments. In the present research, we examine a neglected group of individuals—employees who are able to develop high-quality relationships and are closely associated with their abusive supervisors. Drawing insights from the stigma-by-association literature, we conceptualize abusive supervision as a unique form of moral stigma that might result in unintended spillover effects. Specifically, we found that observers tend to perceive employees who are closely associated with an abusive supervisor to be less moral and trustworthy for seemingly sharing a similar set of unethical values and beliefs, even though this might not necessarily be true in reality. As a downstream consequence, these employees are subject to unintended interpersonal backlashes (i.e., withdrawal from helping behaviors) imposed by their fellow coworkers. Furthermore, we investigate the moderating role of voluntary motive attribution, revealing that those who were attributed to voluntarily associate themselves with abusive supervisors received the highest levels of interpersonal backlashes. Results from one pilot study, one multiwave survey study (Study 2), and three preregistered experiments (Studies 1, 3, 4) supported our full theoretical model. Our research adds new insights to the abusive supervision literature by introducing a new unintended consequence on a previously overlooked group of employees who are presumed to be shielded from the negative impact of abusive supervision. Funding: This work was supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education [Grant R-317-000-164-115]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.1678 .

Students’ Motivation to Learn Grammar: The Contribution of Focus on Form Instruction

Enhanced motivation of ESL students results from an application of appropriate instructional method. However, the extant literature related to the choice of appropriate instructional method is scant. Thus, the present study aimed at examining effectiveness of the focus on form instruction structured output in enhancing students’ motivation of learning grammar is initiated to identify an appropriate instructional method that motivates learners. Mixed methods approach through which self-administered questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from participant students was implemented. The results of one way-ANOVA and thematic analysis in line with the motivational dimensions showed that structured output is an effective instructional method in enhancing students’ motivation of learning grammar. It was found that the use of structured output instructional method enhances learners’ level of motivation to learn English grammar as measured using integrativeness, instrumentality promotion/prevention, criterion measures, attitudes to L2 community, ideal L2 self, ought to L2 self, and learning experience. Thus, the application of structured output as an alternative technique to teaching grammar is recommended.
 
 Received: 26 November 2022 / Accepted: 20 April 2022 / Published: 5 May 2023

Authenticity and motivations towards film destination

ABSTRACT Based on a series of film motivations, this research aims to identify different dimensions associated with film tourism and analyse how each of these dimensions influences loyalty towards a cinematographic destination, following factorial analysis method. Also, confirm authenticity’s existential or constructive influence on loyalty towards a film destination through software that uses the partial least squares methodology to test the hypotheses raised around the motivational dimensions and authenticity regarding loyalty towards a film destiny. The main results identify four motivational dimensions, a positive influence of experiential motivations on loyalty to a film destination, and the predominance of existential authenticity over constructivist authenticity in generating the same impact on loyalty. This work will allow public authorities and private companies managing film destinations to establish strategies that dynamise the area where the tourist activity takes place and increase the income of both the companies and the local community.

Receiving forgiveness in the presence of an attentive audience

ABSTRACT Victims often have to decide whether or not they want to forgive the offender after a transgression. Forgiveness has in general been shown to have positive consequences (e.g. for the victim–transgressor relationship), but recent theorizing suggests that these may be conditional on the extent to which a forgiveness response is attributed to benevolent (vs. malevolent) motives. Here, we investigate how the presence of an attentive audience influences offenders’ motive attributions and post-transgression behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that offenders attribute a forgiveness reaction to malevolent rather than benevolent motives if it occurs in front of an audience vs. in private, and that this leads to withdrawal from the victim rather than reconciliation. While two preliminary vignette studies (N = 396) provided initial support for these assumptions, a preregistered virtual reality experiment (N = 156) yielded more mixed results. Specifically, in line with our predictions, receiving a forgiveness response from the victim in front of an attentive audience made participants keep a greater distance to the victim than receiving a forgiveness response in private. This effect was, however, found in only one out of three approach–avoidance tasks. We discuss possible explanations for these results and future research avenues.

Catch Up with the Good and Stay Away from the Bad: CEO Decisions on the Appointment of Chief Sustainability Officers

AbstractWhy do some chief executive officers (CEOs) appoint chief sustainability officers (CSOs) for their firms while others do not? We answer this question by examining CEOs' attention allocation to competition for stakeholders' approval, which can be triggered by both industry peers' corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR). An increase in peers' CSR triggers CEOs' attention allocation by observing that peers have improved and thus pose a competitive threat to their own firms. An increase in peers' CSiR triggers CEOs' attention allocation by perceiving that stakeholders will demand more for sustainability and thus place higher sanctions on their own firms in the future. CEOs' attention allocated to industry peers' CSR and CSiR, in turn, can increase their perceived importance and urgency of appointing CSOs for their firms to ‘catch up with the good’ (responsible peers) and to ‘stay away from the bad’ (irresponsible peers). We also theorize the moderating roles of CEOs' motivational attributes, such that predominantly prevention‐focused CEOs are more (less) likely to appoint CSOs as peers increase CSR (CSiR), and future‐oriented CEOs are more (less) likely to appoint CSOs as peers increase CSiR (CSR).

Study of broiler farming integration system using CATWOE Analysis

The integration of companies and farmers dominates the broiler industry in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the problematic situation of the current integration scheme between a well-established integrator and the broiler farmers. The survey was carried out in Kabupaten Kebumen. Eighty respondents were appointed as a sample using the census technique. Systems analysis of the systems of broiler farm partnership started with an analysis of the current everyday flux of the systems. The study used a qualitative approach using CATWOE analysis, followed by a Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) analysis. The results were the critical thinking of the structured, current daily activities of the broiler farming partnership system in four dimensions, namely the dimensions of motivation, knowledge and skills, control, and dimensions of legitimacy. These results confirmed that the insertion of the CSH frameworks could enhance the critical ability of CATWOE analysis to identify the problematic situations of a system.

STUDY ON DIRECTED MOTIVATIONAL CURRENTS IN SPOKEN ENGLISH LEARNING

Based on the theory of Directed Motivational Currents, this study conducted a diachronic investigation on non-English majors with a case study approach and analyzes the development and changes of their motivation of oral English learning．The results show that the motivational dimensions such as goals or visions, facilitative structure and positive emotionality can significantly promote oral English learning. In college oral English teaching, stimulating, maintaining and protecting students’ directed motivational currents can help to improve the quality of oral English teaching and students’ learning efficiency.

The Importance of Positive Relationships for Coaches’ Effectiveness and Well-Being

The present study investigated the role of quality coach–athlete relationships and coaching efficacy on coaches’ well-being and performance. We examined whether coaches’ direct and meta-perspectives of the coach–athlete relationship quality predicted dimensions of coaches’ efficacy, hedemonic and eudaimonic well-being, and coach-related performance. A total of 233 male and female Swedish coaches from various team and individual sports completed the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, the Coaching Efficacy Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale, and a one-single item developed to measure perceived coach performance. Structural equation modelling analyses revealed that quality coach–athlete relationships as defined by closeness, commitment, and complementarity associated with all four dimensions of coach efficacy. While coach–athlete relationship quality was linked with coaches’ positive affect, vitality, and satisfaction with coaching performance, only the motivational dimension of coach efficacy was associated with indicators of coach well-being and coach-related performance. Further analyses showed that the motivational dimension of coach efficacy explained the link between coach–athlete relationship quality, well-being, and coach-related performance. Overall, the findings extended the coach efficacy model by investigating the coach–athlete relationship as a predictor and coach well-being as an outcome. Our findings emphasize the importance of relationships for coaches’ efficacy and well-being.

여가동기, 여가관여도 그리고 사회계층 관계 연구

The purpose of this study was to provide insights into how social class influences the motivationenduring involvement relationship. The data collected from a public leisure service provider were analyzed by examining the measurement model, the structural model, and invariance testing. The results demonstrated that all three dimensions of enduring involvement were significantly predicted by at least one of motivational dimensions. Attraction was positively predicted by Autonomy, Activity, Nature, and Health. Centrality was positively predicted by Autonomy and Social. Self Expression was positively predicted by Autonomy, Social, Nature, and Health and negatively associated with Learning. The results also showed that these dimension-to-dimension relations were moderated by social class. In particular, for respondents in higher social class, the opportunities to be healthy, to be close to nature and to test their endurance and boundaries were the important activity features that led the self expression and induced positive emotions associated with the activity. On the other hand, for those in lower class, the opportunities for solitude and self-reflection appeared to be more attractive activity features that fueled self-expression processes. In addition, the lower social class with the needs of sharing experience with family and close friends during their leisure were more prone than their counterparts to make lifestyle decisions that bond them to leisure activities.

Examining Motivations to Walk the Camino de Santiago: A Typology of Pilgrims

The purpose of this article is to develop a comprehensive understanding of people’s motivations for going on the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage using qualitative and quantitative methods. The methodology comprised qualitative research based on content analysis of 32 travelogue testimonies and quantitative research based on an online survey of prospective pilgrims (N = 228). Three dimensions of motivation were identified using the following factor analyses: secular, spiritual, and religious. Then, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted to classify pilgrims into seven different types. The results revealed that pilgrims are not homogeneous in their motivations and that, except for two types with a total frequency of 4%, secular motivation is more or less present in all other types of prospective pilgrims. There are no “purely religious” pilgrims. Religious motivation always appears together with secular, spiritual, or, most often, both these forms of motivation. The findings suggest that secular motivation may be related to a need for exploration, the core motive underlying self-actualization.

Personality dynamics: Regulatory mechanisms and processes.

Personality dynamics have recently revived interest as a subject of systematic investigation in personality science. Personality dynamics theories and research refer to nonstatic phenomena related to personality, such as the regulatory mechanisms and processes involved in the control of behavior and experience related to personality and their interactions with situations. Such research is not only important to understand personality but also important to explain the large amount of variability in behavior and experience in an individual that can hardly be explained by a few personality traits. This introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Personality outlines the contributions of 11 articles tackling four emerging trends in the field: (1) personality dynamics and levels of regulation; (2) personality dynamics and the motivational dimension of regulation; (3) dynamics and regulatory potentials of structural personality components; and (4) personality dynamics and timescales. Moreover, we add recommendations for future exploration. Together, we believe that our special issue advances personality science in conceptualizing and examining personality dynamics as well as drawing attention to unanswered issues.

Learning styles of medical students and related factors

BackgroundThe concept of learning style is quite important for teachers to teach, organize students’ learning experiences, and accomplish educational goals. Motivation is one of the most important psychological concepts in education. Motivation is multidimensional and ranges from amotivation to extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. When students are motivated extrinsically, they enjoy striving toward rewards and goals which may differ from individual goals. Intrinsically motivated students enjoy exploring, learning, and curiosity-oriented academic efforts. Understanding learning styles can make it easier to create, modify, and develop more efficient curriculum and educational programs. It can also encourage students’ participation in these programs and motivate them to gain professional knowledge This study aims to determine the learning styles of medical school students and to evaluate whether there is a relationship between their learning styles and academic motivation and the sociodemographic variables.MethodsIn this study a questionnaire containing socio-demographic factors, Grasha-Reichmann Learning Styles Scale, Academic Motivation Scale was filled out by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th -year medical students of the 2019–2020 academic year. Frequency, percentage, mean, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and independent group t-test (for analyzing data with normal distribution) were applied. Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used for analyzing data without normal distribution.ResultsWe found that the mean of independent learning was the highest among the learning style dimensions, and the mean of the intrinsic motivation to know (IMKN) was the highest among the academic motivation dimensions. We found that there were significant relationships between independent learning and intrinsic motivation (IM), between avoidant learning and extrinsic motivation (EM) and between collaborative learning and IMKN, IM to accomplish things (IMAT) and IM to experience stimulation (IMES).ConclusionWe think that different teaching methods can be applied to strengthen collaborative learning, participant learning, and intrinsic motivation. We hope that this research will contribute to medical education on the subject of establishing appropriate teaching methods. Teachers have to plan and implement activities based on students’ learning styles and academic motivation to encourage students to effectively participate in the classroom.

Cisplatin decreases voluntary wheel-running activity but does not impair food-motivated behavior in mice

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is still commonly used to treat solid tumors. However, it has several toxic side effects due in large part to the mitochondrial damage that it induces. As this mitochondrial damage is likely to result in a decrease in the amount of metabolic energy that is available for behavioral activities, it is not surprising that fatigue develops in cancer patients treated with cisplatin. The present preclinical study was initiated to determine whether the detrimental effects of cisplatin were more pronounced on physical effort requiring a lot of energy versus effort that not only requires less energy but also procures energy in the form of food. For this purpose, mice were either trained to run in a wheel or to work for food in various schedules of food reinforcement before being treated with cisplatin. The experiments were carried out only in male mice as we had already reported that sex differences in cisplatin-induced neurotoxicities are minimal. Cisplatin was administered daily for one cycle of five days, or two cycles separated by a five-day rest. As observed in previous experiments, cisplatin drastically reduced voluntary wheel running. In contrast, when cisplatin was administered to food-restricted mice trained to work for a food reward in a progressive ratio schedule or in a fixed-interval schedule, it tended to increase the number of responses emitted to obtain the food rewards. This increase was not associated with any change in the temporal distribution of responses during the interval between two reinforcements in mice submitted to the fixed interval schedule of food reinforcement. When cisplatin was administered to food-restricted mice trained in an effort-based decision-making task in which they had to choose between working for a grain pellet with little effort and working for a preferred chocolate pellet with more effort, it decreased the total number of responses emitted to obtain food rewards. However, this effect was much less marked than the decrease in wheel running induced by cisplatin. The decrease in the effort invested in the procurement of food rewards was not associated with any change in the relative distribution of effort between low reward and high reward during the time course of the test session. These findings show that cisplatin decreases energy-consuming activities but not energy-procuring activities unless they require a choice between options differing in their cost-benefit ratio. Furthermore, they indicate that the physical dimension of fatigue is more likely to develop in cisplatin-treated individuals than the motivational dimension of fatigue.

COVID-19 effect: Profile of student learning motivation during online learning

Purpose: This study aims to describe the profile of students' learning motivation in online learning and compare intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, the research also seeks to examine the development of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation over time during online learning.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This survey research was conducted for mathematics learning at the Vocational High School level, involving a sample of 218 students selected by multistage random sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered periodically three times at an interval of six weeks. Data were analyzed using profile analysis.
 Findings: The analysis revealed that the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of students' learning motivation tend to be parallel, with the intrinsic dimension being higher than the extrinsic dimension. The period of time also affects the development of students' learning motivation, both for the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions.
 Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of independent learning activities in online learning, which tend to develop and encourage the growth of internal motivation, essential for lifelong learning. Teachers are recommended to apply various learning theories in the digital era to increase students' internal and external motivation. In addition to well-designed learning materials, the effectiveness of online learning also depends on motivating interactions between instructors and students. Well-designed materials supported by a variety of communication media make online learning very beneficial.

Psychometric Properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Comprehension

Causal attributions, achievement goals, and self-efficacy comprise the motivational dimension of self-regulated learning. Due to the absence of scales to assess the causal attributions of Brazilian middle school students, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Comprehension. The study involved three samples: one of the expert judges and two composed of students. Evidence of content validity was found through theoretical and practical representativeness and the intelligibility of the scale items. The associations between the attributional causes and psychological dimensions proved validity based on the scale’s internal structure. The effects identified in the comparisons between the scale and achievement goals, and the scale and selfefficacy indicated validity based on the relationship with other variables. This instrument can be recommended for use by professionals in psychology and education. We also suggest the performance of further studies with the scale.

Exploring the motivational profiles of Macao Portuguese LOTE learners: a tale of eight local adult learners

ABSTRACT While the chronological dimension of L2 motivation has been widely emphasised, there is little empirical research examining the context-based and dynamic languages other than English (LOTEs) motivational profiles. To fill this lacuna, the current study investigated the motivational trajectories of eight local adult learners of Portuguese in Macao with reference to the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, informal interviews and written journals. The findings indicate that Portuguese learning experience is of great importance in LOTE motivation. The convergence of the instrumentality of Portuguese for future career and the interest in Portuguese culture played a significant role in sustaining LOTE motivation. The findings further reveal that active personal engagement and metacognitive strategies use are two main motivating components in LOTE learning experience. The study sheds new light on the complexity of LOTE motivation.

Influence of substantive corporate social responsibility attribution on salespeople’s value-based selling: a resource perspective

PurposeDrawing upon the conservation of resources theory, this study aims to investigate whether, how and when salespeople’s substantive attribution of the organization’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects value-based selling (VBS). The authors argue that salespeople’s substantive CSR attribution increase value-based selling through two mechanisms (i.e. by lowering emotional exhaustion and increasing empathy), and treatment by customers can increase or decrease the strength of these relationships.Design/methodology/approachB2B salespeople working in various industries in China were recruited through snowball sampling to participate in the study. There were 462 volunteers (57.58% women; aged 30–55; tenure ranging from six months to 15 years) who provided valid self-report questionnaires.FindingsHierarchical multiple regression supported the association between salespeople’s substantive CSR attribution and VBS. The results showed that salespeople’s emotional state (i.e. emotional exhaustion and empathy) mediated the association between substantive CSR attribution and VBS. As expected, salespeople’s experiences of customer incivility weakened the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion; contrary to expectations, customer-initiated interpersonal justice weakened the mediation effect of empathy.Originality/valueThis study makes a unique contribution to the existing marketing literature by first investigating the role of salespeople’s attribution of CSR motives in facilitating their VBS, which answers the call to identify factors that predict VBS. In addition, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the authors are the first to test salespeople’s emotions as a mechanism of the link between their CSR attributions and selling behaviors.

Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Online Education and Game Education on Students’ Study

In the context of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, offline learning is undoubtedly limited, so online education is becoming increasingly significant. The authors collected data related to online teaching and educational games and compared their advantages and disadvantages from the perspectives of learning engagement and popularity. It was found that online lectures and educational games scored high on the dimensions of students' learning motivation, understanding engagement, and enthusiasm to participate, especially online educational games, which perform well in stimulating students' interest in learning, enhancing their sense of belonging to the group, and creating a better learning atmosphere. However, users' popularity of online classes and online educational games varies significantly. In contrast to the vast number of users of online classes, educational games are not universally accepted as a way of education in China. It is analysed that the main reason is that Chinese parents and teachers are biased against learning through games. It is challenging to connect learning with games, especially in China. Therefore, it is recommended that the mixed teaching mode of traditional teaching as the primary and game education as the auxiliary can be piloted before large-scale promotion.

Meaning in life under the complex dimensions of motivation

Every human being wonders what the meaning of life is, especially when they are going through a period of doubt, distrust or when they are suffering. It is the negative and meaningless thoughts, the low mood and our own bad habits that rob us of the vitality of life. The way a human being accepts his fate and all the suffering it entails gives him many opportunities, even in the most difficult circumstances, to give a deeper meaning to his life. Perfection is a desire that easily proposes to be the meaning of existence. So, we would do well to learn to make choices between the accommodation of fitting in and pleasing others, and our higher motives for Personal Freedom. As long as we feel freer, more relaxed and more authentic, the more we recover our motivation and enlivenment. All humans form a single biological species, only when the individual understands his motivations and goals, his behavior makes sense. The main motivation of humanity is to be free, to form our true selves and to pursue our goals. Our own reasons for exploring these reasons are often called our motivation, we can feel motivated to move forward or stop, and we are the stopper of our own life. No human value that governs the relationship between us and society would flourish if we were not motivated to bring it to life.